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This is a partial timeline of Zionism in the modern era, since the start of the 16th century.
Contents
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
1827
John Nelson Darby's Plymouth Brethren is founded to propagate the Christian
eschatological movement of dispensationalism, which teaches that God looks
upon Jews as the chosen people (rejecting supersessionism), and that the
nation of Israel will be born again and brought to realize they crucified their
Messiah at his second coming
182130
The Greek War of Independence legitimized the concept of small ethnicallybased nation-states among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire
1839
Lord Shaftesbury takes out a full-page advert in The Times addressed to the
Protestant monarchs of Europe and entitled "The State and the rebirth of the
Jews", which included the suggestion for the Jews to return to Palestine to
seize the lands of Galilee and Judea, as well as the phrase "Earth without
people people without land".
1840
Lord Shaftesbury presents a paper to British Foreign Minister Lord Palmerston
calling for the 'recall of the Jews to their ancient land'.
1840 (August 11)
Lord Palmerston writes to Lord Ponsonby, British Ambassador to the Ottoman
Empire: "There exists at the present time among the Jews dispersed over
Europe, a strong notion that the time is approaching when their nation is to
return to Palestine... It would be of manifest importance to the Sultan to
encourage the Jews to return and settle in Palestine because the wealth
which they would bring with them would increase the resources of the
Sultan's dominions; and the Jewish people, if returning under the sanction
and protection, and at the invitation of the Sultan, would be a check upon any
future evil designs of Mehemet Ali (of Egypt) or his successor... I have to
instruct Your Excellency strongly to re-commend (to the Turkish Government)
to hold out every just encouragement to the Jews of Europe to return to
Palestine."[8]
1841
George Gawler, previously the governor of South Australia, starts to
encourage Jewish settlements in the land of Israel.
1842
Nadir Baxter, of the Church Pastoral Aid Society, died in 1842 and donated
1,000 in his will, stating that it be paid "towards the political restoration of
the Jews to Jerusalem and to their own land; and as I conscientiously believe
also that the institution by the Anglican Church of the bishopric of Jerusalem
is the actual commencement of the great and merciful work of Jehovah
towards Zion". The gift was declared void in 1851 in the case of Habershon v
Vardon by Sir James Lewis Knight-Bruce, Chancellor of the High Court, who
stated "If it can be understood to mean any thing, it is to create a revolution
in the dominions of an ally of her Majesty".
184142
1844
Mordecai Noah publishes Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews.
1844
According to one source, the Old Yishuv Jews constitute the largest of several
ethno-religious groups in Jerusalem however estimates approximately 20
years before and 20 years after this date suggest otherwise. See
Demographics of Jerusalem.
1844
Rev. Samuel Bradshaw, in his Tract for the Times, Being a Plea for the Jews
calls for Parliament to allot 4 million pounds for the Restoration of Israel, with
another 1 million to be collected by the Church.
1844
Pastor T. Tully Crybace convenes a committee in London for the purpose of
founding a 'British and Foreign Society for Promoting the Restoration of the
Jewish Nation to Palestine.' He urges that England secure from Turkey
Palestine 'from the Euphrates to the Nile, and from the Mediterranean to the
Desert'.
1845
George Gawler publishes "Tranquilization of Syria and the East: Observations
and Practical Suggestions, in Furtherance of the Establishment of Jewish
Colonies in Palestine, the Most Sober and Sensible Remedy for the Miseries of
Asiatic Turkey."
1849
George Gawler accompanies Sir Moses Montefiori on a trip to Palestine,
persuading him to invest in and initiate Jewish settlements in the country.
c.1850
James Finn and his wife found the "British Society for the Promotion of Jewish
Agricultural Labour in the Holy Land"
1851
1878 (June)
1878
Galician poet Naphtali Herz Imber writes a poem Tikvatenu (Our Hope), later
adopted as the Zionist hymn Hatikvah.
