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SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-1
Solution:
C.V. Turbine, steady operation adiabatic and reversible.
. . . 1 3
Continuity Eq.6.9: m1 = m2 + m3 ; 2
. . . .
Energy Eq.6.10: m1h1 = m2h2 + m3h3 + WT
. . . .
Entropy Eq.9.7: m1s1 + Sgen = m2s2 + m3s3 WT
.
Process: Sgen = 0
P T
1000 kPa
1
300
1000 1
200 kPa
120 150 kPa
150 2 111 2 15 kPa
15 54 3
3 v s
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-2
Solution: .
C.V. Air compressor, steady state, single flow through it and we assume adiabatic Q = 0.
. . .
Continuity Eq.6.11: mi = me = m,
. . .
Energy Eq.6.12: mhi = mhe + WC,
. . .
Entropy Eq.9.8: msi + Sgen = mse
.
Process: Reversible Sgen = 0
P T
e
e
i
i
v s
Use constant specific heat from Table A.5, CPo = 1.004 kJ/kg K, k = 1.4
Entropy equation gives constant s which give the relation in Eq.8.32
k-1
P k
si = se => Te = Ti ( e)
Pi
1000) 0.2857
Te = 290 ( = 559.9 K
100
The energy equation per unit mass gives the work term
wc = hi he = CPo (Ti Te) = 1.004 (290 559.9) = -271 kJ/kg
Remark: This is an unrealistic high temperature for the exit state. The compressor handles a
relatively small flow rate so there is a heat transfer (loss) that should be accounted for.
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-3
Solution:
The schematic may look like this:
4
2
3 air 1 water
. . . .
Energy Eq.6.10: mH2O h1 + mAIR h3 =. mH2O h2 + mAIR h4
. . . .
Entropy Eq.9.7: mH2O s1 + mAIR s3 + Sgen = mH2O s2 + mAIR s4
Process: Constant pressure for air
From B.1.1: h1 = 334.88 kJ/kg; s1 = 1.0752 kJ/kg K
h2 = 292.96 kJ/kg; s2 = 0.9548 kJ/kg K
Using A.5: h4 - h3 = Cp(T4 T3) = 1.004(30 20) = 10.04 kJ/kg
T P
s4 - s3 = Cp ln ( 4 ) R ln ( 4 )
T3 P3
30 + 273
= 1.004 ln 0 = 0.03368 kJ/kg K
20 + 273
From energy equation
. . h -h 334.88 - 292.96
mAIR = mH2O 1 2 = 0.2 = 0.835 kg/s
h4 - h3 10.04
From entropy equation . . .
Sgen = mH2O(s2 - s1) + mAIR(s4 - s3)
= 0.2 (0.9548 1.0752) + 0.835 0.03368
= 0.02408 + 0.02812 = 0.004 kW/K
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-4
T
2
De- 1 300 kPa
super 3
1 heater 3
2 s
. . .
Continuity Eq.6.9: m
. . 1 + m2. = m3 ; . .
Energy Eq.6.10: m
. 1h1 + m
. 2h2 = m. 3h3 = .( m1 + m2 ) h3
Entropy Eq.9.7: m1s1 + m2s2 + Sgen = m3s3
Process: P = constant, W = 0 and Q = 0
All the states are specified (approximate state 2 with saturated liquid 20oC)
kJ kJ kJ kJ
B.1.3: h1 = 2865.54 , s1 = 7.3115 ; h = 2725.3 , s3 = 6.9918
kg kg K 3 kg kg K
kJ kJ
B.1.2: h2 = 83.94 , s2 = 0.2966
kg kg K
. .
Now we can solve for the flow rate m2 from the energy equation having eliminated m3 by the
continuity equation
. . h -h 2865.54 - 2725.3
m2 = m1 1 3 = 2
2725.3 - 83.94 0.1062 kg/s
=
h3 - h2
. . .
m3 = m1 + m2 = 2.1062 kg/s
Generation is from
. the entropy
. equation
. .
Sgen = m3s3 m1s1 m2s2
= 2.1062 6.9918 2 7.3115 0.1062 0.2966 = 0.072 kW/K
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-5
Solution:
C.V. Compressor and air tank.
P s=C T
2
2
T2 100 kPa
400
1, i 290 1, i
v s
Remark: The high final temperature makes the assumption of zero heat transfer poor. The charging
process does not happen very fast so there will be a heat transfer loss. We need to know this to make
a better approximation about the real process.
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-6
Solution:
C.V.: Tank and its water. No work or heat transfer. To have steady state the mass flow rate out must
be the same as the inlet mass flow rate.
. .
Continuity Eq.6.3, 6.11: min = mex = (AV)nozzle
. .
Energy Eq.6.12: m(h + V2/2 + gZ)in = m(h + V2/2 + gZ)ex
. . .
Entropy Eq.9.8: msin + Sgen = msex
Process: Reversible and Vin 0 , Zin Zex = , = 1/v 1/vf
For the reversible process the second law leads to Eq.9.13
e
v dP = 0 (same P and constant v)
hex - hin = i
With zero work the energy equation therefore becomes Bernoulli Eq.9.17
g(Zin Zex) = g H = V2ex/2
From the continuity equation
. .
min 4minv 4 50 0.001002
Vex = = = = 6.379 m/s
Anozzle D2 0.12
From Bernoullis equation we then get
40.69
H = V2ex/2g = = 2.074 m
2 9.81
.
. mex H
min
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-7
Solution:
To solve the problem we neglect the volume and height of the nozzle so the tank volume is the tank
cross sectional area times the height.
dmtank .
