Design of Counterfort type Retaining Wall

1.0 Check for Stability

1.1 Soil Parameters Rankines or Coulumbs ("r" or "c")? c

Angle of Repose of Soil, (in degrees) 30.0
Angle of Wall friction 20.0
Bulk Density of Soil , (in kN/m3) 18.0
Batter of Stem wall with horizontal, (in degrees) 90.0
Inclination of Backfill with horizontal, (in degrees) 0.0
Equiv. Ht. of backfill earth for Live load surcharge (m) he 1.2
Equiv. Ht. of earth for Live Load surcharge, Slip road Side (m) htoe 1.2
Coefficient of Friction at base between soil & concrete 0.5
Unit weight of concrete (in kN/m ) 3 c 24.0
Allowable Bearing Capacity (kN/m2) 280.0
Active Earth pressure Coefficient for Stability Ka = 0.297
Height of sloping surcharge (Due to ) = 0

13.808

C/L of Steam

Slip Road

2.7

2.7
0.4 0.000 1.8
0.4

0.3 0.6 2.5

L = 3.4

1.2 Salient Levels

Top of Retaining Wall Level = 13.808 m

Founding Level = 0.000 m
1.3 Dimension Details

Length of Retaining wall B = 3 m

Number of counterfort = 2
Thickness of counterfort = 0.6 m

1.4 Lateral Load Calculation due to earth pressure

V1
H0 H2

e3
h2 e2 H1
H3 e1

h2 = 2.7 m
P3 = Ka..h2.cos p1 = Ka..H0.cos
p2 = Ka..he.cos
P3 = 13.58 kN/m2 H0 = 13.8 m
P1 = 69.44 kN/m2
P2 = 6.03 kN/m2

H1 = 1/2 * P1 * H0 * B = 1438.2 kN
H2 = P2 * H0 * B = 250.0 kN
H3 = 1/2 * P3 * h2 * B = 55.0 kN

e1 = 0.42 * 13.808 = 5.79936 m

e2 = 0.5 * 13.808 = 6.904 m
e3 = 0.42 * 2.7 = 1.134 m

Vertical force due to earth pressure

V1 = 1/2*(Ka..H0.sin )*H0*B + (Ka..he.sin )*H0*B
= (H1 + H2).tan = 614.45602 kN

HToe = H3 = 55.0 kN
Mst. = H 3 * e3 = 62.4 kNm
Total Horizontal Load without Load from superstructure
Hheel = (H1 + H2) = 1688.2 kN
Overturning moment without Load from superstructure
Mo1 = (H1*e1 + H2*e2) = 10066.6 kNm

1.5 Vertical Load Calculation due to self weight and earth pressure

CASE -1 : Max. Base Pressure Case : LL surcharge on Backfill as well as Slip road .
Sl. No. Description Volume Unit Weight Vert. Load Ecc. From Moment
V toe Msta.
m3 kN/m3 kN m kNm
1 Toe Slab rectangle 0.36 24 8.6 0.150 1.3
2 Toe Slab triangle 0.18 24 4.3 0.200 0.9
3 Heel Slab rectangle 13.50 24 324.0 2.150 696.6
4 Heel Slab triangle -7.50 24 -180.0 1.733 -312.0
5 Stem portion of base slab 1.44 24 34.6 0.600 20.7
6 Stem 23.41 24 561.9 0.600 337.2
7 Front Counterfort 0.34 24 8.2 0.200 1.6
8 Back Counterfort 18.01 24 432.3 1.733 749.3
10 Earth on heel side 85.55 18 1539.9 2.150 3310.7
10(a) Earth on heel side triangle 0.00 18 0.0 2.567 0.0
11 Earth on toe side 1.55 18 27.9 0.150 4.2
Qb LL surcharge 1.20 18 21.6 2.150 46.4
Qtoe LL surcharge in slip road side 1.20 18 21.6 0.150 3.2
V1 Vertical force due to earth pressure - - 614.5 3.400 2089.2
TOTAL V = 3419.3 Msta.= 6949.3

