Metallurgy 8

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<div class="item">
<div class="header"><a href="/browse.php?u=7DIUHjkDt%2FPxv5w5B8BaDSI
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF550Q%3D%3D&b=5">Solid State</a></div>
<div class="menu" style='display: none'>
<a href="/browse.php?u=7DIUHjkDt%2FPxv5w5B8BaDSILrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZA
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBFiExL1Js3bKj21tCUYw8Iz7lyQMgUVnB7JEnJTmV90BSw64%3D&
amp;b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBGi08OUVwzK6hyh9CWYw%2BIGfr1xV8CkTc9JhtOziV90BQwKfT&
amp;b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBHzA9Lkgz3rCv3wJMQ8g%2BKGf01x9sQEPGr4BhYGXA6EFQwqbaF
lgQ&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBFSczOUh31rvtlhVFUsw4JSvoiANqVVHH4YBhe2eM6AQJhvqPC1s
QJ6l%2FM4bG&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBHDomKEF9zLWv0FtCUYwyND%2FgwF1iQETU7NluZmbI6hMPnPWPS
h5Sdu0qZZmYCmCfPUVDS6auXUdggAzfD04%3D&b=5" class="item">Extraction of Crude
Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBDSo3KE1x3KWu3xtEVIwhNCPqxhl%2FSVXGrZtuOWTAsxEMnuOYQ
xMPY%2FA7bdHYSTWAeRwFFfA%3D&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Principles of Me
tallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBGDIiNkl92aip0RgAWMd8MiLh1x1gQUnb4ZlhdyTVtRkOkf%2BaS
A9TOvAhLNGPDHfRKlheSK2uGB4k3FnCDEwod5d3X4I%3D&b=5" class="item">Application
of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBHC43OVRs17%2Bo2xtEVMA9azr2zB5sTEDZ5Ycle2%2BIqhUUk%2
FqGURhHbrY7aMCbHSqBeRwHF%2FGzWQ%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Prin
ciples of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBCyc0M0531rvvyh9ZW8R%2Bd3q0lUA9FwY%3D&b=5" class
="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4gz9kIctcmF5523VBDDE3KQ1x3vGh0loAVNR9azDqiBFhQR3T5dknYGDRqxVPw6baFFo
SJa4%3D&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMn&b=5">The d and f bloc
k</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl7Oj3QNfRcQ%2FJS%2BpyhYiSFXB4Zh7O33MsxwF3af
aFFoQJah3&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl7%2Bv0BVIWdUjJz7tyh4iSlaY74ZtZybRrgQMl7nbF
FoQJ6t%2BOA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl7qy0QJFGsc9KSvwxARmSl6Y8IZnd2zWtF8Um%2BKGQ
UURJ6l%2FMYbFSA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl7Cl3xVFXs82a2LnzRViTFPU7Nl7cXnEtREUm%2FmED
UVUfu0jZJvGSDWAeR4FFg%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)
</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl7m4ygRMVNU4KSSpyhYiRkLA5JEleWzRphxNlOSFSUd
DePcsZNqDCmTELEgaSLHkQwM5xFCIEk0od5d1X4RX&b=5" class="item">Extraction of Cr
ude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl6io2wRAWMUoKCvpzBMiVULc7pdhZGXAtF0PlLuHQR5
Be%2FU6c9OOV3HZPUBSCPKxXEdggg7e&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Principles o
f Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl72wzhpEVMAlLyXqiB9pCETd5YZle23cqRENm%2FXHV
BhJefomcdiSCyjZJwFSX7fzDRQk2VODEghxM8sgQodV3zH4yJHq&b=5" class="item">Applic
ation of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl7ms2xVZRc4yLi%2FpzBNuSR3F8p1md2DVqxUT3%2Fm
MCQdFY%2FgjbcGFH3yfPUVDS6auXUdggAzfD0k%3D&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical
Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl66l2B9DXs82aT7t0RxqCgGFsMQ4JjuT&b=5" c
lass="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5nmr5xxz9kf95TiBYwxSQCFiE5dRMtl6mz2wUAWMd8JyaoiBN6CR3P7tlpem2IoRVN3eKDUAZ
FOKh%2FMYTHSjeH&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwpk&b=5">Solutions</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxykNGjcgKEVw27nt0RAAWsQlJyb3igRmUVzQr8U4JDmV9UFY&b=
