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STD. IX
Geometry
Fifth Edition: March 2016
Salient Features
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
P.O.No.15197
10046_10511_JUP
Preface
Geometry is the mathematics of properties, measurement and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces
and solids. It is widely used in the fields of science, engineering, computers, architecture etc. It is a vast
subject dealing with the study of properties, definitions, theorems, areas, perimeter, angles, triangles,
mensuration, co-ordinates, constructions etc.
The study of Geometry requires a deep and intrinsic understanding of concepts. Hence, to ease the task we
bring to you Std. IX: Geometry a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and extensively
drafted to boost the students confidence. The question answer format of this book helps the student to
understand and grasp each and every concept thoroughly. The book is based on the new text book and
covers the entire syllabus. At the beginning of every chapter, topic-wise distribution of all textual questions
and practice problems has been provided for simpler understanding of different types of questions. It
contains answers to textual exercises, problems sets and Question bank. It also includes additional questions
and multiple choice questions for practice. All the diagrams are neat and have proper labelling. The book
has a unique feature that all the constructions are as per the scale. Another feature of the book is its layout
which is attractive and inspires the students to read.
There is always room for improvement and hence, we welcome all suggestions and regret any error that may
have occurred in the making of this book.
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Yours faithfully,
Publisher
PER
1.2 Q.1, 2
Practice Problems
Co-ordinates of Points and Distance Q.1
(Based on Exercise 1.2)
1.2 Q. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Practice Problems
Betweeness, Segment and Ray Q. 2, 3, 4
(Based on Exercise 1.2)
1.3 Q.1, 4, 5
Practice Problems
Q.3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(Based on Exercise 1.3)
Types of Angles, Pairs of Angles
Practice Problems
Q.5
(Based on Exercise 1.4)
1.4 Q.1, 2, 3, 4
Parallel Lines, Corresponding Angles,
Practice Problems
Alternate Angles, Vertically Opposite Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
(Based on Exercise 1.4)
Angles and Interior Angles
Problem set-1 Q.10, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
1
Std.IX:Geometry
Introduction
Basic Geometry:
A point, a line and a plane are undefined terms which are basic concepts in geometry.
i. Lines and planes are set of points.
ii. Each line and each plane contain infinite number of points.
Axioms / Postulates:
The simple properties which we accept as true are called Axioms or Postulates.
OR
The terms or statements whose proofs are not to be asked are called Axioms.
Theorem:
Important and useful results derived from the axioms are called Theorems.
OR
The statements that we prove from the axioms are called Theorems.
Euclids five postulates:
1. A straight line can be drawn from any point to any other point.
2. A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
3. A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.
4. All right angles are equal to one another.
5. If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken together
less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which
the angles taken together are less than two right angles.
OR
Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line.
2. There is one and only one line passing through two distinct points.
A B
3. When two distinct lines intersect, their intersection is exactly one point.
P
m
E
A
4. There is exactly one plane passing through three non-collinear points.
C
B
E
A
5. There is exactly one plane passing through a line and a point, not on the line.
2
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
E
6. There is exactly one plane passing through two distinct intersecting lines.
P
E
7. When two planes intersect, their intersection is exactly one line.
F
E
8. When a line intersects a plane but does not lie in it, then their intersection is a point. P
E
9. A line containing two given points of a plane lies wholly in that plane.
P Q
10. If the lines lie in the same plane, then they are called Coplanar lines, otherwise they are called
non-coplanar lines.
3. Coplanar Lines: Lines which lie in the same plane are called coplanar lines. m
line and line m are coplanar lines.
4. Non-coplanar Lines: Lines which do not lie in the same plane are called
non-coplanar lines.
line and line m are non-coplanar lines. m
m n
5. Concurrent Lines: If three or more lines pass through one point, then the o
lines are called concurrent lines.
P
Line , m, n and o are concurrent lines and P is their point of concurrence.
Note: The common point of intersection is called the point of concurrence.
3
Std.IX:Geometry
6. Parallel Lines: The lines in a plane which are not intersecting are called parallel lines.
line || line m m
D C
P Q
Exercise 1.1
1. Take any three non-collinear points A, B, C on a paper. How many lines in all can you draw through
different pairs of the points? Name the lines. C
Solution:
We can draw three lines through three non-collinear points A, B and C.
The lines are line AB, line BC and line AC.
A B
2. Take four points P, Q, R, S in a plane. Draw lines by joining different pairs of points. How many lines
can you draw in the following cases?
i. No three of them are collinear.
ii. Three of these points are collinear.
