Communication Models of Communication

communis(latin) common, public - describes an event, object, or relationship

Communia- working together - image; representation
Com together - attempts to describe how the process of
Munia duties communication works
- for better understanding of various
Speech Communication phenomena
- oral communication
- most preferred and most ideal because of Aristotelian Model
convenience o Speaker
o Message
Functions of Speech o Audience
1. Self-definition - Persuasion is the key
- Engage in speech - Ethos speakers credibility and
communication to define persuasiveness
themselves - Should contain the following
- Reaffirm ones identity Content
- Indicate belief Arrangement
2. Dissemination of ideas and Manner of delivery
information Ethos
3. Debate Arguments
4. Transform individuals and groups - Pathos speakers emotions
- Persuade, bring change, - Logos logical argument
progress Lasswell Model
o Communicator
Nature of Communication o Message
o Medium
1. Communication is a dynamic o Receiver
process. o Effect
2. Communication is systemic - Advanced by Harold
- Contextual Lasswell(1948)
- Interrelated parts - Communication to society
- The whole is more than the sum - Surveillance of the environment
of parts - Correlation of the components of
- Constraints within systems society
influence or affect meanings - Cultural transmission between
3. Communication involves generation
communicators
4. Communication is irreversible
Shannon Weaver Model
5. Communication is proactive
- Telephone communication
6. Communication is symbolic
o Information source
interaction
o Transmitter
7. Meaning in communication is
o Receiver
individually construed
o Destination
 o Noise o Channel
Schramms Model Hearing
o Source Seeing
o Encoder Touching
o Signal Smelling
o Decoder Tasting
o Destination o Receiver
- Please refer to the slides posted Same as the
Berlos Model communicator
o Source Whites Model
Communication skills - Eugene White
individuals skills to o Monitoring
communicate o Thinking
Attitude the attitude o Symbolizing
towards the audience, o Expressing
subject, and towards o Transmitting
one self o Receiving
Knowledge the o Decoding
knowledge about the o Feedbacking
subject one is going
to communicate Donces Helical Model
Social system Woods Symbolic Interaction Model
includes the various - Language is a system of
aspects in society like symbols and words are symbolic
the values, beliefs, - This models shows that the
culture, religion, and process of communication is
general dynamic and systemic
understanding of Speech Communication Transaction
society. Model
o Message o Speaker primary
Content- beginning to communicator
the end of the o Message form od ideas or
message information
Elements language, o Listener receiver of the
gestures, and body message
language o Feedback flow ideas
Treatment the wat o Channel verbal, visual,
the message is aural/paralinguistic, pictorial
conveyed o Situation physical setting
Structure how the and social context
message is arranged o Culture differences and
Code hoe the perspectives
message is sent in
what form it could be
Misconceptions on Human
Communication
1. More communication is needed
2. Speakers provides the effective
communication
3. Communication breakdown stops
communication
4. Communication consists of words
5. Meanings are in words
6. Effective communicators are born,
not made
Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
- Occurs in the individual
Interpersonal Communication
- Occurs between two or more
persons
Public Communication
- Speakers and several listeners
Mass communication
- Occurs between sources and
vast audience
Organizational Communication
- Within a workplace
Intercultural Communication
- Difference in culture
Developmental Communication
Modes of Communication
Verbal Communication
Non-verbal Communication
Listening
Listen Speak Read Write
- Most used form of verbal
communication
- An activity we often take for
granted
- It is an arbitrary process
- 80% of knowledge is acquired
through listening
- A skill which plays an important
role in our daily lives
Hearing vs Listening
Hearing
o Physiological aspect of
receiving aural and visual
stimuli
o Apprehension(being aware)
Listening
o Active phase of speech
communication
o Comprehension(to embrace;
to understand)
o Interpreting the meaning of
messages