H = (H1 + H2) = 1688.2 kN

Mo = (H1*e1 + H2*e2) = 10066.6 kNm

1.6 Check against Stability

LOAD V H Mo Msta. FOS , FOS ,

Status Status
CASE Sliding Overturn
(kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
Case - 1 3419.3 1688.2 10066.6 6949.3 1.01 NotOK 0.69 NotOK

1.7 Check against Base Pressure

LOAD e max min
Status Status
CASE (m) (kN/m ) 2
(kN/m2)
Case - 1 2.612 1880 NotOK -1210 NotOK

where
( M sta .M o ) V 6e V 6e
x=
V
e=L/2 x max=
LB ( 1+
L )
min
L*B
1
L

2.0 Design of Stem Wall

2.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete =
Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) =
Clear Cover =
Thickness of Stem =

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (cc) =

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (cb) =
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (ct) =
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (st) =

2.2 Soil Parameter

Angle of Repose of Soil =

Bulk Density of Soil (kn/m3) =
Equiv. Ht. of backfill earth for Live load surcharge he =
Active Earth pressure Coefficient Ka =
Active Earth pressure Coefficient ( Horizontal ) Kah =

2.3 Loads and Moments due to Earth pressure & LL Surcharge

RL 13.808

x3
RL 9.800 Sec 3-3

x2
4
RL 5.800 Sec 2-2

x1
4

RL 1.800 Sec 1-1 p1 = h Kah

Earth pr. Due to backfill of earth = p1

Earth pr. Due to LL Surcharge = p2
 Section Ht. from top p1 p2 p1 + p2

m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

Sec 1-1 12.008 60.387 6.035 66.4
Sec 2-2 8.008 40.271 6.035 46.3
Sec 3-3 4.008 20.156 6.035 26.2

2.4 Design of main Horizontal Reinforcement

cb = 10
st = 240
k = 0.294
j = 0.902
R = 1.326

deff reqd. Doverall provd. deff provd. Ast reqd. Diameter

Section Face Mdes (kN.m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2/m) (mm)

Earth 19.66 168 20

1-1 121.7 600 540
Outside 0 0 16
Earth 14.01 119 16
2-2 102.8 600 542
Outside 0 0 12
Earth 8.35 71 12
3-3 79.3 600 544
Outside 0 0 10

Permissible
Vdes deff provd. Shear Stress
Section Shear Stress Status
(kN) (mm) v (Mpa) (% steel)
c (Mpa)

1-1 52.4 540 0.097 0.25 0.231 OK

2-2 37.4 542 0.069 0.16 0.203 OK
3-3 22.3 544 0.041 0.10 0.212 OK

2.5 Vertical Reinforcement:

Providing steel equal to 0.12% of cross - sectional area distributed equally in both the directions.

Ast required (mm2/m) 720

Provide 10 dia bars @ 160 c/c on earth face

and 10 dia bars @ 160 c/c on outer face
Ast provided (mm /m) 2
982 OK
 M30
t
50 mm
600 mm

7.5 N/mm2
10 N/mm2
0.67 N/mm2
240 N/mm2

30 degree
18 kN/m3
1.2 m
0.297
0.279

p2 = 1.2 Kah
N/mm2
N/mm2

N/mm2

Spacing Ast provd.

(mm) (mm2/m)

230 1365.9
230 874.2
230 874.2
230 491.7
200 565.5
200 392.7
3.0 Design of Back Counterfort

3.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete =
Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) =
Clear Cover =
Spacing of Counterfort Cs =

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (cc) =

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (cb) =
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (ct) =
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (st) =

3.2 Load & Moment Calculation

Section Ht. from Pressure Shear Force Bending Moment

top, p1 p2 P1 = P2 = p2.h.Cs P1 + P2 M1 = P1*
h 1/2.p1.h.Cs 0.42h

m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN kN kN kNm

Sec 1-1 12.008 60.387 6.035 906.4 181.2 1087.6 4571.4
Sec 2-2 8.008 40.271 6.035 403.1 120.8 523.9 1355.8
Sec 3-3 4.008 20.156 6.035 101.0 60.5 161.4 170.0