S R
Solution:
i. We can draw six lines (line PQ, line QR, line SR, line PS, line QS and line PR).
P Q
S
ii. We can draw four lines (line PR, line PS, line QS, line SR).
P Q R
3. Observe the given figure and write the sets of all the points which are collinear.
Solution: D
Set of collinear points are P S
i. P, S, T, Q T
ii. P, F, R, B F Q
iii. A, F, S, D E
A R
iv. A, R, E, Q
v. B, E, T, D B
4
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
4. Observe the given figure and answer the following: D
C
i. Name the lines parallel to the line AB.
V
A
ii. Can you say that line AD and the point R lie in the same plane? Why? B
P Q P Q
y x x y
(x > y) (x y)
d(P, Q) = x y if x > y
d(P, Q) = y x if x < y
d(P, Q) = | x y |
Thus, distance between any two distinct points is a unique non-negative real number.
1.4 Betweenness
Congruent Segments: A B
Two line segments are said to be congruent, if they are of the same length.
If (AB) = (CD), then we write seg AB seg CD. C D
Note:
i. If we have to consider the length of segment AB, we write only AB or l(AB).
ii. If we have to consider the set of points between A and B, we write seg AB or side AB.
Midpoint of a Segment:
The point M is said to be the midpoint of seg AB, if A-M-B and d(A, M) = d(M, B). A M B
1
AM = BM = AB
2
Note: Every line segment has one and only one midpoint.
Comparison of Segments: A B
Suppose seg AB and seg CD are given. If AB < CD, then we say that seg AB is
smaller than seg CD.
C D
This is denoted by seg AB < seg CD.
Ray:
Suppose A and B are two points, then set of all the points of seg AB together with all
the points P on the line AB for which B is between A and P is called ray AB. A B P
Note:
i. Point A is called as the origin of ray AB.
ii. The ray is a subset of a line.
Opposite Rays:
Two rays which lie on a line having same origin and opposite direction are called
A O B
opposite rays.
ray OA and ray OB are opposite rays.
6
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
Exercise 1.2
1. Observe the number line in the figure and answer the following questions:
E D C B A O P Q R S T
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
i. Write the co-ordinates of the points C, S, Q, D.
ii. Name the points whose co-ordinates are 4, 5, 0, 2.
iii. Find d(Q, T), d(E, B), d(O, C), d(O, R).
iv. Name the points which are at a distance of 4 from the point O.
Solution:
i. Co-ordinates of the points C, S, Q, D are 3, 4, 2 and 4 respectively.
ii. The points whose co-ordinates are 4, 5, 0, 2 are S, T, O and B respectively.
iii. a. d(Q, T)
Co-ordinate of point Q is 2 and co-ordinate of point T is 5.
2<5
d(Q, T) = 5 2
d(Q, T) = 3
b. d(E, B)
Co-ordinate of point E is 5 and co-ordinate of point B is 2.
2 > 5
d(E, B) = 2 (5) = 2 + 5 = 3
d(E, B) = 3
c. d(O, C)
Co-ordinate of point O is 0 and co-ordinate of point C is 3.
0 > 3
d(O, C) = 0 (3) = 0 + 3
d(O, C) = 3
d. d(O, R)
Co-ordinate of point O is 0 and co-ordinate of point R is 3.
3>0
d(O, R) = 3 0
d(O, R) = 3
iv. There are two possibilities:
a. The point can be towards the positive side i.e. point S -----[ d(O, S) = 4 0 = 4]
b. The point can be towards the negative side i.e. point D -----[ d(O, D) = 0 (4) = 0 + 4 = 4]
2. The co-ordinates of two points P and Q are x and y respectively. Find d(P, Q) in the following cases:
i. x = 7, y = 10 ii. x = 2, y = 11 iii. x = 8, y = 3 iv. x = 5, y = 9
Solution:
i. Co-ordinate of point P is x = 7.
Co-ordinate of point Q is y = 10.
10 > 7
d(P, Q) = 10 7 = 3
d(P, Q) = 3
ii. Co-ordinate of point P is x = 2.
Co-ordinate of point Q is y = 11.
11 > 2
d(P, Q) = 11 (2) = 11 + 2 = 13
d(P, Q) = 13
7
Std.IX:Geometry
iii. Co-ordinate of point P is x = 8.
Co-ordinate of point Q is y = 3.