1878
Petah Tikva is founded by Jerusalem Jews, but abandoned after difficulties.
Resettled in 1882 with help from first aliyah.
1878
The first Hovevei Zion ("Lovers of Zion") groups were founded in Eastern
Europe
1880
Laurence Oliphant publishes The land of Gilead, with excursions in the
Lebanon which proposes a settlement under British protection while
respecting Ottoman sovereignty. He proposes that the 'warlike' Bedouins be
driven out, and the Palestinians be placed in reservations like the native
Indians of America.
18811884
Pogroms in the Russian Empire kill several Jews and injure large numbers,
destroy thousands of Jewish homes, and motivate hundreds of thousands of
Jews to flee.
18811920
Over two million of the Russian Jews emigrate. Most go to the U.S., others
elsewhere, some to the Land of Israel. The first group of Biluim organize in
Kharkov.
1881
Eliezer ben Yehuda makes aliyah and leads efforts to revive Hebrew as a
common spoken language.
1882 January 1
After covering the trial and aftermath of Captain Dreyfus and witnessing the
associated mass anti-semitic rallies in Paris, which included chants, "Death to
Jews", Jewish-Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl writes Der Judenstaat
(The Jewish State) advocating the creation of a Jewish state.
18961904
Herzl, with the help of William Hechler, unsuccessfully approaches world
leaders for assistance in the creation of a Jewish National Home but creates
political legitimacy for the movement.
Herzl publishes the novel Altneuland (The Old New Land), which takes place
in Palestine.
19031906
More pogroms in Russian Empire. Unlike the 1881 pogroms, which focused
primarily on property damage, these pogroms resulted in the deaths of at
least 2,000 Jews and an even higher number of non-Jews.
1903
Uganda Proposal for settlement in East Africa splits the 6th Zionist Congress.
A committee is created to look into it.
19041914
The Second Aliyah occurs. Approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated into
Ottoman-occupied Palestine, mostly from Russia. The prime cause for the
aliyah was mounting anti-Semitism in Russia and pogroms in the Pale of
Settlement. Nearly half of these immigrants left Palestine by the time World
War I started.
1909
Tel Aviv is founded on sand dunes near Jaffa. Young Judaea, a zionist youth
movement, is founded.
19101916
Antisemitic Zionist conspiracy theories regarding the Ottoman Young Turk
ruling elite are fuelled within the British government through diplomatic
correspondence from Gerard Lowther (British Ambassador to Constantinople)
and Gilbert Clayton (Chief of British intelligence in Egypt) [19][20][21][22]
1915 January
Two months after the British declaration of war against the Ottomans, Herbert
Samuel presents a detailed memorandum entitled s:The Future of Palestine
to the British Cabinet on the benefits of a British protectorate over Palestine
to support Jewish immigration
1915 October1916 January
McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, agreeing to give Arabia to Arabs, if Arabs
will fight the Turks. The Arab Revolt began in June 1916.
1916 May 16
Britain and France sign the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement which details the
proposed division of Arabia at the conclusion of World War I into French and
British spheres of influence.
1917 August
The formation of the Jewish Legion (Zion Mule Corps), initiated in 1914 by
Joseph Trumpeldor and Zeev Jabotinsky.
1917
T.E. Lawrence leads Arab militias to defeat various Turkish Garrisons in
Arabia.
1917 November 2
The British Government issues the Balfour Declaration which documented
three main ideas:
First, it declared official support from the British Government for "the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people",
and promised that the British Government would actively aid in these
efforts.
Jews throughout the former Russian Empire; the number of Jewish orphans
exceeded 300,000.
19191923
The Third Aliyah was triggered by the October Revolution in Russia, the
ensuing pogroms there and in Poland and Hungary, the British conquest of
Palestine and the Balfour Declaration. Approximately 40,000 Jews arrived in
Palestine during this time.
