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ABSTRACT
Keywords The goal of this study was to produce food capsulated nanoparticles from natural
sources that help a lot in solving problems concerning with food supplementation,
Carotenoid; producing more effective and efficient nutraceuticals able to be delivered through
Micro safer active target system. A Supercritical Co2 Fluid system was used to extract
encapsulation, carotenoids from carrot waste samples obtained from Egyptian factories led to
Nanopaticles, nanoparticle compounds after mechanical treatment. The carotenoid nanoparticles
Antioxidant, were measured by using Transmission Electron Microscopy. The
Thermal microencapsulation of nanocarotenoids caused oxidation prevention and increased
Stability the thermal stability.
Introduction
The current global population is nearly 9 which set up to work on providing specific
billion with 50 % living in Asia, and 90 health benefits to the target area. The impact
million living in Egypt. A large proportion of nanotechnology in the food industry has
of those living in developing countries face become more apparent over the last few
daily food shortage as a result of years with the potential to revolutionize the
environmental impacts or political agricultural and food industry with new
instability. tools for the molecular treatment of diseases,
rapid disease detection, enhancing the ability
In the developed countries, the food industry of plants to absorb nutrients etc. (Joseph
is driven by consumer demand which is and Morrison 2006).
currently for fresher and healthier food stuff.
Nanotechnology creates hope and Due to consumer concerns for food safety
excitement about possible breakthroughs for and strict government regulations, the
solving some of societys pressing problems. consumption of synthetic colorants is
decreasing and the demand for natural
Nanotechnology is considered to be new colorants is growing. Carotenoids are one of
tools for delivering health giving substances the most important natural food colorants.
to reach the right part of the body. Now Besides their application as natural colorant,
consumers may choose to eat food products carotenoids also play an important role as
containing microencapsulated ingredients, food ingredients due to their provitamin A
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activity and antioxidant function. (Block et samples are extracted at the boiling point of
al., 1992; Steinmetz and Potter 1993). The the solvent, so thermal decomposition of
most important sources of carotenoids are some compounds can occur. Moreover, after
fruits and vegetables. Among these, carrots the removal of the solvent (in Vacuum),
are excellent sources of carotenoids and are some residues remain in the extract. On the
commonly consumed. According to (Chen et other hand, supercritical requires shorter
al., 1995), -carotene constitutes a large time, smaller amount of solvent, CO2 is
portion (60-80%) of the carotenoids in inflammable, chemically inert and less toxic
carrots followed by -carotene (10-40%) and there is no need for solvent removal,
and lutein (1-5%). and the extract is solvent-free. (de Castro
and Garcia-Ayuso, 1998).
The two essential biological functions of
carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes Microencapsulation / Nanoencapsulation is
are to collect light energy, and to exert defined as a technology of packing solids,
protection photo damage (Astorg, 1997). liquids or gaseous materials in miniature,
Many other bioactives have been claimed in sealed capsules that can release their
addition to the antioxidant properties of contents at controlled rates under specific
carotenoids. Because of them, a lot of conditions (Desai and Park, 2005). These
industrial interest has emerged to isolate capsules protect the encapsulated product
carotenoid pigments from biological from the light and oxygen and consequently
substrates for the use as nutraceuticals and prevent its degradation. Antioxidants can be
related applications. Supercritical fluid added to systems where they might degrade,
extraction has established itself as an become hazardous by oxidation reactions
alternative to traditional, low-selectivity, and and change the original physical properties.
questionable isolation processes using Nanoencapsulation is one technology that
organic solvents, because of relatively low can be used to overcome these problems and
critical temperature, inertness, and non-toxic also permit the dilution of small amounts of
of carbon dioxide, the most commonly used the active compound in a uniform
supercritical solvent, Supercritical CO2 (SC- dispersion. The efficiency of the
CO2) extraction processes are typically nanoencapsulation process was tested by
carried out near-environment temperatures different techniques and the results obtained
and in the absence of air, which reduces heat show that the objectives were achieved:
requirements, and avoids thermal and quantification of the encapsulated
oxidative damage of labile compounds antioxidant relatively to the shell material;
(Brunner, 1994, Durante, et al., 2014). protection of the antioxidant from the
environment; stability of the encapsulated
Pigments extracts can be produced by antioxidant for long period of time; release
conventional (Soxhlet extraction, using of the antioxidant from the shell under
organic solvents) or supercritical fluid specific conditions. This process is
extraction (usually by the use of carbon- particularly suitable for encapsulation of
dioxide as supercritical solvent). However, natural antioxidants that will be used in
there are some disadvantages of using food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic
solvents : long term of extraction, large industries (Kandaswami and Middleton
solvent waste (which implies some 1994).
economical and environmental problems),
relatively high working temperature, as the
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Carotenes %
pH
After 30 min After 60 min After 120 min
1 Zero Zero Zero
2 1.5 Zero Zero
3 10.3 4.3 Zero
4 26.7 21.4 12.3
5 31.6 26.9 19.6
6 44.8 39.0 31.7
7 85.6 81.5 80.1
8 91.7 89.7 86.3
9 50.8 43.8 38.5
10 35.4 29.7 19.9
11 23.9 16.2 8.9
12 9.6 Zero Zero
13 Zero Zero Zero
Table.2 Heat stability of extracted carotenoids by supercritical from carrot and orange peels
Table.3 Effect of day light on stability of the extracted carotenoids by Supercritical from carrot
& orange peels
Carotenoids retention %
Sample Dark Sun light
0 4h 8h 0 4h 8h
Carotenoids 100 98.4 96.9 100 59.2 31.0
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100
carotene %
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
After 30 min After 60 min pH
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Fig.4 Heat stability of the extracted carotenoids by using supercritical from carrot and orange
peels
120
100 20 C 20 C 20 C
80 40 C
-carotene (%)
60 80 C 40 C
80 C
40
100 C
20
80C
40 C
0 120 C 120 C
100 100 C
120
30 60 90 Time (min.)
20 C 40 C 60 C 80 C 100 C 120 C
Fig.5 Effect of day light on stability of the extracted carotenoids by Supercritical from carrot and
orange peels
100
Carotene (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Acknowledgment References
The authors wish to thanks the Science Adt, I., Toubas, D. and Pinon, J. M. (2006).
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