3 > 8
d(P, Q) = 3 (8) = 3 + 8 = 5
d(P, Q) = 5
3. In each of the following, decide whether the relation of betweenness exists among the
points A, B and D. Name the point which lies between the other two.
i. d(A, B) = 5, d(B, D) = 8, d(A, D) = 11
ii. d(A, B) = 11, d(B, D) = 6, d(A, D) = 5
iii. d(A, B) = 2, d(B, D) = 15, d(A, D) = 17
Solution:
i. d(A, B) + d(B, D) = 5 + 8 = 13
d(A, D) = 11
d(A, B) + d(B, D) d(A, D)
The relation of betweenness does not exist among the points A, B and D.
4. Draw the figures according to the given information and answer the questions:
i. When A-B-C, (AC) = 12, (BC) = 7.5, then (AB) = ?
ii. When R-S-T, (ST) = 3.75, (RS) = 2.15, then (RT) = ?
iii. When X-Y-Z, (XZ) = 5 2 , (XY) = 2 2 , then (YZ) = ?
Solution:
i. A B C
7.5
12
(AB) + (BC) = (AC) ----[A-B-C]
(AB) + 7.5 = 12
(AB) = 12 7.5
(AB) = 4.5
8
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
ii.
R S T
2.15 3.75
(RS) + (ST) = (RT) ----[R-S-T]
2.15 + 3.75 = (RT)
(RT) = 5.90
iii.
X Y Z
2 2
5 2
5. In the adjoining figure, (LN) = 5, (MN) = 7, (ML) = 6, (NP) = 11, (MR) = 13, (MQ) = 2, then
find (PL), (NR), (LQ).
P
Solution:
(PL) +(LN) = (PN) ----[P-L-N]
(PL) + 5 = 11 11
L
(PL) = 11 5
6
(PL) = 6 5
P R
6. In the adjoining figure, (AC) = 8, (BC) = 5.
Seg BD seg CE seg AC, then determine whether the
E
segments in each of the following pairs are congruent or not. A B C D
i. seg BC and seg DE
ii. seg AB and seg CD. Q
Solution: S
i. seg BD seg CE seg AC ----[Given]
(BD) = (CE) = (AC) = 8 ----(i) [ (AC) = 8]
(BC) + (CD) = (BD) ----[B-C-D]
5 + (CD) = 8 ----[From (i) and Given]
9
Std.IX:Geometry
(CD) = 8 5
(CD) = 3 ----(ii)
(CD) + (DE) = (CE) ----[C-D-E]
3 + (DE) = 8 ----[From (i) and (ii)]
(DE) = 8 3
(DE) = 5 ----(iii)
But (BC) = 5 ----(iv) [Given]
(BC) = (DE) ----[From (iii) and (iv)]
seg BC seg DE
10
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
v. Co-ordinate of point Q is 5 and co-ordinate of point R is 2.
5>2
d(Q, R) = 5 2 = 3
(QR) = 3
9. If Q is the midpoint of seg CD and d(C, Q) = 4.5, find the length of CD.
Solution:
Q is the midpoint of seg CD.
d(C, Q) = d(Q, D) C Q D
11
Std.IX:Geometry
d(C, Q) + d(Q, D) = d(C, D) ----[ C-Q-D]
4.5 + 4.5 = d(C, D) ----[From (i)]
d(C, D) = 9
(CD) = 9
11. In the adjoining figure, lengths of the segments are shown. Write the congruent segments.
Solution:
A
(AB) = (AC) = 5 cm
seg AB seg AC
(BC) = (DE) = 5.5 cm 4 cm
B D
seg BC seg DE 5.5 cm C
(CD) = (CE) = 4 cm
seg CD seg CE E
1.7 Angle A
An angle is obtained by rotating a ray about its end point. The rotation of a
ray may be in clockwise direction or in anticlockwise direction.
When the rotation of the ray is in clockwise direction, the angle is regarded Terminal side
as negative. [See adjoining figure.]
Negative angle:
Initial arm A
Clockwise direction of ray OA about O is regarded as negative angle. O
AOB is a negative angle.
360.
1.12 Perpendicularity
The two lines are said to be perpendicular to each other when a right C
angle is formed at the point of intersection of the two lines.
line CD and line AB are perpendicular to each other at the point O and A O B
this is writen as line CD line AB. D
C C
C
A O B A O B A O B
D D D
ray OC ray OB seg CD line AB line CD ray OB
Note: Point O is called as the foot of the perpendicular drawn from a Point C to line AB.
14
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
Inequality of Angles: P
A
If the measure of one of the angles is greater than that of the other,
then the angle with the greater measure is said to be greater than the
angle with smaller measure. 110 60
Since, mABC = 110 and mPQR = 60 B C Q R
ABC > PQR
Right Angle: A
If the measure of an angle is 90, then it is called a right angle.