1920
The San Remo conference of the Allied Supreme Council in Italy resulted in an
agreement that a Mandate for Palestine to Great Britain would be reviewed
and then issued by the League of Nations. The mandate would contain similar
content to the Balfour Declaration, which indicates that Palestine will be a
homeland for Jews, and that the existing non-Jews would not have their rights
infringed. In anticipation of this forthcoming mandate, the British military
occupation shifts to a civil rule.
1920
Histadrut, Haganah, Vaad Leumi are founded.
1921
Chaim Weizmann becomes new President of the WZO at the 12th Zionist
Congress (the first since World War I).
1921
Britain grants autonomy to Transjordan under Crown Prince Abdullah.
1922 July
The offer of a Mandate for Palestine to Great Britain from the San Remo
conference is confirmed by the League of Nations.
1923 September
Mandate for Palestine to Great Britain comes into effect.
1923
Britain cedes the Golan Heights to the French Mandate of Syria.
1923
Jabotinsky establishes the revisionist party Hatzohar and its youth movement,
Betar.
1924
Palestine Jewish Colonization Association established by Edmond James de
Rothschild
19241928
The Fourth Aliyah was a direct result of the economic crisis and anti-Jewish
policies in Poland, along with the introduction of stiff immigration quotas by
the United States. The Fourth Aliyah brought 82,000 Jews to British-occupied
Palestine, of whom 23,000 left.
1927
The Zionist Federation of Australia is established in Melbourne.
19321939
The Fifth Aliyah was primarily a result of the Nazi accession to power in
Germany (1933) and later throughout Europe. Persecution and the Jews'
worsening situation caused immigration from Germany to increase and from
Eastern Europe to continue. Nearly 250,000 Jews arrived in British-occupied
Palestine during the Fifth Aliyah (20,000 of them left later). From this time on,
the practice of "numbering" the waves of immigration was discontinued.
1933
Assassination of Haim Arlosoroff, a left-wing Zionist leader, thought to have
been killed by right-wing Zionists
19331948
Aliyah Bet: Jewish refugees flee Germany because of persecution under the
Nazi government with many turned away as illegal because of the Britishimposed immigration limit.
1937
The British propose a partition between Jewish and Arab areas. It is rejected
by both parties.
19361939
Great Uprising by Arabs against British rule and Jewish immigration.
1939
The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, which sets a limit of
75,000 on Jewish immigration to Palestine for the next five years and
increases Zionist opposition to British rule.
1942 May
The Biltmore Conference makes a fundamental departure from traditional
Zionist policy and demands "that Palestine be established as a Jewish
Commonwealth" (state), rather than a "homeland." This sets the ultimate aim
of the movement.
1944
The One Million Plan becomes official Zionist policy
1947 November 29
The United Nations approves partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab
states. It is accepted by the Jews, but rejected by the Arab leaders (See [2]
[3]).
1947 November 30
The 19471948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine starts between Jewish forces,
centered around the Haganah and Palestinians supported by the Arab
Liberation Army.
1948 May 14
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel
Six-Day War with Egypt, Jordan and Syria, assisted by forces from Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan and the Palestine Liberation
Organization against Israel.
1967 July 1970 August 7
War of Attrition between Egypt and Israel.
1973 October 4 1973 October 25
Yom Kippur War with Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq against Israel.
1975
The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 equates Zionism with
racism.
1979 March 26
EgyptIsrael Peace Treaty is signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and
Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
1982 June 1982 September
1982 Lebanon War with Syria and Lebanon against Israel.
1991
The UN GA resolution 3379 is revoked by Resolution 4686.
1993 August 20
The Oslo Accords are signed by Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestine Liberation
Organization, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, U.S. Secretary of State
Warren Christopher and Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev.
1994 October 26
IsraelJordan peace treaty is signed by King Hussein I of Jordan and Israeli
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.
1995 November 4
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated.
2006 July 12 2006 August 14
2006 Lebanon War between Lebanon and Israel.