o Assigning meaning to aural
stimuli
Nature of Listening
1. Listening is a dynamic, transactional
process
2. Listening is an active process not a
passive one
3. Listening is a complex process
Attention and Listening
1. Effective listening requires your
attention
2. Matter of concentration
Purpose of Listening
1. Appreciative listening listen for
pleasure. Entertainment, or
enjoyment
2. Empathic/therapeutic listening-
provide emotional support
 3. Comprehensive listening to be Articulation muscle movements in
informed, get facts and ideas reinforcing sound formation
4. Critical listening to make an
evaluation; to criticize
Aspects of Usage
Barriers to Effective Listening
1. Volume intensity of loudness and
1. Hastily branding the subject softness of your voice
uninteresting or irrelevant 2. Pitch highness and lowness of
2. Focusing attention on appearance or voice sounds; determined by the
delivery length and width of the vocal cords
3. Avoiding difficult and unpleasant 3. Rate speed at which a person
material speaks
4. Getting over stimulated by what the 4. Quality timbre of the voice
speaker say 5. Pauses to add color, expression,
5. Listening primarily for facts and feeling to a speech
6. Trying to outline everything that the 6. Emphasis
speaker says 7. Variety spice of public speaking
7. Faking attention
8. Creating or yielding easily to Factors Influencing Voice
distractions
1. Physical make up
9. Engaging in private planning
2. Psychological factors
10. Wasting the advantage of thought
3. Past and present environment
speed
4. Regional dialects
a. CAPITALIZE THE
ADVANTAGE OF THOUGHT Characteristics of Effective Voice
SPEED
1. Audibility
Guides of Effective Listening 2. Pleasant
3. Fluency
1. Listen actively
4. Flexibility
2. Listen with empathy
3. Listen for total meaning Pronunciation
4. Listen with an open mind
5. Give effective feedback - Combination of consonants,
6. Listen critically vowel, and accents that a
speaker
Voice
Articulation
Anatomy of Voice
- Formation or oral symbols thru
Respiration inhalation time lowers, articulators
exhalation time becomes longer
Dialects
Phonation larynx (vocal folds,
articulation) - Theres no superiority within
dialects
Non-verbal Communication 4. Proxemics
o Spaces and distance
- Transfer of meaningful 5. Haptics
information by means of either o Touch
than written or spoken language o Exerts status and power in
Principles of Non-Verbal Communication relationship
6. Paralanguage
1. NVC, like VC, is contextual 7. Environmental Factors
2. NV behaviors are wholes, not parts
Functions of NVC
or segments
3. NVB always communicate 1. Repeating
4. NVC follows certain rules 2. Contradicting
5. NVC is motivated 3. Substituting
6. NVC are more credible 4. Complementing
Categories of NVC 5. Accenting
6. Relating Regulating
1. Sign-language
- Gestures supplanted or replaced Language
2. Action language
- System of arbitrary symbols
- Movement that are not used
- Cognitive process
exclusively as signal
- Construction of verbal message
3. Object language
- Display of material things Speech

Types/Dimensions of NVC - Entire scope of human

1. Body motion
o Emblems direct verbal
translation
o Illustrators - illustrate what is
said verbally
o Regulators influences turn
taking
o Affect Displays reflect
emotional state of being
o Adapters unintentional
movements or signs of
nervousness
2. Physical Characters
o Emanating from physique or
body
3. Artifacts
o Accessories
communication
Nature of Language
- Words are only symbols
represent and substitute
- Triangle of meaning
- Meanings are in people, not in
words
- Language is dynamic
o Growth and death of
language
- words are static; meanings are
dynamic
- language as a function of time
- words and places
- language as a function of culture
Words have many types of
meanings
 o Denotation
o Connotation
o Structural Meaning
o Contextual Meaning
o Sound Meaning

Attributes of Effective Oral Language

1. Effective oral language is clear

a. Correctness
b. Accuracy
c. Simplicity
d. Understandability
2. Effective oral language is direct and
conversational
3. Appropriate to the
a. Listeners
b. Occasion
c. Speech purpose
d. Speakers personality

4. Effective Language is vivid

a. Visual imagery
b. Auditory imagery
c. Gustatory imagery
d. Olfactory imagery
e. Tactual imagery
f. Kinesthetic imagery
g. Organic imagery