O
B
Obtuse Angle: A
If the measure of an angle is greater than 90, then it is called an
obtuse angle. 110
O B
Straight Angle:
If the measure of an angle is 180, then it is called a straight angle. A O B
AOD and BOC, AOC and BOD form pairs of vertically opposite angles. D B
15
Std.IX:Geometry
Complementary Angles: A
If the sum of the measures of the two angles is 90, then these angles are called P
B
complementary angles.
mAOB + mPQR = 30 + 60 = 90. 30
60
O Q
R
A P
Supplementary Angles:
If the sum of the measures of the two angles is 180, then these angles are called
supplementary angles. 120 60
mAOB + mPQR = 120 + 60 = 180 B O Q R
Exercise 1.3
1. Answer the following questions and justify.
i. Can two acute angles be complement to each other?
Solution:
Yes, consider two acute angles 30 and 60. Their sum is 90.
A
ix. Can two obtuse angles be adjacent angles?
Solution: 100 O
Yes, AOB and BOC are obtuse and adjacent angles.
120
B C
16
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
x. Can an acute angle be adjacent to an obtuse angle? A
Solution:
C
Yes, AOB is obtuse and
AOC is acute. 20
Together they form adjacent angles. 110
O B
2. Measures of some angles are given below. Find the measures of their supplementary angles.
th
3
i. 60 ii. 138 iii. 5 of a right angle iv. (180 r)
v. (90 + r) vi. 87 vii. 124 viii. 108
Solution:
i. Measure of the supplementary angle = 180 60 = 120.
Measure of the supplementary angle is 120.
17
Std.IX:Geometry
3. Measures of some angles are given below. Find the measures of their complementary angles.
rd
2
i. 58 ii. 16 iii. 3 of a right angle iv. (a + b)
v. (90 r) vi. 78 vii. 68 viii. 56
Solution:
i. Measure of the complementary angle = 90 58 = 32
Measure of the complementary angle is 32.
rd
2 2
iii. of a right angle = 90 = 2 30 = 60
3 3
Measure of the complementary angle = 90 60 = 30
Measure of the complementary angle is 30.
19
Std.IX:Geometry
m
Intercept: A segment cut off on a transversal by two distinct lines is called as an intercept. n
A B
AB is an intercept on transversal n.
AC is an intercept on transversal . p
C D
Alternate Angles: A B
A
Interior Angles: P
B
PBC and QCB
C
Q
D
Corresponding Angles:
A A
A
C C
ABC and BPQ B C B B
P P
P Q Q Q
20
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
21
Std.IX:Geometry
Theorem 1.4 (Interior angles test)
If a pair of interior angles formed by a transversal of two coplanar lines is supplementary,
then the lines are parallel. n
Given: Transversal n intersects coplanar lines, line and line m respectively. E
line || line m n
r
To prove: APQ PQD S E
Proof:
(Indirect proof) A P B
Suppose APQ is not congruent to PQD.
T
Then draw a line r passing through point P such that SPQ PQD.
m
line r || line m ----[Alternate angles test for parallel lines] C Q D
But, line || line m ----[Given]
F
This means there are two parallel lines, parallel to line m, passing through the
same point P which is outside the line m.
This contradicts the uniqueness of parallel lines.
Our assumption is wrong.
APQ PQD.
Corollary 1:
If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel to each other. q
Given: line , line m, line n are coplanar lines. G
line || line m, line || line n A P B
Corollary 2:
If a line coplanar with two parallel lines is perpendicular to one of them, it is also perpendicular to the
other. n
Given: line || line m and line n intersects them at P and Q respectively. E
line n line
A P B
To prove: line n line m
Proof:
m
line || line m and line n is a transversal. C Q D
Exercise 1.4
1. i. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then state the relation between alternate angles.
ii. If each of the two lines are parallel to the third line, then what is the relation between them?
iii. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines and the corresponding sides of two angles are
parallel, then what is the relation between these angles?
iv. If AB is a line and P is a point outside it, then how many lines can be drawn through P and
parallel to AB?
v. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines such that the ratio between the interior angles on
one of its side is 2 : 7, then find the measure of the greater angle.
Solution:
i. Both the pairs of alternate angles are congruent.
ii. The three lines are parallel to each other.
iii. The two angles are congruent.
iv. One and only one line can be drawn.
v. Let the measures of the interior angles be 2x and 7x.
Since, interior angles are supplementary,
2x + 7x = 180
9x = 180
180
x = = 20
9
The measure of the greater angle is 7x = 7 20 = 140.
Measure of the greater angle is 140.