5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxyUBFyE3NFRs2aip0RgAWMd8KTjh1l97TETZ5ds5JDmV90JRyw%3D%3
D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxyAcFjY6d0Zy17203wJEWM98NjjrxhV8Vh%2FB6YBkcSaU90BQwqTYF
A%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxyoLGCE6M055lfSj1hNAXsIwKmf3wABuV1HB6ZtmPSbRrgQMl7nbFFo
QJ6t9MA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxyMWDTAzOVR317Lt0RAAVNMkIi%2BpyBV7RFyY5oZneSTGqB4Dl%2Fi
eVgtUcv1ibsaSV3HZPUBSCPKxXEdggg7f&b=5" class="item">Extraction of Crude Meta
l from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxzIGHDA%2FNURn1r2t1xUAR9M4KCnt1RxqVh3a5tllcX3EqxwVgPGTC
x5JY%2FUqLoXHSDWAex4E&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Principles of Metallur
gy</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxyceCS47OUFq0bOukxlLGtU5IzjpyhR2S1HY6ZclZHvMqRMJgvqPV0d
JebQqecCFGWbEIENZCLfoGBs1nw3dDUwodZVx&b=5" class="item">Application of Therm
odynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxyMCHCEmKE990Lmt1xVMW4whNCPqxhl%2FSVXGrZtuOWTAsxEMnuOYQ
xMPY%2FA7bdHYSTWAeRwFFfY%3D&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Principles of
Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxzQLHys8M055l6ipyhpIGJBhdnq0l0I5&b=5" class="item">
Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5nnbl4ny8gPdFOwwhlxzMdHDF%2FNUYz2bDskxVYG4wrKGflyxQiQ1WYr4BhYGXA6EFQwqbaF
lgX&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1gbw%3D%3D&b=5">Electrochem
istry</a></div>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9x27%2B1zARIWcI0ayXiiB1qUVHZ89t8fX3Jol9Rwqb
aFFgRLw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9917Kj2xhZRcAlLyXqiB9pCF%2FH5YcnYGDRqxVPw6b
aFFoSJqA%3D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ94yrO01ltLW84wMivwzB9hCEDH75dtZ3qKsxkUnvPFF
VoQJ6l9M4Q%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9y3b2j1h9DUIx5JSLhyBlsRFyY85F4dXvEsxkPnL%2F
FUANUe%2FxgMITHSDWCex0%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)</
a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ97wKiy3xVZXs4%2FayXiiBN9UFTQrZltYGjJ6hYSnfv
HRwVOdPwhdcaWDGDUZENFQuz1BQM81RPcDUwod5V3Xw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Extracti
on of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9q0Lmy0xlJTs8wKyPniAB9TF7W6YRkcXqIqBZNn%2FO
eRQZMYusoeJuDEXHcLAMGF%2FOxXEVigw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Prin
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9%2FyKys1xVMQ8g%2BKGfrw117TVXH7ZtsbWfEqhkD3
%2BaYTQRDfukjZMfaEWudLFRDVaLiGB4%2F3hOZVAh0Ioh0XYZV3zP6zg%3D%3D&b=5" class="
item">Application of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ971LmjygRCVMk0KyPnxBwiVULc7pdhZGXAtF0PlLuHQ
R5Be%2FU6c9OOV3HZPUBSCPKxXEdggg7Y&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Principl
es of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9s3bqp0B9DUI4lLz7owF8%2BFQCFsMY6Ig%3D%3D&am
p;b=5" class="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5ni7pxiS87PdxViVY%2FmzIcAG1haQ9ry7mzkxlLGsA9amfn0FwiX16Y4ZpsOW%2FA6l8Um%2
BKGQUURJ6l%2FMYbFTw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aBY%3D&b=5">Chemical Kineti
cs</a></div>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx17%2BjywRfUs8yI2frw11iQETU7IcnYGDRqxVPw6baF
FoSJqE%3D&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx27Ou3RNDQ9MwMiPry11gQx3a8pF7O33MsxwF3afaFFo
QJah2&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx3q6vyh4AUc0%2BJz7l0RlgSx3F8ptrcXrW6AQJhvqPC
1sQJ6l%2FM4bH&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx1Lmh3R5EWcZ8binswB1mRlHZrYdtZGjXpgQJnfjDCx5
JY%2FUqLoXHSDWAex4G&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx3aS0zBdOQ8g%2BKGfrw11sV0XR5dllcX3Eq10GgPmHC
QlPefoqb8CFGXHVLQFYVaauGB4k3FnCDEwod5d3X4Q%3D&b=5" class="item">Extraction o
f Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMxzLSlzBtCU9g%2FJyftxl1%2FV1nb4514eGzW6h8G3%2
FuPUAtMe%2Bw9Zs3YDGzEJUkYFvOxXEdigg8%3D&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Prin
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx2ayw0h9OVtU4KSSpyhYiUVjQ8plncHDLph0JkbuaVgN
OdPA%2FbdGEVWzeZElPU7HgDwM531LCSRVsK8JqXIZV3zH6yJc%3D&b=5" class="item">Appl
ication of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMx3bCl3QJfWMI5IyftxhFjCEDH6ZprfXnJogNNnfDHSQ9
UdvUjdMaQASrEIFhbQuywXEdggA7fCA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Prin
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMxyrmm1xhEWcZ%2BMiPwyRUgFACFsMQ6Jj8%3D&b=
5" class="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5njb5xhzIqM9MQh1I4jTIHGjF9aRMxza%2BlzVtCUYwwKmapxgUjCErbrZVmcCTDol1Phv%2B
eSA8PJql%2FMYTFSjI%3D&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRI%3D&b=5">Surface Chemist
ry</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx17%2BjywRfUs8yI2frw11iQETU7IcnYGDRqxVPw6baF
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx27Ou3RNDQ9MwMiPry11gQx3a8pF7O33MsxwF3afaFFo
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx3q6vyh4AUc0%2BJz7l0RlgSx3F8ptrcXrW6AQJhvqPC
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx1Lmh3R5EWcZ8binswB1mRlHZrYdtZGjXpgQJnfjDCx5
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx3aS0zBdOQ8g%2BKGfrw11sV0XR5dllcX3Eq10GgPmHC
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMxzLSlzBtCU9g%2FJyftxl1%2FV1nb4514eGzW6h8G3%2
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx2ayw0h9OVtU4KSSpyhYiUVjQ8plncHDLph0JkbuaVgN
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMx3bCl3QJfWMI5IyftxhFjCEDH6ZprfXnJogNNnfDHSQ9
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMxyrmm1xhEWcZ%2BMiPwyRUgFACFsMQ6Jj8%3D&b=
WMK7QiK5nnaNmjDoqN5JehF47gTUaCzt9aRMxza%2BlzVtCUYwwKmapxgUjCErbrZVmcCTDol1Phv%2B
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nibN6jykoPpJNnlI4iy8eFSchd0Fw3PGwzBlOUtIiIzmpyhYiTEPa7JV
8fWbL6h8G3%2FOGQQdFee08LofE&b=5">General Principles and Processes of Isolati
on of Elements</a></div>
<div class="menu" style='display: block'>
WMK7QiK5nibN6jykoPpJNnlI4iy8eFSchd0Fw3PGwzBlOUtIiIzmpyhYiTEPa7JV8fWbL6h8G3%2FOGQ
QdFee08LofEV2rTKllFVabvDxJ931rAUBlsJss2QsIMm22t1ZLuZrFhjnr6&b=5" class="item
">Occurrence of Metals</a>
QdFee08LofEV2bfJ09SSbfzDQM531LAUho1KNUgHpkRhnWkn4zvZrFhjHnzjg%3D%3D&b=5" cla
ss="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
QdFee08LofEV2PCJlhfCqXtAxYk0UiEUhI1N9UqDtMWnC68k9eyM65gjHvyh%2B%2F%2FyQ%3D%3D&am
p;b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
QdFee08LofEV2nVKE9fTq3mQV8z2FmAVB95K4o2CMYEnWC8k8ywf64l1T%2Bu0vL8ya9%2F7netyg%3D
%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)</a>
QdFee08LofEV2DIPV5WRLfoAxl931rAXg5tI8JoANMRjm3lnNGxO6wy0yWh0rO5i%2F47uyGylHVQZKh
dyTPsaSAG52MlElRd&b=5" class="item">Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentra
ted Ore</a>
QdFee08LofEV3HYLF5aSKf4AhY92V%2FATQ5xKcQsHdoAnCynnI6zM%2FUw0Ce3xbq01usmqin61DYFe
%2BwEj226&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy</a>
QdFee08LofEV2TAOUBeRKL1BRg%2BnVOLEAhwItUoAtIcgWClk8DzJvM40iirx7GoirImsGj6g3NHKr9
A1DDnaWVfoz9wD1dfL%2FQulITy&b=5" class="item">Application of Thermodynamic P
rinciples in Extraction</a>
QdFee08LofEV2DcLE9DVaziBBI92V%2BMUVFoNc4rDt8Vg2S718y4e%2Bw0yCqu26i%2FnuZgqizrl2I
aeuwEjW%2B7dCQ%3D&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
</a>
QdFee08LofEV3fVL0VZTq3mQwM5xFCIEk0od5d1X4RT&b=5" class="item">Refining</a>
QdFee08LofEV3DDLF8aSKWsDRt8nV%2BYEVFiKYokA9JIiWTl1de3Iu00k3ryh%2B39y614&b=5"
