Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Chapter 4 2 a i
N
1 a Examiners tip H H
This question is about boiling points. In any 107
H
question like this, ask yourself first, is the
correct structure of ammonia, i.e. N
structure giant or simple? If the structure is
attached to 3 H atoms; [1]
simple, ask yourself, are the intermolecular
correct 3-dimensional structure of ammonia; [1]
forces van der Waals forces, polar forces
lone pair of electrons shown [1]
or hydrogen bonds? If you dont know the
ii 107 [1]
significance of these two questions, discuss
b Nitrogen is more electronegative than H; [1]
them with your teacher.
asymmetric distribution of electrons / centre
Number of electrons rises from helium of positive and negative charge does not
to xenon; [1] coincide. [1]
increasing van der Waals forces with increasing c i One atom donates both electrons / an
number of electrons. [1] electron pair to the bond. [1]
b i Bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons. [1] ii
Cl
ii  [1] H
F
Cl Al N H

F Xe F H
Cl

F electron arrangement of ammonia correct; [1]
electron arrangement of aluminium
chloride correct; [1]
iii Examiners tip both electrons in the co-ordinate bond
Look at your answer to part ii and count the come from the ammonia [1]
number of lone pairs and the number of bond d Cl Cl Cl
pairs first.
Al Al
planar; [1]
lone pairs repel each other more than lone Cl Cl Cl
pairbond pairs; [1] bridge structure correct; [1]
lone pairs to get away as far as possible from co-ordinate bonds with both arrows in correct
each other to minimise repulsions [1] direction [1]
[incorrect structure with lone pairs adjacent, 2 marks] Total = 12
c i lone pairbond pair repulsion more than
bond pairbond pair repulsion; [1] 3 a Examiners tip
so closes up O Xe O bond angle / oxygens Definitions like this are common on A-level
pushed out of planar position / tetrahedral papers. They are easy marks. Learn them!
arrangement of electron pairs distorted [1]
ii +
The ability of a bonded atom to draw the pair
Xe of electrons in a covalent bond [1]
+

O O towards itself. [1]

O

need to show partial charges correct on at
least one Xe O bond; [1]
direction of overall dipole correct [1]
Total = 11

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4 1
 +
+
H
I
b i +
H
I
d potassium larger ion than lithium ion; [1]
H I
+ potassium has lower charge density; [1]
ii
F +
I electrons more easily lost from potassium; [1]
F
+
I more electrons to act as charge carriers /
iii +
F I
conduct electricity in potassium [1]
+ C
+

Cl

[2] Total = 11
C Cl [3 correct for 2 marks; 2 correct for 1 mark;
C Cl 0 or 1 correct for 0 marks] 5 a methane is a non-polar molecule; [1]
c i pyramidal; [1] only weak attractive forces between methane
trigonal [1] molecules [1]
ii Lone pairs repel each other more than lone b H
pairbond pairs; [1]
lone pairs to get away as far as possible from C
each other to minimise repulsions. [1] H
109.5 H
iii Allow between 95 and 100C [1] H
d i Increased number of electrons from molecule with correct bonding; [1]
HCl to HI; [1] correct 3-dimensional shape of methane; [1]
so increased van der Waals forces between bond angle 109.5 (allow 109) [1]
the molecules. [1] c perfumes need to be volatile / easily vaporised
ii F atom is very electronegative; [1] for people to smell; [1]
hydrogen bond formed between fluorine only structures which are simple molecules
atom of one H F molecule and an H atom have low boiling points [1]
on a neighbouring molecule. [1]
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than van der d
O
Waals forces. [1]
e i Cl C
H3C + CH3
+

C
Cl
109.5 Cl
correct diagram; [1]
Cl correct dipole shown; [1]
correct arrangement of Cl and C atoms; [1] + end of dipole attracted to negative charge
correct 3-dimensional structure [1] on rod [1]
ii Electron clouds (or charge) symmetrical / Total = 10
dipoles cancel each other out. [1]
Total = 17 6 a i 2+ 2

