Calabash

This article is about the vine. For the tree, see Crescentia 1.1 Cultivation
and Crescentia cujete. For other uses, see Calabash
(disambiguation).
Gourds were cultivated in Africa, Asia, Europe, and
Not to be confused with Calabaza.
the Americas for thousands of years before Columbus' discovery of America. Historically, in Europe,* [9]
The calabash, bottle gourd,* [1] or white-owered
Walahfrid Strabo (808849), abbot and poet from Regourd,* [2] Lagenaria siceraria (synonym Lagenaria vulichenau and advisor to the Carolingian kings, discussed
garis Ser.), also known by many other names that include:
it in his Hortulus as one of the 23 plants of an ideal garopo squash (from Tagalog: upo), long melon, suzza
*
[10]* [11]
den.
melon, New Guinea bean and Tasmania bean* [3] is
a vine grown for its fruit, which can either be harvested Recent research indicates some gourds have an African
young and used as a vegetable, or harvested mature, dried, origin and that there were at least two unrelated domestiand used as a bottle, utensil, or pipe. The fresh fruit has a cations: one that occurred 8,000-9,000 years ago, based
light-green smooth skin and a white esh. Rounder vari- on the analysis of archeological samples found in Asia,
eties are called calabash gourds. They grow in a variety and a second domestication, which occurred 4,000 years
of shapes: they can be huge and rounded, small and bottle ago, traced from archeological discoveries in Egypt.
shaped, or slim and serpentine, more than a metre long. The mystery of the bottle gourd namely that this African
Because bottle gourds are also calledcalabashes, they or Eurasian species was being grown in America over
are sometimes confused with the hard, hollow fruits of 8,000 years ago* [12] came about from the diculty
the unrelated calabash tree, Crescentia cujete, whose fruits in understanding how it came to be in the Americas.
are also used to make utensils, containers, and musical in- The bottle gourd was originally thought to have drifted
struments.* [4] The gourd was one of the rst cultivated across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to North and South
plants in the world, grown not primarily for food, but for America, but genetic research on archeological samples
use as water containers. The bottle gourd may have been published by the National Academy of Sciences in Decarried from Africa to Asia, Europe, and the Americas in cember 2005 suggested that it may have been domestithe course of human migration,* [5] or by seeds oating cated earlier than food crops and livestock and, like dogs,
across the oceans inside the gourd. It has been proven to was brought into the New World at the end of the ice
be in the New World prior to the arrival of Christopher age to the native Paleo-Indians. This study showed that
Columbus.* [6]
gourds found in American archaeological nds appeared
closer to Asian variants than to African ones.* [13]

In February 2014, the original hypothesis was revived

based on a more thorough genetic study. Researchers examined the entire genome, including the plasmid genome,
and concluded that American specimens were most
closely related to wild African variants and could have
drifted over the ocean several or many times as long as
10,000 years ago.* [14]

Origin and dispersal

Nowadays, bottle gourds are grown by direct sowing of

seeds or transplanting 15- to 20-day-old seedlings. It
prefers well-drained, moist, rich soil. It requires plenty of
moisture in the growing season and a warm sunny position
sheltered from the wind. It is cultivated in small places
such as in a pot, spread on a trellis or roof. In rural areas,
many houses with thatched roofs are found covered with
the gourd vines. Bottle gourds grow very rapidly and their
stems can reach a length of 9 m in the summer, so they
need a solid support to climb by the pole or trellis along
the stem. If planted under a tall tree, the vine can grow up
to the top of the tree. To get more fruit, sometimes farm-

It is a commonly cultivated plant in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, now believed by some to have
spread or originated from wild populations in southern
Africa. Stands of L. siceraria, which may be source
plants, and not merely domesticated stands, were reported in Zimbabwe in 2004.* [7] This apparent domestication source plant produces thinner-walled fruit that,
when dried, would not endure the rigors of use on long
journeys as a water container. Today's gourd may owe its
tough, waterproof wall to selection pressures over its long
history of domestication.* [8]
1

2 OCCASIONAL TOXICITY

ers cut o the tip of the vine when it has grown to 68 feet
long. This forces the plant to produce side branches that
produce fruit much sooner and more owers and more
fruit. The plant produces white owers. The male owers have long peduncles and the females have short ones
with an ovary of the shape of the fruit. Sometimes, the
female owers drop o without growing into a gourd due
to the failure of pollination if no bee activity occurs in the
garden area. To solve the problem, hand pollination can
be used.