class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRg%3D&b=5">p Block Elemen
ts</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx17%2BjywRfUs8yI2frw11iQETU7IcnYGDRqxVPw6baF
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx27Ou3RNDQ9MwMiPry11gQx3a8pF7O33MsxwF3afaFFo
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx3q6vyh4AUc0%2BJz7l0RlgSx3F8ptrcXrW6AQJhvqPC
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx1Lmh3R5EWcZ8binswB1mRlHZrYdtZGjXpgQJnfjDCx5
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx3aS0zBdOQ8g%2BKGfrw11sV0XR5dllcX3Eq10GgPmHC
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMxzLSlzBtCU9g%2FJyftxl1%2FV1nb4514eGzW6h8G3%2
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx2ayw0h9OVtU4KSSpyhYiUVjQ8plncHDLph0JkbuaVgN
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMx3bCl3QJfWMI5IyftxhFjCEDH6ZprfXnJogNNnfDHSQ9
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMxyrmm1xhEWcZ%2BMiPwyRUgFACFsMQ6Jj8%3D&b=
WMK7QiK5nnvs5iDcmMdQQiVczhSMADTF9aRMxza%2BlzVtCUYwwKmapxgUjCErbrZVmcCTDol1Phv%2B
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FP1jQ%3D%3D&b=5">Coo
rdination Compounds</a></div>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlCVMIkNDjhyxNqCF%2FTrZltYGjJtF8Um%2
BKGQUURJ6l%2FMYbGQA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlOWM8yIyTw1xF7TF%2FbrZtuOWbXogNPhv%
2BeSA8PJql%2FMYTFSTw%3D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlLRc4lLmfiyR9uUVHB6ZtmOXnXqBMFgeXFU
ANUe%2FxgMITHSDWCexw%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlBUsAyLiPqwl0nRljQ7Z1rdWWItBUQk%2BS
LUANPebBgdd2DFGCfeBwHF%2FOzXkY%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separ
ation)</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlIT9UjJynwzB9hCF%2FTrZd6YW3A6h0Fhve
GCQxSePRiYtuZG2DePV5WU6blQRgi1ROZVAh0Ioh0XYZV3zP6yA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">
Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlZX8QjKyXg3B5uSFnWrYR6fWfGrgAMl%2BX
HSwwNevw7YNibDXfXMANDTrftCVhhgAzdDU4qdA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Thermodynami
c Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlMR9E9Lynl0RlgSx3a5tl8fGzXqh8Ei%2Fi
LSQNDOuk9aNqUEXXcLF8aTq2sCQ8kwl2OSRV3KYgxBMIJii75ypPuZrNjiA%3D%3D&b=5" class
="item">Application of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlIW8QyMjjrxhhqSFnW4ZglZHvMqRMJgvqPV
0dPcbQiZMCWFGnFO0tOCLfoGBs1nw3dDUwodZVw&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Pr
inciples of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlfUsc4KCPqwl97TETZ5ds5JDmV90JSxA%3D
%3D&b=5" class="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5njbl7mD8gPN5JhVQ4xSUBFDI9L056y%2FPzjVlYRMQiayXiiBFjCR3W9dglbmeIph4E3%2FC
PCUVUfu0jZJvGSDWAeR4FEA%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </
a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCAZM%3D&b=5">H
aloalkanes and Haloarenes</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BKSnn0AJ9QF7W5dlnciTIogQBnuX
FUANUe%2FxgMITHSDWCeBQ%3D&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BJSXqxhVhUULU9J1neiTKoV0PgPO
ZCx5JY%2FUqLoXHSDWAex0O&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BIDjr0RgiQ1za4YBpYGDKqV0QgPm
JQRlTOO0mddiSVzSAeRwHFfGx&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>

WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BKi%2FlxhhmS1eYqJdgcWTMpBEM3
%2BWPVAtSdu0mbtreV3HZPUBSCPKxXEdggg7c&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical s
eparation)</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BIzLw1xFsUVna7tlnciTGtQUEl7u
HQR5Be7Qpc9uaVWbfJ09SSbfzDQM11BGCTxk3M84xAdNK3jH4ypPsZLM%3D&b=5" class="item
">Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BMiLh1x1gQUnb4ZlhdyTVtRkOkf%