24
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
2. In the adjoining figure, p
line || line m and line p is the transversal.
If r = 20, then find a : b. r
Solution:
r=a ----[Vertically opposite angles] a
a = 20 ----[ r = 20] b
m
Now, a + b = 180 ----[Interior angles]
20 + b = 180
b = 180 20 = 160
a 20 2 1
= = =
b 160 16 8
a:b=1:8
3. In the given figure, P O
If line || line m || line n, then find A.
110 A B
Solution: m
line || line n and seg OC is a transversal.
30
POC OCD ----[Alternate angles]
n
OCD = 110 ----[POC = 110] C D
OCA + ACD = OCD ----[Angle addition property]
30 + ACD = 110
ACD = 110
ACD = 80
line m || line n and seg AC is a transversal.
ACD + CAB = 180 ----[Interior angles]
80 + CAB = 180
CAB = 180 80 CAB = 100
A = 100
4. In the adjoining figure, line || line m and line PQ is the transversal.
If PEB = 70, find the measures of each of the remaining angles. P
Solution: A B
AEF PEB ----[vertically opposite angles]
E
AEF = 70 ----[PEB = 70]
PEB + PEA = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair] C D
m
70 + PEA = 180 F
PEA = 180 70
PEA = 110 Q
BEF PEA ----[Vertically opposite angles]
BEF = 110
DFQ BEF ----[Corresponding angles]
DFQ = 110
CFE DFQ ----[Vertically opposite angles]
CFE = 110
CFQ AEF ----[Corresponding angles]
CFQ = 70
EFD CFQ ----[Vertically opposite angles]
EFD = 70
25
Std.IX:Geometry
Problem Set - 1
1. Points P and Q are on line PS, but not on seg RS. Point Q is a point on ray RS but not on ray SR.
Point P is a point of ray SR, but not of ray RS. Draw the figure.
Solution:
Point Q is on ray RS but not on ray SR.
R-S-Q
Point P is on ray SR but not on ray RS. P R S Q
P-R-S
Points P and Q are not on seg RS.
P-R-S-Q
3. Given that a point X is between the points Y and Z and the point Y is in between the points R and X.
Draw the figure and write the betweenness of the points R, X, Y and Z on the line.
Solution:
Point X is between the points Y and Z.
YXZ
Point Y is between the points R and X.
RYX R Y X Z
The betweeness on the line is RYXZ.
4. In a queue for a bus, 25 persons are standing. How many of them do not stand in between any two of
them? How many of those 25 are standing between any two of them? If the number of persons in the
queue is M, write down the answers for the above questions.
Solution:
1. If there are 25 persons in a queue.
i. 2 persons are not standing in between any two of them [Reason: since the first and the last person are
not between any two persons]
ii. The remaining 23 persons are standing in between any two of them.
2. If there are M persons in a queue.
i. 2 persons are not standing in between any two of them.
ii. The remaining (M 2) persons are standing in between any two of them.
5. The co-ordinate of a point R on a number line is 8. The point S is on the same line which is to the left
of R and at a distance of 7 units from R. Find the co-ordinate of S. If P is the midpoint of seg RS, find
the co-ordinate of point P.
Solution: 3.5
Let the co-ordinate of point S be x. S P R
The co-ordinate of point R is 8,
Since, S is to the left of point R, x y 8
8>x 7
d(S, R) = 8 x
26
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
7=8x
x=87=1
Co-ordinate of point S is 1.
P is the midpoint of seg SR.
1 1
PR = SR = 7
2 2
PR = 3.5 units
Let the co-ordinate of point P be y.
The co-ordinate of point R is 8.
Since, P lies to the left of point R,
8>y
d(P, R) = 8 y
3.5 = 8 y
y = 8 3.5 = 4.5
Co-ordinate of point P is 4.5.
Given A-B-C, the co-ordinate of point A is the least. If d(A, B) = 7.5, d(B, C) = 13.8 and the
co-ordinate of point B is 8.5, then find the co-ordinates of points A and C.
Solution: A B C
Let the co-ordinate of point A be x.
The co-ordinate of point B is 8.5. x 8.5 y
Since, A is to the left of point B 7.5 13.8
8.5 > x
d(A, B) = 8.5 x
7.5 = 8.5 x
x = 8.5 7.5 = 1
Co-ordinate of point A is 1.
Let the co-ordinate of point C be y.
The co-ordinate of point B is 8.5.
Since, B lies to the left of point C
y > 8.5
d(B, C) = y 8.5
13.8 = y 8.5
13.8 + 8.5 = y
y = 22.3
Co-ordinate of point C is 22.3.
