Professional Documents
Culture Documents
June 2001
PIP STS02360
Driven Piles Specification
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these
technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and
engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While
this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users,
individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take
precedence over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and
particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering
situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The
use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of
preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the
same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All
Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and
regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines
should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or
regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or
acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team
and will be reviewed every 5 years. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or
withdrawn. Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at
http://www.pip.org.
PRINTING HISTORY
April 1995 Issued
June 2001 Issued
PIP STS02360
Driven Piles Specification
Table of Contents
4. General ......................................... 4
4.1 Quality Control ................................... 4
4.2 Submittals .......................................... 5
5. Products ....................................... 8
5.1 General .............................................. 8
5.2 Pipe Piles ........................................... 8
5.3 Concrete-Filled Thin Shell Piles......... 9
5.4 Steel H Piles .................................... 9
5.5 Step Taper Piles .............................. 10
5.6 Prestressed/Precast Concrete Piles 10
5.7 Timber Piles..................................... 11
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides the Contractor with a driven pile specification.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This Practice describes the requirements for furnishing, transporting,
handling, and installing driven load-bearing piles, conforming to the load
capacities specified in the Contract Documents. Pile load tests and dynamic
monitoring tests are included if within the contract scope of work.
1.2.2 Pile types covered in this Practice are as follows:
Steel pipe piles
Concrete-filled thin shell piles
Steel H piles
Step taper piles
Prestressed concrete piles
Timber piles
1.2.3 Any conflicts or inconsistencies between this Practice, the design drawings,
or other Contract Documents shall be brought to the attention of the Buyer
for resolution.
2. References
When adopted in this Practice or in the Contract Documents, the latest edition of the
following codes, standards, specifications, and references in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein when
appropriate.
ASTM A82 - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Reinforced
Concrete
ASTM A252 - Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
Piles
ASTM A416 - Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire
for Prestressed Concrete
ASTM A615 - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet Steel
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM D25 - Standard Specification For Round Timber Piles, 1999
ASTM D1143 - Standard Method of Testing Piles under Static Axial
Compressive Load
ASTM D1760 - Standard Specification for Pressure Treatment of Timber
Products
ASTM D2899 - Standard Practice for Establishing Design Stresses for Round
Timber Piles
ASTM D3689 - Standard Test Method for Individual Piles under Static Axial
Tensile Load
ASTM D3966 - Standard Test Method for Piles under Lateral Loads
American Welding Society (AWS)
AWS D1.1 - Structural Welding Code - Steel
American Wood-Preservers Association (AWPA)
AWPA C3 - Piles - Preservative Treatment by Pressure Process
AWPA M4 - Standard for the Care of Preservative-Treated Wood Products
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
PCI JR-382 - Recommended Practice for Design, Manufacture and Installation
of Prestressed Concrete Piling
PCI MNL-116 - Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of
Precast and Prestressed Concrete Products
PCI STD 112 - Standard Prestressed Concrete Piles, Square, Octagonal, and
Cylinder
3. Definitions
Buyer: The party who awards the contract to the Contractor. The Buyer may be the Owner or
the Owners authorized agent.
Contractor: The party responsible for furnishing and/or installing driven piles and complying
with the requirements of this Practice
Contract Documents: Any and all documents, including design drawings, that the Buyer has
transmitted or otherwise communicated, either by incorporation or by reference, and made
part of the legal contract agreement or purchase order agreement between the Buyer and the
Contractor
4. General
4.1.7 Buyer may reject piles that do not meet all the requirements of this Practice,
including piles that are damaged, misplaced, driven improperly, or out of
alignment.
4.1.8 Contractor shall take action to correct rejected piles as directed by Buyer.
This may include extracting the rejected pile and driving a new pile or
additional piles. All corrective work shall be performed at no additional cost
to Buyer.