2BaSA9TOvYpLNmSDGTcJVlFQLquGB4k3FnCDEwod5d3X4U%3D&b=5" class="item">Thermody
namic Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BJzr0yRlsRETc75ole2%2BIsxgFg
PuFQBNOdvQmYpmHCmzeKkVHS6byQR4%2BnVmVSQ55JNMsAthKm2i8lsbxZ7FhjHvwhek%3D&b=5"
class="item">Application of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BIybhxgR9SlPd5Zlhd2jJ6gASm%2
FiJTRpMcupibtLaFWDEKEBbUrHmFVgk2UiBWFMpd5d1XYRX2g%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">El
ectrochemical Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BNC%2FizB5mS1ea9J18eGyK9kBQw
qbYFlw%3D&b=5" class="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5nhrd4hTolOd5TiUh7iSgKVCozNk9%2Fyrmu2wUCBJJ%2BMznh1l1gQx3U7Ngld3yJ6goO3%2
FeEQEdGcrRgdd2DFGCfeBwHF%2FOzXkA%3D&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and
Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5gdnI%3D&
b=5">Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXrxhN6V0LQ7pdtOWbD6h0Fhve
GV0VUfu0jZJvGSDWAeR4GHw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXnyh5sQF7B8pV8fWbL6h8G3%2
FmYQRkPY%2FA7bdHYSTWAeRwFFvo%3D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXi1x97TR3T7JtpYGjRrh8O3%2
BaYSwlFZOpgdd2DFGCfeBwHF%2FOzXkc%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Proce
ss</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXowBFsTVnb59kgd2HAqhkDk%2
FrHVw9Qdusudd2YFiyfPUVDS6auXUdggAzfD00%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemic
al separation)</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXh3QR9RFPB6ZtmOWbD6hMSh%2
FKPCQdFY%2FgjLNKFF2idKkNZRKbvGAUxxFmJEBNqIogxBMIJii75ypPuZrNjjg%3D%3D&b=5" c
lass="item">Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXwzRV9SF%2FR%2BZppeWDG6gA
Sm%2FiJTRpMcupibtLaFWDEKEBbUrHmFVgk2UiBWFMpd5d1XYRX3A%3D%3D&b=5" class="item
">Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXl1QBjTFPU9J1neiTKoV0UmvO
YSQVEbvcubN2UVXXCIEJUTrPtCQR92VLAWARsNcYmGd8KgS68k9eyM65gjHvyh%2B%2F%2FzQ%3D%3D&
amp;b=5" class="item">Application of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXhyRVsUULa45xteWDGphxNguS
DSglJZ%2FUqcpmYHijdLFhWS6%2F0HhApn0iESRB9aJZ1XYZV3TP9&b=5" class="item">Elec
trochemical Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWX2wBZmS1nb59t8fX3Jol9Rwqb
aFFgSIQ%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7p3hTMmPswRwUs%2BjSgBFTF%2FO056lbm01hNfRI5idWXx1hV8CF%2FTrZVkOCTGslxNi
PjHRQREOv8qLJuDEXHcLAMGF%2FOxXEVihw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu,
Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8U
4LQ%3D%3D&b=5">Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids</a></div>

WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2bGpAUSgPOERw8
NeP9ibNGDGWnDZlheU6%2FkQ0ZggAzdD00g&b=5" class="item">Occurrence of Metals</
a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2rKqRMFnOKYRR5
JePdibtLaF3fVOgNDTrftCVhhgAzdDU4pfg%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of
Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2%2FXqAQI3%2FC
GSwtUdu0mbtraCHffKklEVOz1BQM81RPcDUwod5V3XQ%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Fl
oatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2XAphMIm%2FiNC
UJDf%2FwiaNeWFCjDLFxWVaL1BRg%2BmROZVAh0Ioh0XYZV3zP6yw%3D%3D&b=5" class="item
">Leaching (chemical separation)</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2zdswIBkeKDSwQ
NeP9iYsaCHGCdJElDRq%2BsCgU%2F3RGOUhJ7IskxH9cRimXlldG7efU4yCenmOz9ya9%2F7Het&
b=5" class="item">Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O33NogINnfKTSgt
NfvpiccaeFmbZOUBSVO7uClo91UiMURBtNcA8QsIMm22t1ZLuZrFhjnnx&b=5" class="item">
Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2jVtxwJkfeeTQV