Close-up of opo

Crops are ready for harvest within two months; yield

ranges from 3540 m tons/ha.

Lagenaria sicerariageese
, Granville Island Public Market, Canada.

Bottle gourd seeds

Upo (bottle gourd or Calabash) with sotanghon

Lagenaria

siceraria

var

peregrina MHNT

Traditional Opo
grown in garden in An Giang, Vietnam

Calabash
ower

(Opo

Bottle gourds (L. siceraria)

on the plant (Lefkada, Greece).

squash

2 Occasional toxicity
Like other members of the Cucurbitaceae family, gourds
contain cucurbitacins that are known to be cytotoxic at
a high concentration. The tetracyclic triterpenoid cucurbitacins present in fruits and vegetables of the cucumber
family are responsible for the bitter taste, and could cause
squash)
ulcers in the stomach. In extreme cases, people have died
from drinking the juice of gourds.* [15]* [16]* [17] The
toxic cases are usually due to the gourd being used to
make juice, which the drinkers attested to being unusually bitter.* [18] And in the three lethal cases, the victims
were all diabetics in their 50s and 60s.* [18]
However, the plant is not normally toxic when eaten and is
safe to consume. The excessively bitter (and toxic) gourds
are due to improper storage (temperature swings or high
temperature) and over-ripening.* [19]

Calabash bottle gourd, Lagenaria

*
siceraria (synonym Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.), also To avoid poisoning, it is advised to: [18]
known as opo squash, in San Rafael, Bulacan,
1. Taste a small piece of the gourd to make sure it is
Philippines.
not unusually bitter, before making juice

3.3

Europe

2. Discard all excessively bitter gourd or juice

3. Do not mix the juice of gourds with other juices,
such as that of bitter gourd, so as not to mask the
taste if it has gone bad

3
3.1

Culinary uses
Central America

In Central America, the seeds of the bottle gourd are

toasted and ground with other ingredients (including rice, baknamul(namul made of calabash)
cinnamon, and allspice) to make the drink horchata. (The
calabash tree, Crescentia cujete, is known locally as morro
or jcaro; that is another calabash). In Colombia and Ingredients
Venezuela, the calabash tree is known as a taparo or to bakgoji dried calabash, prepared by scraping out
tumo (it is another calabashplant).
the esh of a calabash and sun-drying it

3.2
3.2.1

East Asia
China

It is frequently used in southern Chinese cuisine in either a stir-fry or a soup. The Mandarin name for calabash is hulu (simplied Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: hlu) or huzi (Chinese: ; pinyin:
hzi). Two common kinds of calabash are sold in Chinese
stores: the opo kind, which is elongated but still plump,
and mao gua which translates tohairy squash. It is very
similar to opo, but it has hairs, as its Chinese name references. The hairs, although small, can become embedded
in the skin, but it is usually safe for adults to handle.
3.2.2

Japan

In Japan, the species is known as hytan (, ) or

ygao (), with the former word referring particularly
to the larger-fruiting variety whose fruits are used mostly
for making containers or other handicrafts, and the latter
referring to the smaller-fruiting variety whose fruits are
more edible. Names used to refer particularly to the fruit
of one or another variety of this species include fukube
(, , ) and hisago (, , , ). It
is most commonly sold in the form of dried, marinated
strips known as kanpy and is commonly used as an ingredient for making makizushi (rolled sushi).
3.2.3

Korea

baksok calabash esh, prepared by scraping out

the esh of a calabash, adding salt to draw moisture
out and squeezing them, then removing the seeds
Dishes
baknamul a type of namul, made by slicing an
unripe calabash thinly and stir-frying the slices with
soy sauce and ground beef or peeled shrimp, then
seasoning it with chopped spring onions, toasted
sesame seeds, and ground black pepper
bakgojinamul a type of namul, made by stirfrying soaked bakgoji(dried calabash) in oil, and
later adding deulkkaemul(perilla water), soup soy
sauce, chopped spring onions, chopped garlic, and
toasted sesame seeds, then boiling until liquid is reduced
baksoknamul a type of namul, made by slicing the
baksok(calabash esh) of a young calabash thinly,
stir-frying the slices in oil with songi mushrooms,
chopped spring onions, and toasted sesame seeds,
then adding water and boiling until liquid is reduced,
before nally adding sesame oil
baksoksaengchae a type of namul, made
by seasoning well-salted and squeezed raw baksok(calabash esh) with gochujang, toasted sesame
seeds, and chopped garlic

3.3 Europe

In Korea, both the plant and its fruit are known as In Italian cuisine, it is known as cucuzza (plural cucuzze).
bak(). Traditionally, the inside has been eaten as potherbs and the outside cut in half to make bowls.