Continuity Eq.: = mex = (AV)nozzle
dt
mtank = V = Atank H
d dH
[ AtankH] = Atank = Anozzle 2gH
dt dt
dH Anozzle
2gH = C H
1/2
=
dt Atank
Now integrate the equation from the beginning to the end of the process
To empty the tank we set the height at the end H = 0 and solve for time
2 2.5
t = 5 = 454.5 s = 7.6 min
0.007854 9.81
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-8
Solution:
C.V. The pump/compressor, the pipe, the nozzle and the jet flow to the stagnation point. Steady state
flow with no elevation changes and we will assume no heat transfer. We also will neglect the kinetic
energy in the inlet flow and in the pipe flow and by definition the stagnation velocity is zero.
2 3 4
1
a) Water:
From Table A.4 (or B.1.1) = 997 kg/m3 = 1/v ; incompressible
4
win =
3 v dP = v (P4 P3) = (200 100) / 997 = 0.1003 kJ/kg
Remark: This is rather low velocity for a water jet and an actual jet would use a much
higher velocity and give a higher stagnation pressure.
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-8 continued
b) Air:
Ideal gas: v1 = RT1/P1 = 0.287 290/100 = 0.8323 m3/kg
Let us assume the flow is incompressible and do it as for water
4
win =
3 v dP = v (P4 P3) = 0.8323 (200 100) = 83.23 kJ/kg
Analyze with air as a compressible substance and find state 4: (Pstag, s1)
(k-1)/k 0.2857
Eq.8.32: T4 = T1 [Pstag / P1] = 290.15 [200 / 100 ] = 353.69 K
Solution:
. .
CV: expander, steady single inlet and single exit flow with both W and Q.
Energy Eq.6.13: hi + q = he + w
e dq
Entropy Eq.9.8: se si = + sgen
i T
. e
Q
P T
n = k = 1.409
i
i
n=1
n=1
e
e n = 1.5
v n = 1.5 s
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-10
Solution:
C.V. Actual compressor, steady state, single inlet and exit flow.
Energy Eq.6.13: q + h1 + 12V21 = h2 + 12V22 + w
. . .
Entropy Eq.9.8: ms1 + Sgen = ms2
Here we assume q 0 and V1 0 so getting h from Table A.8
(25)2
-w = h2 - h1 + 12V22 = 401.52 - 198 + = 203.5 + 0.3 = 203.8 kJ/kg
2 1000
remember here to convert kinetic energy J/kg to kJ/kg by division with 1000.
.
. Wc -50
m= = = 0.245 kg/s
w -203.8
.
Solve for Sgen and use Eq.8.28 with the standard entropy from Table A.8
. . .
Sgen = m (s2 s1) = m [soT2 soT1 R ln( P2/P1 ) ]
= 0.245 [ 5.3375 4.8034 0.1889 ln(11) ]
= 0.02 kW/K
C.V. Ideal (reversible) adiabatic compressor, exit state (2s) at 1100 kPa, but not 500 K.
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + 0 = h2s + 12V22 + ws
Entropy Eq.9.8: s1 + 0 = s2s (Eq. divided by mass flow rate)
Ideal exit state 2s: (P2, s = s1) same s as state 1 hence the name 2s
P
Eq.8.28: soT2s = soT1 + R ln( 2 ) = 4.8034 + 0.1889 ln(11) = 5.2564 kJ/kgK
P1
Interpolate in Table A.8: T2s = 461.4 K and h2s = 363 kJ/kg
Work from the energy equation becomes
-ws = h2s + 12V22 h1 = 363 + 0.3 198 = 165.3 kJ/kg
w
Efficiency, Eq.9.28: = s = 165.3 = 0.81
w 203.5
SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 9-11
st nd
9.11 A real steam turbine and its 1 and 2 law efficiencies
A steam turbine receives steam at 2500 kPa, 500oC with an exhaust at 500 kPa, 300oC. We would
like to find the first law isentropic efficiency, the specific reversible work, the specific irreversibility
and the second law efficiency.
Solution:
C.V. The steam turbine. Steady flow, single flow and we assume adiabatic.
Energy Eq.6.13: hi + 0 = he + w
e dq
Entropy Eq.9.8: se si = + sgen = sgen
i T
For the actual turbine we have the inlet and exit states so from steam tables B.1.3
Inlet: hi = 3462.04 kJ/kg , si = 7.3233 kJ/kg K
Exit: he = 3064.2 kJ/kg , se = 7.4598 kJ/kg K
The energy equation gives the actual work as
wac = hi he = 3462.04 3064.2 = 397.84 kJ/kg
The first law isentropic efficiency is obtained by comparing the actual turbine work to that of a
reversible adiabatic (thus isentropic) turbine with the same inlet state and the same exit pressure. This
exit state has (P = 500 kPa, s = 7.3233 kJ/kg K)
Exit isentropic: (P, s) Interpolate B.1.3: Te s = 263.9oC, he s = 2989.4 kJ/kg
Now the isentropic turbine work is from the energy equation
ws = hi he s = 3462.04 2989.4 = 472.6 kJ/kg
and the efficiency becomes
T s = wac / ws = 397.84 = 0.842
472.6
The reversible work is from Eq.9.39 with no heat transfer (q = 0) and To = 298 K
wrev = To(se si) (he hi) = To(se si) + wac
= 298 (7.4598 7.3233) + 397.84
= 40.68 + 397.84 = 438.5 kJ/kg