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Computer Fundamentals
Pradeep K. Sinha
Priti Sinha
Chapter 17
Data Communications
& Computer Networks
Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 1/78
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
Basic elements of a communication system
Techniques, channels, and devices used to transmit data
between distant locations
Types of computer networks
Communication protocols and their use in computer
networks
Internetworking tools and their use in building large
computer networks
Wireless communications technologies and wireless
networks
Characteristics and advantages of distributed computing
systems
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Ref. Page 346 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 4/78
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Basic Elements of a Communication
System
Ref. Page 347 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 5/78
Sender Receiver
(a) Simplex
Sender Receiver
OR
(or Receiver) (or Sender)
(b) Half-duplex
Sender Receiver
(and Receiver) AND (and Sender)
(c) Full-duplex
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Coaxial Cable
Central copper
PVC insulation wire
Copper mesh
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
In between
repeaters
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Satellite in space
6 GHz 4 GHz
Uplink Downlink
Transmitting Receiving
station on earth station on earth
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Voltage
+v
t
0 1/f 2/f
-v
(a) Analog signal
v
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
t
(b) Digital signal
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Modulation Techniques
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Modems
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Analog signals on
Digital signals telephone line Digital signals
01 10 0 1 10
Modulator Demodulator
Sender Receiver
computer computer
Demodulator Modulator
0 10 0 0 1 0 0
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Transmission speed
Internal versus external
Facsimile facility
Error correction
Data compression
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Data Transmission
Services
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Multiplexing Techniques
Multiplexing
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A Multiplexed System
T1 T2 T3 T4
Multiplexer
Modem
Modem
Multiplexer
Computer
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Modulator Demodulator
Signal-1 40 KHz 40 KHz Signal-1
Ref. Page 358 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 31/78
Time-Division Multiplexing
Signal A A3 A2 A1 A3 A2 A1
Sender Receiver
end end
Signal B B3 B2 B1 Channel Demulti- B3 B2 B1
plexer
C2 B2 A21 C1 B1 A1
Signal C C3 C2 C1 C3 C2 C1
Ref. Page 358 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 32/78
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Asynchronous and
Synchronous Transmission
Ref. Page 359 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 34/78
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Asynchronous and Synchronous
Transmission
Synchronous transmission
Sender and receiver must synchronize with each
other to get ready for data transmission before it
takes place
Entire blocks of characters are framed and
transmitted together
Well suited to remote communication between a
computer and such devices as buffered terminals
and printers
Ref. Page 359 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 35/78
Asynchronous Transmission
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Synchronous Transmission
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Switching Techniques
Data is often transmitted from source to destination
through a network of intermediate nodes
Switching techniques deal with the methods of
establishing communication links between the sender
and receiver in a communication network
Three commonly used switching techniques are:
Circuit switching: Dedicated physical path is
established between sending and receiving stations
through nodes of the network for the duration of
communication
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Switching Techniques
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Switching nodes
Dotted lines and shaded
balls indicate the circuit
established
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4 B
A 1
3
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Nodes 1 2 3 n
Message
Broadcast channel
Ref. Page 362 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 43/78
Routing Techniques
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Routing Techniques
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Network Topologies
and Types
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Network Topology
A networks topology refers to the way in which the network
links its nodes
It determines the various data paths available between any
pair of nodes in the network
Choice of a topology depends on a combination of factors
such as:
Desired performance
Desired reliability
Size of the system
Expandability
Cost of components and services
Availability of communication lines
Acceptable delays in routing
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Network Topologies
Although number network topologies are possible, four
major ones are:
Star network
Ring network
Completely connected network
Multi-access bus network
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Star Network
Host node
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Ring Network
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Hybrid Network
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Network Types
Five types of networks in common use are:
Personal-area networks (PANs)
Local-area networks (LANs)
Campus-area networks (CANs)
Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
Wide-area networks (WANs)
Ref. Page 367 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 54/78
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Communication Protocols
Communication Protocols
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Data sequencing
Breaking a long message into smaller packets of fixed size
Rules define method of numbering packets to detect loss or
duplication of packets, and to identify packets
Data routing
Decide the path between source and destination
Data formatting
Define which group of bits or characters within a packet
constitutes data, control, addressing, or other information
Flow control
Prevent a fast sender from flooding a slow receiver with data by
regulating flow of data on communication lines
(Continued on next slide)
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Concept of Layered Protocols in
Network Design
Networks have modular design for easy and efficient handling of
the system
Consist of several modules, which are grouped into layers
logically
Each layer offers certain services to higher layers, shielding those
layers from implementation details of services offered by lower
layers
Each layer has its own set of protocols
Main reasons for using layered protocols are:
Layers makes their implementation more manageable
Provides well-defined interfaces between layers
Allows interaction between functionally paired layers in different
locations
Protocol suite, protocol family, or protocol stack are terms used to
refer to a collection of protocols of a network system
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Process A Process B
Application protocol
Layer 7 (application) Layer 7 (application)
Interface Interface
Presentation protocol Layer 6 (presentation)
Layer 6 (presentation)
Interface Interface
Session protocol
Layer 5 (session) Layer 5 (session)
Interface Interface
Transport protocol
Layer 4 (transport) Layer 4 (transport)
Interface Interface
Network protocol
Layer 3 (network) Layer 3 (network)
Interface Interface
Data-link protocol
Layer 2 (data link) Layer 2 (data link)
Interface Interface
Physical protocol
Layer 1 (physical) Layer 1 (physical)
Network
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An example illustrating transfer of message M from sending node to the
receiving node in the OSI model: Hn, header added by layer n:Tn, trailer
added by layer n.
Process A Process B
H7 M H7 M
H6 H7 M H6 H7 M
H5 H6 H7 M H5 H6 H7 M
H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2
H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2
H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 T2 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2 T2 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M1 T2 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 M2 T2
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Internetworking Tools
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Internetworking
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Bridges
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Routers
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Gateways
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Wireless Networks
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Lower bandwidth
Variable bandwidth
Higher error rate
Increased security concern
Dynamically changing network
Lost or degraded connection
Support for routing and location
management functions
Limited power
Ref. Page 374 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 71/78
Wireless Applications
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Computer Fundamentals : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Wireless Technologies
2G and 3G
Wireless LAN
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access)
Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
Radio-router
Multihop Wireless Network
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Ref. Page 376 Chapter 17: Data Communications & Computer Networks Slide 73/78
Distributed Computing
Systems
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Keywords/Phrases
2G technology Demodulation
3G technology Dial-up line
Amplifier Distributed Computing System
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Ethernet
Application layer Fax modem
ARPANET File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Asynchronous transmission Frequency Modulation (FM)
Bandwidth Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Baud Full duplex
Bridge Gateway
Broadband Half duplex
Broadcast Hop-by-hop routing
Campus Area Network (CAN) Hybrid network
C-band transmission Internet Protocol (IP)
Circuit switching Internetworking
Coaxial cable ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Common Carriers Ku-band transmission
Communication protocol Leased line
Communications satellite Local Area Network (LAN)
Completely connected network Message switching
Computer network Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Data-link layer (Continued on next slide)
Keywords/Phrases
Microwave system Router
Mobile computing Session layer
Modem Simplex
Modulation Source routing
Multi-access Bus network Star network
Multiplexer Store-and-forward
Narrowband Synchronous transmission
Network Interface Card (NIC) Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Network layer Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
Network topology Transport layer
Nomadic computing Twisted-pair
Optical fibers Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
OSI Model User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Packet switching Value Added Network (VAN)
Phase Modulation (PM) Voiceband
Physical layer VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals)
POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Presentation layer Wide Area Network (WAN)
Protocol family WiMax
Protocol stack Wireless LAN
Protocol suite Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
Repeater Wireless network
Ring network
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