9. In the given figure, if ABC = 135, ABX = 90, XCD = 55, BCD = 100, then determine
whether XBC and XCB are congruent to each other.
Solution: A
D
XBC + ABX = ABC ----[Angle addition property]
XBC + 90 = 135 X
XBC = 135 90
XBC = 45 ----(i)
B C
XCB + XCD = BCD ----[Angle addition property]
XCB + 55 = 100
XCB = 100 55
XCB = 45 ----(ii)
XBC = XCB ----[From (i) and (ii)]
XBC XCB
10. In the adjoining figure, lines RS, VP and TQ intersect in point O, VOS = 100, ROT = 122. Find
ROQ, QOP and POS.
V T
Solution:
VOR + VOS = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair]
R S
VOR + 100 = 180
VOR = 180 100 O
VOR = 80 ----(i)
Q
POS VOR ----[Vertically opposite angles] P
POS = 80
ROT + SOT = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair]
28
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
122 + SOT = 180
SOT = 180 122
SOT = 58
ROQ SOT ----[Vertically opposite angles]
ROQ = 58
VOR + VOT = ROT ----[Angle addition property]
80 + VOT = 122 ----[From (i) and Given]
VOT = 122 80
VOT = 42
QOP VOT ----[Vertically opposite angles]
QOP = 42
12. If XPY = 135, XPZ = 175 and the point Y is in the interior of ZPX, then find YPZ.
Solution:
Y
YPZ + XPY = XPZ ----[Angle addition property]
YPZ + 135 = 175 175
YPZ = 175 135 135
YPZ = 40 Z
P X
13. If POR = 120 and P-O-L, the points S and T be on the R-side of line PL, such that ROS SOL
and ROT TOP. Draw the figure and find TOS.
Solution: P
T
POR + LOR = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair]
120 + LOR = 180
LOR = 180 120 120
LOR ----(i)
O
ROS SOL ----[Given] R
ray OS bisects LOR.
1 S
ROS = LOR
2 L
1
ROS = 60 ----[From (i)]
2
ROS = 30
ROT TOP ----[Given]
ray OT bisects POR.
1
ROT = POR
2
29
Std.IX:Geometry
1
ROT = 120
2
ROT = 60
TOS = ROT + ROS ----[Angle addition property]
TOS = 60 + 30
TOS = 90
14. Ray PR and ray PQ are perpendicular to each other. The point B is in the interior of QPR and the
point A is in the exterior of RPQ such that ray PB and ray PA are perpendicular to each other.
Draw the figure and write down the pairs of (i) Complementary angles (ii) Supplementary angles
(iii) Congruent angles.
Solution: R
A
i. Complementary angles:
B
APR + RPB = APB = 90 and
RPB + BPQ = RPQ = 90
a. APR and RPB are complementary angles.
b. RPB and BPQ are complementary angles. P Q
15. In the given figure, coplanar lines , m and n intersect each other in the same n
point. p, q, r, s, t and u denote the measures of the angles as shown.
If p = 97, r = 29, then find the values of q, s, t and u. p
u q
Solution: m
t r
s=p ----[Vertically opposite angles] s
s = 97
u=r ----[Vertically opposite angles]
u = 29
u + p + q = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair]
29 + 97 + q = 180
126 + q = 180
q = 180 126
q = 54
t=q ----[Vertically opposite angles]
t = 54
Proof: O A
BOC AOC . ----(i) [Ray OC bisects AOB]
COD + BOC = BOD ----[Angle addition property]
30
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
COD = BOD BOC ---- (ii)
COD + AOD = AOC ----[Angle addition property]
COD = AOC AOD ---- (iii)
COD + COD = BOD BOC + AOC AOD ----(iv) [Adding (ii) and (iii)]
2COD = BOD BOC + BOC AOD ----[From (i) and (iv)]
2COD = BOD AOD
1
COD = [BOD AOD]
2
17. In the given figure, AB || CD. Find the values of x, y and z.
Solution: B
D
seg AB || seg CD and seg AD is a transversal. x
CDA = BAD ----[Alternate angles] O
z
y
75
z = 75
seg AB || seg CD and seg BC is a transversal. A
ABC = DCB ----[Alternate angles] 35
x = 35
C
In DCO,
D + C + O = 180 ----[Sum of the measures of angles of a triangle is 180]
z + 35 + y = 180
75 + 35 + y = 180 ----[ z = 75]
110 + y = 180 y = 180 110
y = 70
18. In the given figure, measure of some angles are given. Which two lines k
are parallel and which two are not. Justify.
Solution: 75
105 + x = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair]
105
x = 180 105 = 75 x
m
Transversal k intersects line and line m.
65
Corresponding angles so formed are congruent. ----[Each is 75] n
line || line m ----[Corresponding angle test
for parallel lines]
Transversal k intersects line m and line n.
Corresponding angles so formed are not congruent. ----[
Line m is not parallel to line n.
Transversal k intersects line and line n.
Corresponding angles so formed are not congruent. ----[75 65]
Line is not parallel to line n.
x = 85 y
C
F
DHF = QHC ----[Vertically opposite angles]
A
DHF = 115 R
31
Std.IX:Geometry
line AB || line CD and ray QR is a transversal.
BFH + DHF = 180 ----[Interior angles]
y + 115 = 180
y = 180 115
y = 65
21. In the figure, if x = 70 and y = 71, state with reason whether the
line m || line n or not. Justify.
Solution:
m
x = 70 and y = 71 x
70 71
x is not congruent to y. n
y
The corresponding angles are not congruent.
Line m is not parallel to line n.
22. In the given figure, measures of two angles are given. If line ED || seg AB A B
and E-C-D, then find the values of x, y and z. 65 35
Solution:
line ED || seg AB and seg AC is a transversal. y
ACE BAC ----[Alternate angles] x z
x = 65 E C D
line ED || seg AB and seg BC is a transversal.
BCD ABC ----[Alternate angles]
z = 35
In ABC,
A + B + C = 180 ----[Sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180]
65 + 35 + y = 180
100 + y = 180
y = 180 100
y = 80
23. If AB || CD, then find PCD and CPD from the adjoining figure. A B
Solution: 56
CPD + CPA = 180 ----[Angles in a linear pair] 100 P
CPD + 100 = 180
CPD = 180 100
C D
CPD = 80 ----(i)
Ray AB || ray CD and seg AD is a transversal.
ADC = BAD ----[Alternate angles]
32
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
6. Point B has co-ordinate 3 on the number 13. Draw the figure related to statement given
line. Find the co-ordinates of the points below: Two angles are adjacent but they
which are at a distance 6 from B. are neither complementary nor
Solution: supplementary.
Let A and C be the points which are at a Solution:
A
distance 6 from B as shown in the figure below.
A B C
C
3 25
The co-ordinate of A is 3 6 = 9 B
30
and the co-ordinate of C is 3 + 6 = 3. D
34
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
14. Name the alternate angle of iii. d(A, B) = 16, d(C, A) = 9, d(B, C) = 7
i. PTU ii. RUT iv. d(X, Y) = 15, d(Y, Z) = 7, d(X, Z) = 8
V 3. When XYZ, (XY) = 17, (YZ) = 8 then
P Q
m find (XZ).
T
4. If B is the midpoint of seg PQ and
n
R U S (PQ) = 7 cm, find (PB).
W
BasedonExercise1.3
Solution:
i. The alternate angle of PTU is TUS. 1. Measures of some angles are given below.
ii. The alternate angle of RUT is QTU. Find the measures of their supplementary
angles.
Additional Problems for Practice i. 45 ii. (90 x)
iii. r iv. 75
BasedonExercise1.1
2. Measures of some angles are given below.
1. Draw the figure related to the following axiom : Find the measures of their complementary
i. When two planes intersect, their angles.
intersection is exactly one line. i. 35 ii. (a b)
ii. When a line intersects a plane but does 2th
not lie in it, then their intersection is a iii. of a right angle iv. 53
5
point.
iii. Infinite number of lines can be drawn 3. Draw the figures satisfying the following
through a given point. conditions.
i. Two angles are adjacent as well as
2. Take any five points in a plane such that any 3 supplementary.
points are non-collinear. How many lines can ii. Two angles are adjacent but not
be drawn through these points taking two at a supplementary.
time? iii. Two angles are supplementary of each
3. Draw the figure related to the following other but not adjacent.
statement : 4. The measure of an angle exceeds four times
i. A plane F is determined by two parallel the measure of its supplement by 30. Find its
lines l and m. measure.
ii. Line AB and a plane E have one and 5. The measure of an angle is less by 5 than four
only one common point R. times the measure of its complement. Find its
iii. Lines p and q are in a plane E and they measure.
have one and only one common point R.
6. In the given figure, find the measures of
BasedonExercise1.2 BOC and BOA.
B
1. The co-ordinates of some points on a line are
given in the following table :
Points P Q R S T (13x + 30) (5x + 6)
Co-ordinates 8 6 2 5 1 C O A
Find : d(P, Q), d(Q, R), d(Q, S), d(Q, T) 7. Ray QT is bisector of PQR and
mPQR = 130. Find mPQT.