Dimension Detail of Counterfort

tan = 2.5/12.008 = 0.208 x
sin = 0.204
cos = 0.979
x = b.cos
Effective width of flange
bf = Min. of ((bw + l0/5), Spacing of Counterfort) [Ref: Clause 305.15.2 IRC:21 - 2000]
bf
bw = 0.6 m
l0 = 15.6096 m
bf = 2.5 m

Section b x Dimension of T-Beam

D bw bf df
Sec 1-1 2.500 2.448 3.048 0.600 2.500 0.600
Sec 2-2 1.667 1.632 2.232 0.600 2.500 0.600
Sec 3-3 0.834 0.817 1.417 0.600 2.500 0.600
 M30
t
75 mm
2.50 m

7.5 N/mm2
10 N/mm2
0.67 N/mm2
240 N/mm2

Bending Moment
M2 = M1 + M2
P2*0.5h

kNm kNm
1087.7 5659.0
483.7 1839.6
121.2 291.2

305.15.2 IRC:21 - 2000]

df

D
x

bw
3.3 Design of Main Reinforcement for Back Counterfort

3.3.1 Design of Counterfort Section 1-1

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Maximum Allowable Stress in Concrete (N/mm 2 ) 10.00
Maximum Allowable Stress in Steel (N/mm ) 2
240

Maximum Stress in Steel, st (N/mm2 ) 229.82

Maximum Stress in Concrete, cbc (N/mm ) 2
2.49
Modular Ratio, m 10
Overall Depth, D (mm) 3048
Clear Cover (mm) 75
Dia of Stirrups (mm) 16
Main Reinforcement
Layer Diameter Nos. Area Distance of Effective d-n Lever Arm Stress in
CG from Depth, Each Layer
Bottom d

(mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)

e1 25 4 1963.50 103.50 2944.03 2656.51 6354.79 229.82
e2 25 4 1963.50 153.50 2894.03 2606.51 6304.79 225.49
e3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Width of Flange , bf (mm) 2500

Depth of Flange, df (mm) 600
Area of Flange, Af (mm2) 1500000.00
Stress in bottom of flange, c1 (N/mm2 ) In Tension
Width of Web, bw (mm) 600
Critical Neutral Axis, NC 865.89
Depth of Neutral Axis (Assumed) (mm) 287.53
Type of Section UNDER REINFORCED
Area of Web in Compression, Aw (mm2) In Tension
Compressive Force (N) 893999.96
Tensile Force (N) 893999.96
Difference in Compressive & Tensile Force 0 So OK
Distance of CG of Total Compressive Area Below Top Edge,Y1
(mm) -3410.76
Moment of Resistance, Mr , (T-m) 565.90
Design Moment, Md , ( T - m ) 565.90
Difference in Mr and Md 0.00 So OK
Calculated Stress in Steel 229.82 <240 N/mm2 OK
Calculated Stress in Concrete 2.49 <10 N/mm2 OK
3.3.2 Design of Counterfort Section 2-2

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Maximum Allowable Stress in Concrete (N/mm 2 ) 10.00
Maximum Allowable Stress in Steel (N/mm ) 2
240

Maximum Stress in Steel, st (N/mm2 ) 121.24

Maximum Stress in Concrete, cbc (N/mm ) 2
2.61
Modular Ratio, m 10
Overall Depth, D (mm) 2232
Clear Cover (mm) 75
Dia of Stirrups (mm) 16
Main Reinforcement
Layer Diameter Nos. Area Distance of Effective d-n Lever Arm Stress in
CG from Depth, Each Layer
Bottom d

(mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)

e1 25 4 1963.50 103.50 2128.73 1751.76 2148.05 121.24
e2 25 2 981.75 153.50 2078.73 1701.76 2098.05 117.78
e3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Width of Flange , bf (mm) 2500

Depth of Flange, df (mm) 600
Area of Flange, Af (mm2) 1500000.00
Stress in bottom of flange, c1 (N/mm2 ) In Tension
Width of Web, bw (mm) 600
Critical Neutral Axis, NC 626.10
Depth of Neutral Axis (Assumed) (mm) 376.97
Type of Section UNDER REINFORCED
Area of Web in Compression, Aw (mm2) In Tension
Compressive Force (N) 1229441.05
Tensile Force (N) 353694.42
Difference in Compressive & Tensile Force -875747 So OK
Distance of CG of Total Compressive Area Below Top Edge,Y1
(mm) -19.32
Moment of Resistance, Mr , (T-m) 75.40
Design Moment, Md , ( T - m ) 183.96
Difference in Mr and Md -108.56 So OK
Calculated Stress in Steel 121.24 <240 N/mm2 OK
Calculated Stress in Concrete 2.61 <10 N/mm2 OK
3.3.3 Design of Counterfort Section 3-3

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Maximum Allowable Stress in Concrete (N/mm 2 ) 10.00
Maximum Allowable Stress in Steel (N/mm ) 2
240

Maximum Stress in Steel, st (N/mm2 ) 20.46

Maximum Stress in Concrete, cbc (N/mm ) 2
0.45
Modular Ratio, m 10
Overall Depth, D (mm) 1417
Clear Cover (mm) 75
Dia of Stirrups (mm) 16
Main Reinforcement
Layer Diameter Nos. Area Distance of Effective d-n Lever Arm Stress in
CG from Depth, Each Layer
Bottom d

(mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm)

e1 25 4 1963.50 103.50 1313.43 1078.14 350.78 20.46
e2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
e7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Width of Flange , bf (mm) 2500

Depth of Flange, df (mm) 600
Area of Flange, Af (mm2) 1500000.00
Stress in bottom of flange, c1 (N/mm2 ) In Tension
Width of Web, bw (mm) 600
Critical Neutral Axis, NC 386.30
Depth of Neutral Axis (Assumed) (mm) 235.29
Type of Section UNDER REINFORCED
Area of Web in Compression, Aw (mm2) In Tension
Compressive Force (N) 131328.44
Tensile Force (N) 40175.20
Difference in Compressive & Tensile Force -91153 So OK
Distance of CG of Total Compressive Area Below Top Edge,Y1
(mm) 962.65
Moment of Resistance, Mr , (T-m) 1.41
Design Moment, Md , ( T - m ) 29.12
Difference in Mr and Md -27.71 So OK
Calculated Stress in Steel 20.46 <240 N/mm2 OK
Calculated Stress in Concrete 0.45 <10 N/mm2 OK
3.4 Design of Horizontal ties

It is necessary to tie the vertical stem slab with the counterforts to check its tendency of separating out from the counterforts.
This is achieved by provision of horizontal ties.

p1 = h Kah
p2 = 1.2 Kah

At h = 12.008 m from the top, the force causing the tendency of separation

= (p1 + p2) * Cs
= 166.1 kN/m
Area of steel required = 692 mm2/m
Provide 2 legged 10 dia bars @ 200 c/c

Ast provided = 785 mm2/m OK

3.5 Design of Vertical ties

The heel slab is subjected to net downward load and thus develops a tendency to separate out from the counterforts. This can be
checked by providing vertical ties.

Net maximum downward pressure = 1490.7 kN/m2

[Ref. Heel & Toe Slab design]
Total pressure on one counterfort = 3726.8 kN/m
Area of steel required = 15528 mm2/m

Provide 2 legged 10 dia bars @ 200 c/c

Ast provided = 785 mm2/m Not OK

3.6 Check for Shear Force

Grade of Concrete = M30

Permissible
V deff provd. bw Shear Stress Shear
Section Stress Status
(kN) (mm) (mm) v (Mpa) (% steel)
c (Mpa)
Sec 1-1 1087.6 1460 600 1.242 0.45 0.293 Shear reinforcement is required

Sec 2-2 523.9 2104 600 0.415 0.23 0.233 Shear reinforcement is required

Sec 3-3 161.4 1313 600 0.205 0.25 0.249 No Shear Reinforcement is required

Vs = V - c Asw = Vs s/
Spacing Asw Provided
Section bw.deff s d Status
provided (mm2)
(kN) (mm ) 2

