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ANSYS allows entering three reinforcement bar materials in sections are located at the control points of the numerical
the concrete, each material corresponding to the x, y and z integration
directions of the smeared element (ANSYS, release 5.5).
c. Micro-Modeling of RC Shear Walls behaviour). The nonlinearity of this model was represented
Finite element method of analysis uniformly along the entire member length. The main problem
The number of the finite elements is chosen according to the of this model was its inability to represent the element stiffness
level of accuracy required and the available analysis tool. The or strength degradation with cyclic loading.
FEM of analysis is capable of tracking the members global
behaviour (e.g. member forces and displacements) in addition
to its local behaviour (e.g. crack pattern, material stresses and
strains). The first FE model used for RC element was proposed
by Ngo and Scordelis (1967). The proposed two-dimensional
linear model used constant strain triangular (CST) finite
elements to model the concrete and steel elements, linkage
elements were used to represent the bond between steel and Figure 6 Two-component element model.
concrete elements, and the effect of cracking was included in
One-component beam-column element
the model.
This element which was developed by Giberson (1967)
Fibre (layer) model
consisted of one linear elastic member with two nonlinear
In this model, the member is divided longitudinally into
rotational springs at the two member ends as shown in Figure
several segments, and each segment consists of parallel layers.
7. The members nonlinear deformations were assumed to be
Some layers would represent the concrete material and other
lumped at the zero-length end springs (lumped plasticity). For
layers would represent the steel material. In other type of
this model, the deformed shape was assumed to have a double
models, each single layer was divided into a finite number of
curvature with a fixed point of contraflexure at the middle of
fibres as shown in Figure 5 (a). The constitutive laws for
the member, and the plain sections were assumed to remain
concrete and steel materials are defined, and hence the
plain. The one-component model and the general two-
moment-curvature relationship of the member can be
component model need an appropriate hysteretic load-
calculated at each load level. This model accounts for the
deformation (or moment-curvature) models to be defined. This
distribution of flexibility along the member length and the
requires definition of different properties of the members
axial-flexure interaction.
plastic hinges such as stiffness, strength, ductility, cyclic
behaviour, etc., which may be difficult to be defined unless
some assumptions were made. Multiple spring model
Fig. 4. Hysteretic model for shear mode of failure (shear In order to improve the prediction of the overall (shear and
walls). flexural) behavior of RC structural walls, this study proposes a
This study has proposed and implemented a model to 4-node panel under biaxial loading to represent the wall effect
include the shear failure mode for walls in available computer (Figure 1(b)). The boundary column uses the same axial spring
programs. The model developed in this study is a macro-model proposed in TVLEM. Using just one panel to constitute the
validated with the experimental results of cyclic tests of shear wall, shear strain will be overestimated by the isoparametric
walls element (Figure 2(a)), satisfactory result cannot be obtained
for the flexural problem. Flexural deformation must be
G. Modeling of reinforced concrete shear wall for
considered in the element. In this study, incompatible
nonlinear analysis combining FEM panel model and
rectangular element is used, in which flexural deformation can
boundary elements. [1]
be introduced (Figure 2(b)).
A member model of reinforced concrete shear wall with
boundary columns and beams was proposed for nonlinear and
dynamic frame analysis. The reinforced concrete shear wall 2 1 2 1
was idealized as axial springs for columns and a panel under
plane stress states with rigid beams at top and bottom floor
levels. Two methods were compared, in which isoparametric
element and incompatible rectangular element with four nodes
for the panel element were used. The model was verified 3 4 3 4
through the analysis of T-shaped wall tests. The analytical
results obtained by the proposed model showed generally good (a) Isoparametric Element (b) Incompatible Element
correlation with the experimental results. Shear deformation Figure 2: Panel Element Isoparametric Element and
was overestimated by isoparametric panel element, whereas Incompatible Element
incompatible rectangular element, which incorporated flexural
deformation by using internal displacements, gave better A new model for reinforced concrete shear wall was
correlation with the experimental results of flexural yielding proposed, which combined a FEM panel element and
walls. For the walls in shear failure, the analytical results were boundary line elements. Two methods using isoparametric
basically same either by isoparametric element or incompatible element and incompatible element for a panel were compared
element. with the test results. The model with isoparametric element
a. Composition of RC Wall Member Model slightly overestimates shear deformation for flexural yield
shear walls. The model with incompatible rectangular element
Three-Vertical-Line-Element-Model (TVLEM) is better than the model isoparametric element for prediction
It was formulated [Kabeyasawa, 1983] to idealize a generic of shear and flexural displacement components. The model
wall member as three vertical line elements with infinitely gave a good correlation between analytical and experimental
rigid beams at top and bottom floor levels. Outside truss results.
elements were represented by the axial stiffness of boundary
columns, while the central element was a uniaxial model with III. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
vertical (axial), horizontal (shear) and rotational springs. This The study of all above researches, experiments, practical tests,
model has been verified by many test data resulting in a and findings it is concluded that
satisfactory correlation between calculated and measured 1. For modelling of shearwall there are two main
response of structures that use shear walls. However, it was approaches namely Macro modelling and Micro
reported [Colotti, 1993] that the response was not adequately modelling, each approach has its own advantage and
described for high shear stresses. disadvantages due to idealizations and assumptions
and choice of approach is mainly depend on response
parameters of interest either local or global behavior
of shear wall.
2. Choice of modelling of shear wall also depends on
types of shear wall its dimension, shape, material
used for wall, loading on wall etc.
3. Although the finite element method appeals for its
accuracy and for its ability to model different
(a) TVLEM Model (b) RC Panel Model phenomena and their interaction, it requires the
Figure 1: Macro-Element Model for RC Wall Member solution of a large system of equations, and the
integration of stress in two or three space directions.
This model is complex and needs high numerical
processing effort, and hence it might not be practical
for large structures
REFERENCES
[1] Shaohua1, Toshimi2, (2000) Modeling of reinforced concrete
shear wall for nonlinear Analysis, World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering
[2] P.A. Hidalgo1 , R.M. Jordan2, M.P. Martinez3, (2002), An
analytical model to predict the inelastic seismic behavior of shear-
wall, reinforced concrete structures, Engineering Structures 24
(2002).pp 8598
[3] K. Galal1 and H. El-Sokkary2, Advancement in modeling of RC
shear walls, (The 14thWorld Conference on Earthquake
Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China)
[4] J. Kubin1, Y. M. Fahjan2 and M. T. Tan3, (2008), Comparison of
Practical Approaches For ModellingShearwalls in Structural
Analysis of Buildings, the 14thWorld Conference on Earthquake
Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
[5] Y.M. J. Kubin1 M.T. Tan2, (2010), Nonlinear Analysis Methods
for Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Shear walls, 14th
European Conference on Earthquake Engineering
[6] Ali Soltani1,.Farhad Behnamfar2,.Kiachehr Behfarnia3,.Farshad
Berahman4, (2011)Numerical tools for modeling of RC shear
walls,8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics
[7] Mazen A. Musmar, (2013), Analysis of Shear Wall with Openings
Using Solid65 Element, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering,
Volume 7, No. 2,
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Head of Department
Civil Engineering
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