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Operation Valkyrie (German: Unternehmen Walküre) was an emergency continuity of

government operations plan developed in Nazi Germany for the Territorial Reserve Army of
Germany to execute and implement in case of a general breakdown in civil order of the nation.
Failure of the government to maintain control of civil affairs could be caused by the
Allied bombing of German cities, or a rising of millions of foreign working in German factories.

German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) officers General Friedrich Olbricht, Major General Henning von
Tresckow, and Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, modified the plan with the intention of using it to
take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been
assassinated in the July 20 Plot. Hitler's death (as opposed to his arrest) was required to free
German soldiers from their oath of loyalty to him (Reichswehreid). After lengthy preparation, the
plot was carried out in 1944, but failed.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Planning

• 2 Implementation

• 3 Initial order to the Wehrkreise

• 4 The operation in popular culture

• 5 See also

• 6 References

o 6.1 Bibliography

o 6.2 Notes

• 7 External links

[edit]Planning

The original plan, designed to deal with internal disturbances in emergency situations, was
designed by General Friedrich Olbricht's staff in his capacity as head of General Army Office and
was approved by Hitler.[1] The idea of using the Reserve Army in the German homeland for a
coup existed before, but the refusal of Colonel-General Friedrich Fromm, Chief of the Reserve
Army and the only person who could initiate Operation Valkyrie besides Hitler, to cooperate was a
serious obstacle to the conspirators. Nevertheless, after the lessons of a failedassassination
attempt in March 13, 1943, Olbricht felt that the original coup plan was inadequate and that the
Reserve Army should be used in the coup even without Fromm's cooperation.
The original Valkyrie order only dealt with strategy to ensure combat readiness of units out of
scattered elements of the Reserve Army. Olbricht added a second part, 'Valkyrie II' which
provided for the swift assemblage of units into battle groups ready for action. In August and
September 1943, Colonel Henning von Tresckow found Olbricht's revision inadequate and greatly
expanded the Valkyrie plan and drafted new supplementary orders. A secret declaration began
with the words: "The Führer Adolf Hitler is dead! A treacherous group of party leaders has
attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from the rear to seize power
for themselves." Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in
Berlin, Himmler's headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other
Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps.[1] (Previously, it was believed
that Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg was mainly responsible for the Valkyrie plan, but
documents recovered by the Soviet Union after the war and released in 2007 suggest that a
detailed plan was developed by Tresckow by autumn of 1943.)[2] All written information was
handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika, and by Margarete von Oven, his secretary. Both women wore
gloves to leave no fingerprint.[3]

In essence, the plan was to trick the Reserve Army into the seizure and removal of the civilian
government of wartime Germany under the false pretense that the SS had attempted a coup
d'état that included the assassination of Adolf Hitler. The key requirement was that the rank-and-
file soldiers and junior officers who were supposed to execute this plan would be motivated to do
so based upon their false belief that it was the Nazi civilian leadership who had behaved with
disloyalty and treason against the state, and were therefore required to be removed. The
conspirators counted on the soldiers to obey their orders as long as they came from the legitimate
channel - namely, the Reserve Army high command in the emergency situation following Hitler's
death. Apart from Hitler, only General Friedrich Fromm, commander of the Reserve Army, could
put Operation Valkyrie into effect, so he had to be either won over to the conspiracy or in some
way neutralized if the plan were to succeed. Fromm, like many senior officers, knew in general
about the military conspiracies against Hitler but neither supported them nor reported them to
the Gestapo.

[edit]Implementation

Main article: 20 July plot

The key role was played by Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg in actual
implementation after his assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944. Stauffenberg also
further improved the Valkyrie plan and made changes to address changing situations.
Stauffenberg's position as Chief of Staff of Reserve Army gave him access to Hitler for reports
and at the same time required his presence at headquarters for implementation of Valkyrie. At
first, Tresckow and Stauffenberg sought out other officers with access to Hitler who could carry
out the assassination. General Helmuth Stieff, Chief of Organization in Army High Command,
volunteered to be the assassin but later backed away. Tresckow attempted several times to be
assigned to Hitler's headquarters without success. Finally, Stauffenberg decided to carry out both
the assassination attempt and the Valkyrie operation, which greatly reduced the chance of
success. After two abortive attempts, Stauffenberg placed the bomb on July 20 and hurried back
to Berlin to assume his pivotal role.

After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of
General Friedrich Olbricht, his chief of staff Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel Claus
von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften. Shortly after midnight, the
condemned men were led to a mound of earth back lit by idle vehicles where each was executed
by firing squad in the courtyard of Bendlerstrasse headquarters.[4]

[edit]Initial order to the Wehrkreise


I. The Führer Adolf Hitler is dead!
An unscrupulous clique of party leaders alien to the front has attempted, under the exploitation of
this situation, to fall on the backs of the hard-struggling front and to seize power for selfish
purposes. II. In this hour of highest danger, the government ofthe Reich has declared a state of
military emergency for the maintenance of law and order and at the same time has transferred
the executive power, with the supreme command of the Wehrmacht, to me. III. With this, I order:

1. I transfer the executive power – with the right of delegation, on the territorial
commanders – in the area of the war at home, on the commander of the army reserves
under the simultaneous appointment to the supreme commander in the homeland war –
in the occupied western area, on the supreme commander west – in Italy, on the
supreme commander southwest – in the occupied eastern area, on the supreme
commander of the army groups and the commander of the Wehrmacht eastern land for
their respective area of command – in Denmark and Norway, to the
Wehrmacht commander.

2. The holders of executive power have control over:

a) all section and units of the Wehrmacht, including the Waffen-SS, RAD and the OT,
within their area of command;
b) all public authorities (of the Reich, Germany, the states and the municipalities),
especially the entire law enforcement police, security police and administrative police;
c) all office bearers and subdivisions of the NSDAP and those of its affiliated
associations;
d) the transportation services and public utilities
3. The entire Waffen-SS is integrated into the army with immediate effect.

4. The holders of executive power are responsible for the maintenance of order and
public security. They especially have to ensure:

a) the protection of the communication facilities,


b) the elimination of the SD (Security Service).
Any opposition against the military power of enforcement is to be broken
ruthlessly.
In this hour of highest danger for the Fatherland, unity of the
Wehrmacht and the maintenance of full discipline is the uppermost
requirement.
That is why I make it the duty of all commanders of the army, the navy,
and the air force to support the holders of executive power to carry out their
difficult task with all means at their disposal and to guarantee the
compliance of their directives by the subordinate sections. The German
soldier stands before a historical task. It will depend on his energy and
attitude whether Germany will be saved.

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