4.2 Submittals
4.2.1 Handling and Installation
The Contractor shall submit to Buyer for review, at least 14 days before
commencement of mobilization, the following:
a. Procedure for protection, handling, and storage of piles before
installation
b. Identification and description of equipment for handling and installing
piles
c. Manufacturers hammer specification data and recommended operating
procedures, including details of any hammer modifications, per
Attachment 1, Hammer Data Sheet
d. Pile installation procedures, including any predrilling and/or jetting
equipment and procedures
e. Calibration certificates of pressure gauges, current within 6 months,
and manufacturers calibration of bounce-chamber gauges
f. Pile and pile accessory material certifications
g. Plan of proposed sequence of driving
4.2.2 Prestressed/Precast Concrete Pile
4.2.2.1 Contractor shall submit the following information to Buyer for
review before commencing fabrication:
a. All design calculations and/or fabrication drawings for piles,
including, uplift connections and splices. A qualified, licensed
professional engineer registered in the state where the piles are
to be installed shall seal calculations and drawings. When
required by the Contract Documents, analysis of dynamic
stresses during pile driving shall also be included to
demonstrate that pile will not undergo excessive tension or
compressive stresses during low-resistance and final high-
resistance driving.
b. Concrete mix design and basis for mix
c. Method of curing
d. Sampling and testing procedures
5. Products
5.1 General
5.1.1 All Contractor-supplied materials and proprietary items, including splice
devices, tip protectors, driving shoes, tension or uplift connectors, etc., shall
be subject to Buyers approval and shall be installed in accordance with
manufacturers instructions.
5.1.2 All concrete shall conform to requirements of PIP STS03001, with a
maximum aggregate size of 1-1/2 inch. However, for prestressed concrete
piles, pile manufacturers mix design is acceptable, subject to Buyers
approval.
5.1.3 Welding
5.1.3.1 Welding shall be performed in accordance with AWS D1.1.
5.1.3.2 Welding filler metal shall be AWS D1.1-98, Section 3.3 (including
Table 3.1) with an electrode strength of 58 ksi minimum yield
strength and 70 ksi minimum tensile strength. (For example, use
E70XX for SMAW, F7XX-EXXX for SAW, ER70S-X for GMAW,
and E7XT-X for FCAW.) However, E60XX electrodes may be used
for tack welding.
5.1.3.3 Welding procedures and individual welders shall be qualified in
accordance with AWS D1.1. If requested, qualification records shall
be made available to Buyer.
5.1.4 Splicing
5.1.4.1 Splices shall provide true alignment of total pile.
5.1.4.2 Splices shall be capable of transmitting all driving forces as well as
all intended service loads.
5.1.4.3 Piles receiving concrete fill shall be watertight after driving.
5.4.2 Splices
Splices shall be either of the following:
a. Full-penetration butt welds utilizing backup plates or back gouging; or
b. H-pile splicer sleeves, fillet welded to pile web, as shown on design
drawings, and full-penetration butt-welded to pile flanges. Bevel each
flange of upper pile section, leaving 1/8 inch of metal for weld backing.
6. Execution
6.1 General
6.1.1 Furnish all piling materials, labor, tools, supervision, equipment, and
supplies necessary for transporting and installing driven piles in accordance
with the Contract Documents and this Practice.
6.1.2 Comply with Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA), including any additional requirements
by state or local agencies that have jurisdiction where piles are to be
manufactured, handled, or installed.
6.3 Equipment
6.3.1 Hammers
6.3.1.1 Drive all piles with power impact hammers capable of installing all
piles to the specified capacity, resistance, and minimum depth.
Vibrating hammers or drop hammers shall not be used unless
approved in writing by Buyer. Piles driven with faulty equipment
shall be subject to rejection by the Buyer. Cost of removal or
installation of additional piles shall be borne by the Contractor.
6.3.1.2 For air/steam hammer, provide a calibrated pressure gauge. For
double-acting diesel hammer, provide a calibrated bounce-chamber
gauge. Position the gauges on the hammer side of all valves so that
gauges can be easily observed by inspecting personnel, with no more
than 100 feet of hose away from the hammer intake. Open-ended
(single-acting) diesel hammers shall be equipped with a device to
permit inspecting personnel to visually determine hammer stroke at
all times during pile driving.
6.3.1.3 Hammers shall not be operated at less than the speed and stroke
length specified by the manufacturer.
6.3.2 Leads
Provide fixed leads. Leads shall be held firmly in position by stiff braces.
Axis of the leads, hammer, and pile shall coincide. Use swinging or spud
type leads only with Buyers approval.