2. In each of the following, decide whether the
T
relation of betweenness exists among the P
points. Name the point which lies between the
other two.
i. d(P, Q) = 10, d(Q, R) = 3, d(P, R) = 7
ii. d(D, E) = 5, d(E, F) = 8, d(D, F) = 6 Q
R
35
Std.IX:Geometry
A
E F
C D
135
x O
145 Multiple Choice Questions
C D 1. How many lines can be drawn passing through
4. In the figure, m ABC = 65, m DCE = 35, two distinct points?
mCEF = 145, m BCE = 30. (A) Two (B) Only two
(C) Only one (D) Infinite
Prove that ray AB ray EF.
2. There is exactly one plane passing through
A B (A) two distinct points
65 (B) a line and a point on that line
E F (C) three collinear points
(D) two distinct intersecting lines
145
3. The intersection of two planes is exactly ____.
30
(A) a point
35
(B) a line
C D (C) a plane
(D) a line and a point not on the line
5. In the figure, side QP and side QR of PQR
are produced to points S and T respectively. 4. In the given figure which of the following set
If SPR = 135, PQT = 110. Find PRQ. of points are collinear?
A
S
F G L E
P 135
H K
B I J C
D
110 (A) C, K, L, A (B) B, I, J, K
T Q R (C) G, L, K, C (D) D, E, G, F
36
Chapter01:LinesandAngles
5. If the points P, T and A are collinear and 14. In the given figure, if L O M, then the
d(P, A) = 13, d(T, A) = 5 and d(T, P) = 8, then measure of LON is N
which of the following can be true?
(A) A P T (B) T A P
(C) A T P (D) All of the above (2x + 10) (2x 30)
6. The angle traced during one complete rotation L O M
in anticlockwise direction is _______.
(A) 50 (B) 110
(A) 90 (B) 180
(C) 70 (D) 180
(C) 270 (D) 360
15. If two lines intersect each other then
7. The directed angle POR, as shown in the (A) the pair of alternate angles are congruent
figure, is also called as P (B) the pair of vertically opposite angles are
O
(A) zero angle congruent
(B) straight angle (C) the pair of corresponding angles are
(C) reflex angle congruent
R (D) the pair of interior angles are
(D) co-terminal angle
supplementary
8. If there is no rotation of initial ray OA, then
the directed angle so formed is called as 16. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines,
(A) one complete rotation then which of the following is not true?
(B) zero angle (A) a pair of corresponding angles is
(C) straight angle congruent
(D) reflex angle (B) a pair of interior angles is
complementary
9. The directed angle TOR, as shown in the (C) a pair of alternate angles is congruent
figure, is regarded as T (D) a pair of interior angles is
supplementary
(A) negative angle
(B) positive angle Answers to additional Problems for Practice
(C) reflex angle O Terminal arm R
(D) co-terminal angle
BasedonExercise1.1
l
10. If the directed angles with measures 50, 410, F E
1. i.
770 have same initial arm and same terminal
arm, then such angles are called
(A) reflex angles
(B) straight angles
(C) zero angles
(D) co-terminal angles
l
11. Which of the following is not a property of ii.
E
congruent angles?
(A) Reflexivity (B) Symmetry P
(C) Transitivity (D) Inequality
12. The pair of angles (90 x) and (90 + x) are
(A) supplementary n
(B) complementary r m
iii.
(C) congruent l
(D) vertically opposite angles
O
13. The complementary angle of 34 is
(A) 146 (B) 56
(C) 90 (D) 180
37
Std.IX:Geometry
2. Ten iii.
F A P
3. i.
l
m
C B Q R
A
E 4. 150
ii.
R 5. 71
6. BOC = 134 and BOA = 46
B
7. 65
E BasedonExercise1.4
iii.
q
R 3. 80
p 5. 65
6. x = 65, y = 115, z = 45
BasedonExercise1.2
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
1. d(P, Q) = 14, d(Q, R) = 4, d(Q, S) = 11,
d(Q, T) = 5 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A)
5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (C) 8. (B)
2. i. Yes, PRQ ii. No 9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (D) 12. (A)
iii. Yes, ACB iv. Yes, XZY 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (B)
3. 25 units
4. 3.5 cm
BasedonExercise1.3
1. i. 135 ii. (90 + x)
iii. (180 r) iv. 105
2. i. 55 ii. (90 a + b)
iii. 54 iv. 37
3. i.
D
120 60
A B C
P
ii.
40
30
Q
R
38