3.4 Middle East

In Korean cuisine, fresh or dried esh of bak is used

as namul vegetable. Dried esh of bak, called bakgoji, In Arabic, it is called qara. In Aramaic, it is called kura.
makes a good addition to japchae* [20] and gimbap.* [21] In the Talmudic period, the young fruits were boiled,

4 CULTURAL USES

whilst the mature fruits were eaten as dessert. The tender 3.6.3 Vietnam
young gourd is cooked as a summer squash.
In Vietnam, bu (opo squash), bu canh, or bu nm is
a very popular vegetable, commonly cooked in soup with
3.5 South Asia
shrimp, meatballs, clams, various sh like freshwater catsh or snakehead sh, or crab. Opo squash is also com3.5.1 Bangladesh
monly stir-fried with meat or seafood, or incorporated in
hotpot. It is also as a medicine.
In Bangladesh, it is called laau () or kaddu ().
The shoots, tendrils, and leaves of the plant may also be
eaten as greens.
3.5.2 India
In India, it is known as lauki ( / ), laau
(,), dudhi ( / ) or ghiya ( / ) in 4
Hindi/Urdu/Gujarati/Bengali/Marathi; Laau () ()
in Odia; aal () in Marwari; churakka () in
Malayalam; jatilao in Assamese; sorakaaya (
) 4.1
or anapakaya in Telugu; dudhi-Bhopala ( )
in Marathi; sorekayi (
) in Kannada; sajmain
in Maithili and Labu () in Sinhalese and suraikkaai
( colloquilly sorakkay) in Tamil. A popular
north indian dish is lauki channa, (channa dal and diced
gourd in a semidry gravy). In the state of Maharashtra
in India, a preparation similar to lauki channa is popular.
However, the skin is removed prior to making the dish.
The skin is used in making a dry spicy chutney preparation.
3.5.3

Cultural uses
Africa

Nepal

In Nepal, it is called lauka ().

3.5.4

Pakistan

Calabashes (nkalu in Kikongo) are used to collect and store palm

wine in Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo

In Pakistan, the calabash is known as kaddu or lauki in

Hollowed-out and dried calabashes are a very typical
Urdu, and kaddu in Punjabi and Pashto.
utensil in households across West Africa. They are used
to clean rice, carry water, and as food containers. Smaller
3.5.5 Sri Lanka
sizes are used as bowls to drink palm wine.
In Sri Lanka, it is used in combination with rice to make Calabashes are used in making the West African kora
a variety of milk rice (labu Kiribath, ), which (a harp-lute), xalam/ngoni (a lute) and the goje (a traditional ddle). They also serve as resonators underneath
is one of the popular native dishes among Sri Lankans.
the balafon (West African marimba). The calabash is also
used in making the shegureh (a Sierra Leonean women's
rattle)* [22] and balangi (a Sierra Leonean type of bal3.6 Southeast Asia
afon) musical instruments. Sometimes, large calabashes
are simply hollowed, dried, and used as percussion instru3.6.1 Burma
ments, especially by Fulani, Songhai, Gur-speaking and
In Burma, it is known as
boo thee, a popular fruit; Hausa peoples. In Nigeria, the calabash has been used to
young leaves are also boiled and eaten with spicy hot, fer- avoid a law requiring the wearing of a helmet on a motorcycle.* [23] In South Africa, it is commonly used as a
mented sh sauce called nga peet.
drinking vessel by tribes such as the Zulus. Erbore tribe
children in Ethiopia wear hats made from the calabash to
3.6.2 Philippines
protect them from the sun. Recently, the Soccer City stadium which hosted the FIFA World Cup has been comIn the Philippines, it is known as upo ( ).
pleted and its shape takes inspiration from the calabash.

4.3

China

A Qing dynasty cricket cage

The Malian kora player Toumani Diabat with his instrument.

4.2

Caribbean

Calabash is primarily used for utensils, such as cups,

bowls, and basins in rural areas. It can be used for carrying water or can be made for carrying items, such as sh,
when shing. In some Caribbean countries, it is worked,
painted, and decorated as shoulder bags or other items by
artisans, and sold to tourists.
In Jamaica, it is also a reference to the natural lifestyle
of Rastafarians. As a cup, bowl, or even water-pipe or
"bong", the calabash is considered consistent with the
"Ital" or vital lifestyle of not using rened products such
as table salt, or using modern cooking methods, such as
microwaves. In Haiti, the plant is called kalbas kouran,
literally, running calabash, and is used to make the
sacred rattle emblematic of the Vodou priesthood, called A bottle gourd
an asson. As such, the plant is highly respected. It is also
the national tree of St. Lucia.

4.3

China

The hulu is an ancient symbol for health.

grown in earthen molds to form dierent shapes with imprinted oral or arabesque design and dried to house pet
crickets, which were kept for their song and ghting abilities. The texture of the gourd lends itself nicely to the
sound of the animal, much like a musical instrument. It
is a symbol of the Xian immortals.

In the old days, doctors would carry medicine inside it, so

it has fabled properties for healing. The hulu is believed
to absorb negative earth-based ki (energy) that would otherwise aect health, and is a traditional Chinese medicine
cure. Dried calabash is also used as containers of liquids,
often liquors or medicines. Calabash gourds were also Hulusi is a kind of ute.

4 CULTURAL USES
both ends of the strings table. The Baul singers of Bengal have their musical instruments made out of calabash.
The practice is also common among Buddhist and Jain
sages.* [26]
These toombas are made of dried calabash gourds, using special cultivars that were originally imported from
Africa and Madagascar. They are mostly grown in Bengal
and near Miraj, Maharashtra. These gourds are valuable
items and they are carefully tended; for example, sometimes they are given injections to stop worms and insects

A hulusi, the calabash gourd from making holes while they are drying, etc.
ute or bottle gourd ute, musical instrument

4.4

Costa Rica
Note that "guacal" in Costa Rica refers to C. cujete tree calabash.

The Costa Rican town of Santa Brbara de Santa Cruz

holds a traditional annual dance of the calabashes (baile
de los guacales). Since 2000, the activity has been considered of cultural interest to the community, and all participants receive a hand-painted calabash vessel to thank
them for their economic contribution (which they paid in
the form of an entrance ticket).* [24]

Sitars and one rudra veena

(down right)

Aboriginals throughout the country traditionally serve

chicha in calabash vessels to the participants of special
events such as the baile de los diablitos (dance of the little
ends).* [25]

4.5

Hawaii

In Hawaii, a calabash is a large serving bowl, usually made

from a hardwood rather than from the calabash gourd as
in Maroon cultures. It is used on a buet table or in the
middle of the dining table. The use of the calabash in
Hawaii has led to terms likecalabash familyorcalabash cousins, indicating an extended family grown up
around shared meals and close friendships.
This gourd is often dried when ripe and used as a percussion instrument called an ipu heke in contemporary and
ancient hula.

4.6

Sitar with resonator made

from a bottle gourd.* [27] Surbahar is similar but
larger and with lower sounds (something like a bass
sitar)* [28]

Saraswati veena, the calabash resonator not always functional but keeps its
place because of the balancing function.* [29]

Rudra veena is a large

plucked string instrument used in Hindustani

India

Calabash is used in many string instruments in India as a

resonator. Instruments that look like guitars are made of
wood, but they can have a calabash resonator at the end of
the strings table called toomba. The sitar, the surbahar,
the tanpura (south of India, tambura north of India), may
have a toomba. In some cases, the toomba may not be
functional, but, if the instrument is large, it keeps its
place because of its balance function; that is the case of
the Saraswati veena. Other instruments like rudra veena
and vichitra veena have two large calabash resonators at

4.8

South America
classical music, one of major types of veena played
in Indian classical music, it has two calabash gourd
resonators.* [29] Similar is vichitra veena, also with
two large resonators.

7
In Brazil, gourds also commonly used as the resonator
for the berimbau, the signature instrument of capoeira,
a martial art/dance developed in Brazilian plantations by
African slaves. The calabash gourd is possibly mankind's
oldest instrument resonator.

Ek tara (one chord) resonator made from a calabash gourd

L. siceraria "mate" type.

The tambura or tanpura may

have a toomba (although not in this picture), a resonator made of calabash at the end of the strings
table.* [30]

Hindu ascetics (sadhu) traditionally use a dried gourd vessel called the kamandalu. The juice of bottle gourd is
considered to have medicinal properties and to be very
good for health.

Mate carved and decorated

as a drinking container (also called mate, and the
infusion also called mate).

Mate burilado in Peru

In parts of India, the dried, unpunctured gourd is used as

a oat (called surai-kuduvai in Tamil) to learn swimming
in rural areas.

4.7

Mexico
Note that "jcara" refers to the Crescentia cujete
calabash

Berimbau, musical instrument in

Brazil: The gourd functions as a resonator.

In many rural parts of Mexico, the calabash is dried and

carved hollow to create a bule or a guaje, a gourd used to
carry water around like a canteen. The gourd cut in half, In the region where Incas lived (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador),
called jcara, gave the parallel name to a clay cup jcara. calabash gourds are known to have been used for medicinal purposes for over a thousand years by Andean cultures. The Inca culture applied folklore symbology to
4.8 South America
gourds to pass down from one generation to another, and
this practice is still familiar and valued.
In Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, calBowls made of calabash were used by indigenous Brazilabash gourds are dried and carved into mates (Quichua
ians as utensils made to serve food, and the practice is
word, adopted in Spanish language), the traditional constill retained in some remote areas of Brazil (originally
tainer for mate, the popular caeinated, tea-like drink
by populations of various ethnicities, origins and regions,
brewed from the yerba mate plant (the container is called
but nowadays mainly the indigenes themselves).
cuia, porongo, or cabaa in Brazil). In the same region,
it is called mate as is also the calabash from which the
drinking vessels are made, and, in Peru, (where the prac- 4.8.1 Venezuela
tice of drinking mate is not adopted,) it is used in a popuNote that "totuma" refers to the vessel made of
lar practice for the making of mate burilado; "burilado" is
the technique adopted for decorating the mate calabashes.
C. cujete calabash.

REFERENCES

Former president Hugo Chvez of Venezuela sug- [8] Decker-Walters, D.S.; Wilkins-Ellert, M.; Chung, S.-M.;
Staub, J.E. (2005). Reconstructing the Origins and Dispergested Venezuelans avoid showers longer than three
sal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria).
minutes.* [31]* [32] Critics of Chavez ridiculed this by
Proceedings of the SMBE Tri-National Young Investigareductio ad absurdum, ironically suggesting the use of a
tors' Workshop 2004. pp. 58, 501508.
totuma to bathe (although Chavez himself did not suggest
*
*
this), [33] [34] inferring that people have to bathe with [9] Gemse des Jahres 2002: Der Flaschenkrbis (in Gera totuma of water, the quantity of water that only one
man). Schandelah: VEN Verein zur Erhaltung der
totuma can hold. It is a joke because it exaggerates the
Nutzpanzen Vielfalt e.V. 2002.
original words, because a totuma is a device that carries
very little quantity of water, not enough for bathing (not [10] Strabo, Walahfrid (2000). De cultura hortorum (in Latin
and German). Nf,W.; s Gabathuler,M. (ford.). ISBN
even to get wet).
3-7995-3504-7.

Other uses

[11] Walahfrid Strabo (2002). De cultura hortorum sive Hortulus VII Cucurbita (in Latin). Fachhochschule Augsburg:
bibliotheca Augustana.

Additionally, the gourd can be dried and used to smoke [12] White, Nancy (2005). Nancy White University of South
Florida South American Archaeology: Archaic, Prepipe tobacco, usually constructed with a meerschaum linceramic, Sedentism. Bloomington: Indiana University
ing holding the lit tobacco within the gourd. A typical deBloomington MATRIX project.
sign yielded by this squash is recognized (theatrically) as
the pipe of Sherlock Holmes, but Doyle never mentioned [13] Erickson, David L.; Smith, Bruce D.; Clarke, Andrew
Holmes using a calabash pipe. It was the preferred pipe
C.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Tuross, Noreen (2005). An
for stage actors portraying Holmes, because they could
Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in
the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of
balance this pipe better than other styles while delivering
Sciences.
their lines. See, Smoking pipe (tobacco)#Calabash.

References

[1] "Lagenaria siceraria". Natural Resources Conservation

Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
[2] BSBI List 2007. Botanical Society of Britain and
Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 25 February
2015. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
[3] http://www.thekitchn.com/
ingredient-spotlight-cucuzza-s-94464

[14] Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas, Kistler et al, Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, February 10, 2014
[15] Adhyaru-Majithia, Priya (13 March 2010). Not all bitter veggies are good, they can kill you: Doctors. DNA.
Bhaskar Group. Archived from the original on 9 July
2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
[16] Chandra, Neetu (9 July 2010). Toxin in lauki kills
diabetic city scientist. India Today. Living Media.
Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 9
July 2010.
[17] Bitter 'lauki' juice can kill you. Times of india. Living
Media. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[4] See Sally Price,When is a calabash not a calabash(New

West Indian Guide 56:69-82, 1982).

[18] Indian Council of Medical Research Task Force, 2011,

Gastrointestinal toxicity due to bitter bottle gourd

[5] Erickson, David L.; Smith, Bruce D.; Clarke, Andrew

C.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Tuross, Noreen (20 December 2005). An Asian origin for a 10,000-yearold domesticated plant in the Americas. PNAS. 102
(51): 1831518320. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910 . PMID
16352716. Retrieved 17 November 2009.

[19] 2011, Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity of lagenaria , Indian Journal of Gastroenterology

[6] Cucurbitaceae--Fruits for Peons, Pilgrims, and

Pharaohs. University of California at Los Angeles.
Retrieved September 2, 2013.
[7] Decker-Walters, D.S.; Wilkins-Ellert, M.; Chung, S.-M.;
Staub, J.E. (2004). Discovery and genetic assessment of
wild bottle gourd [ Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley,
Cucurbitaceae] from Zimbabwe. mbe.oxfordjournals.org
Economic Botany 58. pp. 501508.

[20] Jeong, Jaehoon (14 September 2016). "[

]
?" [[Jeong Jaehoon's dining table study]
What japchae impressed Gwanghaegun so much that he
gave it a title of a public ocial?]. ChosunBiz (in Korean).
Retrieved 15 December 2016.
[21]

(14 March 2012). "

"5000
"" [Naembi udong, bakgoji gimbap... Come to taste
the happiness of 5,000 won]. Gyeongnam Domin Ilbo (in
Korean).
,

[22] image at Joseph Opala,Origin of the Gullah, yale.edu.

[23] Nigeria bikers' vegetable helmets. BBC News. 6 January 2009.

[24] Baile del Guacal[Dance of the Calabash]. La Nacin

(in Spanish). 1 July 2010.
[25] Parrales, Freddy (29 January 2011). Rey Curr se encendi con el baile de los diablitos[Rey Curr was ignited with the dance of the little ends]. La Nacin (in
Spanish).
[26] Landsberg, Steven. The History of an Indian Musical
Instrument Maker.
[27] India-instruments.de sitar
[28] http://www.ashokpathak.com/Ashok_Pathak_pages/
Ashok_Pathak_surbahar.html
[29] http://www.buckinghammusic.com/veena/veena.html
[30] Daily Music. Tambura/tanpura.
[31] No more singing in the shower: Chavez urges Venezuelans to limit their wash to three minutes amid water shortages. Daily Mail. London. 22 October 2009.
[32] Chavez y el comunismo on YouTube
[33] La totuma endgena | Artculos Laureano Mrquez. Laureanomarquez.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
[34] Como hacer Totuma-Ducha comunista on YouTube

External links
How Bottle Gourds were brought to America by Native Americans
Multilingual taxonomic information at the University of Melbourne
Calabashes used for otation and to store sh during
huge Nigerian sh festival
Brief discussion of the species, uses, ecology, and
etymology of generic and specic names.
Lagenaria siceraria in West African plants A
Photo Guide.

10

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

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Calabash Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash?oldid=756857714 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Kwertii, DopeshJustin, Gabbe,

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