6.3.3 Cushioning
6.3.3.1 Provide hammer cushions or capblocks of aluminum and micarta
discs stacked alternately in a steel housing and with a steel plate at
the top and bottom of the stack.
6.3.3.2 Alternatively, a one-piece hardwood capblock, with grain parallel to
the pile axis and enclosed in a close-fitting steel housing, may be
used. Satisfactory driving criteria shall be established with such a
capblock, and a new capblock shall not be used during the final
driving of any pile.
6.3.3.3 Capblocks made from other materials are subject to approval by the
Buyer. Wood chips, small wood blocks, wood shavings, wire rope,
or other materials with high-elastic properties shall not be used for
capblocks.
6.3.3.4 For prestressed piles, provide pile cushion appropriate for pile and
hammer and acceptable to Buyer.
6.3.4 Mandrel
A compatible expanding, internal mandrel shall be used for driving all thin
shell and step taper piles. The mandrel shall maintain a positive grip on the
pile.
6.3.5 Follower
Use a follower only with approval of Buyer.
6.4 Installation
6.4.1 General
6.4.1.1 Drive piles to the indicated lines, grades, and capacities required by
the Contract Documents.
6.4.1.2 Use driving cap or helmet to prevent damage to pile heads during
driving. Do not use loose inserts in cap.
6.4.1.3 Hold pile securely in proper position and alignment while driving.
6.4.1.4 Deliver hammer impacts concentrically and in direct alignment with
pile. Avoid forcing pile laterally or bending pile.
6.4.1.5 Drive piles no closer than 20 feet from concrete that has been in
place less than 3 days, unless otherwise authorized by Buyer.
6.4.1.6 Drive piles continuously, without interruption, to the final tip
elevation. A discontinuous driving operation shall be referred to
Buyer for resolution. Sudden resistance to pile driving by
underground obstructions shall be brought to the Buyers attention.
6.4.1.7 Install uplift connectors as required by Contract Documents.
6.4.1.8 If a pile is damaged at the top during driving, the damaged portion
shall be cut off. A damaged pile shall be brought to the attention of
6.4.9.2 Concrete shall not be placed until the effect of ground heave and
displacements can no longer be measured.
6.4.9.3 Concrete shall not be placed in a pile that is within 10 feet of another
pile that is being driven.
6.4.9.4 Concrete shall not be placed until after the piles have been inspected
and approved.
6.4.9.5 Concrete shall not be placed until the pile is free of all foreign
matter and contains not more than 2 inches of water.
6.4.9.6 Concrete shall be placed with a funnel hopper centered directly over
the pile. The bottom opening of the hopper shall not be larger than
one-half the diameter of the reinforcing steel cage or one-half the
pile diameter if there is no cage.
6.4.9.7 Concrete shall not be allowed to hit the reinforcing steel or the side
of the pile during placement.
6.4.9.8 A tremie pipe shall be substituted for the hopper if required to
prevent the concrete from hitting the reinforcement or the pile side.
6.4.9.9 If a tremie pipe is used, the pipe opening shall be kept submerged
under the rising top surface of the deposited concrete.
6.4.9.10 The concrete shall be placed continuously until the pile is full.
6.4.9.11 Piles with a buckle or other deformation that reduces the inside
diameter by 10% or more shall be rejected.
6.4.10 Timber Piles
Additional pile length required for installation shall be determined by the
Contractor and provided at its own expense.
6.4.11 Precast and Prestressed Concrete Piles
Where anchor/dowel holes have been provided for uplift connection, they
shall be protected to prevent dirt or other substances from contaminating the
hole before grouting.
Location:
(Piles driven by)
Striker Plate:
Weight: (lbs) Diameter: (in.)
Thickness: (in.)
Hammer Cushion:
Material #1 Material #2 (for Composite Cushion)
Name: Name:
2 2
Area: (in. ) Area: (in. )
Thickness/Plate: (in.) Thickness/Plate: (in.)
No. of Plates: No. of Plates:
Total Thickness of Hammer Cushion (in.)
Pile Type:
Diameter of Cross Sectional Width: (in.)
2
Cross Sectional Area: (in. ) Weight/Ft: (lbs/ft)
Wall Thickness: (in.) Taper:
Ordered Length: (ft)
Design Load: (tons)
Ultimate Pile Capacity: (tons)
Description of Splice: