A

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Rutherford

 homson

1897

.

,
.
 homson

Thomson
1898 J.J. Thomson

,
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Rutherford
.


 homson

Thomson


90
. Rutherford,
Geiger Marsden 1 8.000
> 90.
 Rutherford

Geiger-Marsden
Geiger Marsden
.
.

.

 Rutherford

Geiger-Marsden


Thomson,

,

1.
Geiger Marsden
,
.
 Rutherford

(>7000
),
.

,
.
 Rutherford

,
.
 Rutherford

,

.

,

. e
.

Thomson Rutherford
Thomson

,
(
) 1013V/m.

Rutherford

,
( )
1021V/m.

.
 Geiger Marsden


.

,

.


.

e.

. = p+


,


90,

(m2)
(m1).

,
.


, b,

.
 Rutherford

Rutherford

Coulomb .
, , b,
-.


.




0 b
.

b2
.

b2

,
, .
: =r2.

,

.
= 197, (r =
r0A1 / 3) 7 fermis.

The most common unit

for cross section for
nuclear scattering
interactions is the
barn
1 barn=10-24 cm2


Rutherford
,

.
= b =

b,
r
b
.
,

,


Note that this expression is for alpha particles with
Zp=2. For projectiles with another charge Zp, then
you would multiply this expression by Zp2/4.
 Rutherford



Coulomb
.

,


Ze.


,



Rutherford:
 Rutherford
t
n
.

nt


ntA .



ntA

,
ntA.



.

ntA
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O

r
,
Geiger Marsden.
t,
n Rutherford

.
,
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Rutherford
sin4(/2), .
.
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Rutherford
.

,
.
= 2e2/E = 2e2/hc = 1/137
 Geiger-Marsden
Geiger Marsden -

. >140
,
.
Coulomb,

"" . 140,
.
 Geiger-Marsden
-
, 7,7 MeV,
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,
.
Rutherford
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,
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- 7.7 MeV
,
;

! Rutherford
.
, 15-
.

Rutherford
Coulomb. ,
1919, 180,

.


r0 ,
180.

( = 27)
(r=r0A1/3, r0=1.2x10-15 m = 1.2 fm).
3,6 fm .
Rutherford,
30.000 ,
.


Rutherford,

e,
.
e ,

.
;


.
, Fc, e r
, Fe: Fc=Fe (H
)

-r

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Bohr
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