OOvYpLMCfHXfdJkhOSaLsBRR9wE6EUx9xN8sgHpsMgSytgtesN%2BIl1SSsmKmkjfMq8XSvyzcFee4A&
amp;b=5" class="item">Application of Thermodynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O2zJohMUgPmJTA9
NfvoubZmHCmzeKkVHS6byQRg2nVGISR10K9I3Cs9Km2i8lsbxZ7FhjHvwheg%3D&b=5" class="
item">Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O3vAoRkOm%2FiNC
x5JY%2FUqLoXHSDWAex4B&b=5" class="item">Refining</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7pwjzMwNtpOwBY9jTIBFychd0Fw3PGj3wRPWNkoKiPniBFsTFTGr8c7O3zWogNNnfDHRQY
MOvo6LZmNFijRJ0gaQaasQwM5xFCIEk0od5d1X4RS&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu,
Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
LrQC7Jj2UjaqGMZAWMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fY4M3A%3D%3D&b=5">AMINES</a></div>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw1Q1izMcCyc8OUUz17rt0xNZVs0iaT7t0RxqCgGFsMQ4Jjid&b=5" c
lass="item">Occurrence of Metals</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw1g5hiULFzYgO1R317Lt0RAAWNM0NWXwzARjQB%2BEsMQ4JDuU%2Fg%3D%3
D&b=5" class="item">Concentration of Ores</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw10khzIGVCQ%2BNUFq2aip0RgAR9M%2BJS%2F31l97TETZ5ds5JDmV90JSw
g%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw1cziSUGECw1dwh90Lmt1xVMW4wiIzrl1xF7TF%2Fbqdt8fX3Jol9RwqbaF
FgSJg%3D%3D&b=5" class="item">Leaching (chemical separation)</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw14unDQPGjY7NU4z17rt3QRYU8R8Ky%2FwxBwiQ0La7dlre2fGoh4UgPeeQ
Q4NeOsqLsCeDGnVZh0HF%2FOxXkVi&b=5" class="item">Extraction of Crude Metal fr
om Concentrated Ore</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw08%2BjTQDFiYrNEFz0b%2FtzgREWcI4Nibh1l1gQx3Y5YBpeGXQtRcZ3eK
DUAZFOKh%2FMYTHSjeD&b=5" class="item">Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw1ommCoHGiMmM09wlbOmkwJFUtM8KS79yxFiTFOY8IZhemrMtxwFgbuDSkd
Fb%2B09YNeDEWreZlheU6%2FkQ0ZggAzdD04s&b=5" class="item">Application of Therm
odynamic Principles in Extraction</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw146jSUaCy0xMkVz0b%2Bh0ltdRcg%2FJSP0yRV8CF%2FTrZltYGjJqwUSl
e%2FFUANUe%2FxgMITHSDWCexk%3D&b=5" class="item">Electrochemical Principles o
f Metallurgy</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw0kzji8AECw1dVR3zLClkUcdB5FhdHiy&b=5" class="item">Refi
ning</a>
WMK7QiK5nj7t9hD46fYwOw04ljTVDFiR%2FO0wylb%2B1kltXWYwwKC6pwxUiCkTc9JhtOziV90BQwKT
d&b=5" class="item">Uses of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe </a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="eleven wide column">
<h2>Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy</h2><hr>
<p>In the process of metallurgy, some basic concepts of thermodynamics a
re applied that help us to predict which element would suit as a reducing agent
for a given metal oxide and what would be the optimum temperature at which reduc
tion can proceed smoothly. Actually, some metals are easily reduced at low tempe
rature while others are reduced with difficulty i.e. reduction occurs at high te
mperature.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>We know from thermodynamics, for any process</p>
<p align="center">ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ...........................(i)
</p>
<p>Also, the relation of free energy with equilibrium constant (K) at temperatur
e T is given by</p>
<p align="center">ΔG = -RT ln K ..............................(ii)</p>
<p>Where, <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">ΔK </span>=
equilibrium constant of the ?reactant-product? system at temperature T.</p>
<p>A ?ve <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">ΔG </span>imp