Sec 1-1 830.6 200 474.2 157.1 Not OK

Sec 2-2 229.4 200 90.9 157.1 OK
Sec 3-3 -34.9 200 -22.1 157.1 OK
4.0 Design of Front Counterfort

4.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete = M30

Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) = t
Clear Cover = 75
Spacing of Counterfort Cs = 2.5

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (cc) = 7.5

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (cb) = 10
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (ct) = 0.67
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (st) = 240
k = 0.294
j = 0.902
R = 1.326
4.2 Load & Moment Calculation
[Ref: Design of Toe & Heel Slab]
Net maximum upward pressure at the toe tip = 1829.25
Net maximum upward pressure at the toe base = 1554.20

Net upward pressure on front counterfort

1 = 1829.25 * 2.5 = 4573.12
2 = 1554.2 * 2.5 = 3885.50
Length of the toe Lt = 0.3
Total shear force V = 1/2(12)*Lt = 1268.8

Distance of C.G of the force from the face of toe

( 2 1 + 2 ) Lt
x= x = 0.154
( 1 + 2 ) 3

M =V . x = 195.5

Mdes bw deff reqd. Doverall provd. deff provd. Ast reqd. Diameter Number Ast provd.
(kN.m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm2/m)

195.5 600 495.6 2700.0 2562.5 352 25 6 2945.2

Permissible
Shear
V deff provd. bw Shear
Stress Status
(kN) (mm) (mm) (% steel) Stress
v (Mpa)
c (Mpa)

1268.8 2563 600 0.825 0.192 0.212 Shear reinforcement is required

Vs = V - c Asw = Vs s/ Diameter of
Spacing No. of leg of Asw Provided
bw.deff s d stirrups Status
provided stirrups (mm2)
(kN) (mm2) (mm)

942.1 180 275.7 2 12 226.2 Not OK

 N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2

N/mm2

of Toe & Heel Slab]

kN/m2
kN/m2

kN/m
kN/m
m
kN

kNm

Status

OK
5.0 Design of Heel and Toe Slab

5.1 Materials Details

Grade of Concrete = M30

Grade of steel ("m" for Mild Steel & "t" for HYSD) = t
Clear Cover = 75

Permissible direct compressible strength of Concrete (cc) = 7.5

Permissible flexural compressible strength of Concrete (cb) = 10
Permissible tensile strength of Concrete (ct) = 0.67
Permissible tensile strength of Steel (st) = 240

5.2 Effective pressure calculation

p3 p4

0.4
0.4 1.8
0.3 0.6 2.5
3.4

p1 p2

Net Pressure at various critical points at base (in kN/m 2)

Base pr. at Base pr. at
Load Case p1 p2 p3 p4
Toe Heel
1 1880.2 -1209.8 1829.2 1554.2 -787.4 1490.7

5.3 Design of main Horizontal Reinforcement

cb = 10.00 N/mm2
st = 240 N/mm2
k = 0.294
j = 0.902
R = 1.326 N/mm2

deff reqd. Doverall provd. deff provd. Ast reqd. Diameter Spacing
Description Face Mdes (kN.m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2/m) (mm) (mm)

Top 0 0 16 180
Heel 119.6 1800 1717
Bottom 18.96 51 16 180
Top 0 0 16 180
Toe 204.8 800 717
Bottom 55.66 359 16 150
 Permissible
Vdes deff provd. Shear Stress
Section Shear Stress Status
(kN) (mm) v (Mpa) (% steel)
c (Mpa)

Heel 50.6 1717 0.029 0.07 0.208 OK

Toe 148.4 717 0.207 0.19 0.211 OK
* SF for Heel slab has been taken at the face of the support.
** SF for toe slab has been taken d distance away from the support.

7.4 Distribution Reinforcement

Providing steel equal to 0.12% of cross - sectional area distributed equally in both the directions.

Ast required (mm2/m) 2060

Provide 12 dia bars @ 200 c/c on earth face

and 12 dia bars @ 200 c/c on outer face
Ast provided (mm /m)2
1131 Not OK
mm

N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2

Ast provd.
(mm2/m)

1117.0
1117.0
1117.0
1340.4