Mg O
4 a metal cations; [1]
in sea of electrons / delocalised electrons; [1]
strong electrostatic force between the
delocalised electrons and the ions [1] ii
b electrons are delocalised / not associated with O + O O O O O
any one atom; [1]
electrons are free to move [1]
two oxygen atoms oxygen molecule
c strong electrostatic forces between ions and (2,6)
delocalised electrons; [1] [1 mark for each correct structure] [2]
lot of energy required to overcome these b sodium iodide is soluble and iodine is
attractions / forces [1] insoluble; [1]
sodium iodide has ions that can form bonds
with water molecules; [1]
iodine is non polar / molecules cant disrupt
hydrogen bonded structure of water [1]

2 Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4 AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press
 c 8 a regular arrangement of ions; [1]
Examiners tip electrons dispersed between the ions [1]
In any question about electrical conductivity you b magnesium chloride is ionic; [1]
must state whether or not there are any mobile great force of attraction between
charged particles, which could be ions in a ions and mobile electrons; [1]
liquid, ions in solution or delocalised electrons. needs a lot of energy to overcome these strong
If there arent any, then the substance will not forces of attraction; [1]
conduct electricity. bromine is a small molecule; [1]
forces between molecules weak [1]
In molten sodium iodide the ions can c sodium has delocalised electrons which are free
move (to carry the charge); [1] to move; [1]
iodine has no ions or mobile electrons to in solid sodium chloride the ions are not free
carry the charge. [1] to move (and there are no mobile electrons) [1]
d sodium iodide is ionic; [1] d i
great force of attraction between ions and
mobile electrons; [1] O C O
needs a lot of energy to overcome these strong  [1]
forces of attraction; [1] ii linear; [1]
iodine is a small molecule; [1] iii only bonding pairs of electrons on carbon /
forces between molecules weak [1] no lone pairs on carbon; [1]
Total = 12 electrons pairs try to get as far away as
possible from each other [1]
7 a e electrons in atoms constant movement; [1]
temporary electron density in one part of
S
atom/molecule greater than in another; [1]
temporary dipole formed; [1]
H H
 [2] induces dipole on neighbouring atom/
molecule; [1]
b S dipoles attract each other [1]
H H Total = 18
V-shaped molecule; [1] 9 a in ice, water molecules in fixed position /
bond angle 90102 (actual value is 92); [1] in lattice; [1]
partial charges correct; [1] caused by hydrogen bonds being in fixed
direction of dipole correct [1] positions; [1]
c i H2Se has larger molecule with in liquid, structure is more open / water
more electrons; [1] molecules not as close together [1]
increased van der Waals forces in H2Se [1] b any two of:
ii oxygen very electronegative; [1] (relatively) high melting point
water can form hydrogen bonds; [1] (or boiling point)
between H of one molecule and O of high surface tension
another molecule; [1] (relatively) high viscosity [2]
hydrogen sulfide has dipoledipole c i one atom with hydrogen with covalent
forces / van der Waals forces / no bond to very electronegative atom; [1]
hydrogen bonds; [1] another electronegative atom with lone
hydrogen bonding stronger than other pair in adjacent molecule [1]
intermolecular forces [1]
Total = 13

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4 3
 ii H3C ii
+ H H
C O H O
pi bond C C sigma bond
H3C H
H H
bond shown between oxygen of
propanone and hydrogen of water; [1] sigma bond shown between the two carbon
hydrogen bond shown as dots and atoms and labelled; [1]
O H O bond angle of about 180 [1] electron clouds of pi bond shown above
d i bond (sigma bond) from overlap of atomic and below the plane of the ring; [1]
orbital end-on / linearly; [1] both cloud charges of the pi bond labelled
 bond (pi bond) formed from sideways as belonging to the pi bond [1]
overlap; [1]  Total = 15
of p orbitals / orbitals other than s orbitals [1]

4 Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4 AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press