lies a +ve K in equation (ii) and +ve K means the reaction proceeds towards prod
ucts. Hence we conclude that:</p>
<p>(a) If <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">ΔS </span>(c
hange in entropy) be positive, higher value of T would increase T<span style="te
xt-align: -webkit-center;">ΔS </span>(i.e., <span style="text-al
ign: -webkit-center;">ΔH < T</span><span style="text-align: -webki
t-center;">ΔS</span>) and only then <span style="text-align: -webkitcenter;">ΔG </span>is ?ve so that the reaction would proceed towards
products.</p>
<p>(b) If reactants and products of two reactions are put together in a system a
nd the net <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">ΔG </span>o
f the two possible reactions is negative, the overall reaction will take place.
These reactions are called <strong>coupled reactions</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Ellingham diagram : </strong>This is the graphical representation of
Gibbs energy (<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">ΔG°</span>)&nb
sp;vs T for the formation of oxides of metals. This provides a sound basis for c
onsidering the choice of reducing agent in the reduction of oxides. Such diagram
s help us in predicting the feasibility of thermal decomposition of an ore. The
basis of feasibility is the Gibbs energy to be negative at a certain temperature
.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="/browse.php?u=7DIUHjkDt%2FPxv5w5B8BfBSIephr6LXeWl6GC
NoRNEqWW1P8hnrpxmQQZINBeiUgljTUxEDE9NkFq0bOukR9AVsY0dnmyixdmQw%3D%3D&b=5" al
t="" /></p>
<p>From the above plots, if is clear that heating (i.e. increasing T) favours a
negative value for <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Δ<sub>r<
/sub>G</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">°. </span>Theref
ore, we choose the temperature in such a way that the sum of <span style="t
ext-align: -webkit-center;">Δ<sub>r</sub>G</span><span style="text-align:

-webkit-center;">° </span>in the two combined redox reactions is negati
ve. This is indicated by the point of intersection of the two curves (i.e. curve
for M<sub>x</sub>O and that for the oxidation of the reducing substance) i
n Ellingham diagram (<span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Δ<sub>r</su
b>G</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">° vs T plot</span>).&nbs
p;After that point, the <span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Δ<s
ub>r</sub>G</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">° </span>va
lue becomes more negative for the combined process including the reduction of&nb
sp;M<sub>x</sub>O . The difference in the two <span style="text-align:
-webkit-center;">Δ<sub>r</sub>G</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-ce
nter;">° </span>values after that point determines whether reductions o
f the oxide of the upper line is feasible by the element represented by the lowe
r line. The reduction is easier, if the difference is large.</p>
</div>
</div>
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JQRlTOO0mddiSVzSAeRwHFfGx&b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>

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ext-align: -webkit-center;">Δ<sub>r</sub>G</span><span style="text-align:

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JQRlTOO0mddiSVzSAeRwHFfGx&amp;b=5" class="item">Froth Floatation Process</a>

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ext-align: -webkit-center;">&Delta;<sub>r</sub>G</span><span style="text-align:

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ext-align: -webkit-center;">Δ<sub>r</sub>G</span><span style="text-align: