BSSC Webinar-NEHRP Diaphragm

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
Seismic Design of Diaphragms
S. K. Ghosh
Palatine, IL and Aliso Viejo, CA
www.skghoshassociates.com
-1-
2009 NEHRP Provisions
-2-
1

Part 3 Resource Paper 10
Replace with
Multi-part
Resource
Paper
-3-
BSSC PUC IT-6 Scope
Reexamine and refine seismic design provisions for

cast-in-place concrete, precast concrete (with or
without topping), metal, and wood diaphragms,
focusing on objectives with regards to performance in
the design earthquake.
-4-
2
Multi-Part Resource Paper
Global (ASCE 7) Issues

Cast-in-Place Concrete Diaphragms
Precast Concrete Diaphragms (topped and
untopped)
Steel Deck Diaphragms (topped and untopped)
Wood Diaphragms
-5-
Global (ASCE 7) Issues
-6-
3
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
12.10.1.1 Diaphragm Design Forces. Floor and roof

diaphragms shall be designed to resist design seismic
forces from the structural analysis, but not less than
the following forces:
Where
Fpx = the diaphragm design force wi = the weight tributary to Level i
Fi = the design force applied to Level i wpx = the weight tributary to the
diaphragm at Level x
-7-
Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
-8-
4
Diaphragm Design Forces
6 Fpx
Fx
Floor Level
5
0
0 50 100 150 200
Force (kips)
-9-
Diaphragm Design Force
Recommendations in PCIs Seismic Design Manual,

based on results of research:
For structures assigned to SDC B or C, if every floor
diaphragm is designed for the force at the uppermost
level derived from the IBC, additional load factors are
not required for elastic diaphragm response under the
design earthquake.
- 10 -
5

For structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, if lateral
forces are resisted entirely by special moment frames,
additional load factors are not required if every floor
diaphragm is designed for the force at the uppermost
level derived from ASCE 7.
- 11 -

For structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, if shear
walls are part of the lateral force-resisting system, it is
sufficient to apply a diaphragm load factor of 2 to the
force at the uppermost level derived from ASCE 7 and
to design each floor for that force.
- 12 -
6
Diaphragm IT Contributors
Ned Cleland Mario Rodriguez

Kelly Cobeen Richard Sause
Robert Fleischman
S. K. Ghosh William Gould
Neil Hawkins Dichuan Zhang
Dominic Kelly
Tom R. Meyer
Jose Restrepo
- 13 -
Diaphragm IT Products
Design Force Level Proposal for Part 1 of the 2015

NEHRP Provisions modifies ASCE 7-10 Section 12.10
Approved for inclusion in ASCE 7-16
Design Force Level Proposal for Part 3 of the 2015
NEHRP Provisions modifies ASCE 7-10 Section 12.10
Precast Diaphragm Design Proposal for Part 1 of the
2015 NEHRP Provisions modifies ASCE 7-10 Section
14.2 Approved for inclusion in ASCE 7-16
Resource Paper for Part 3 of the 2015 NEHRP
Provisions
- 14 -
7
- 15 -
Floor Accelerations for Diaphragm Design

ASCE 7 Method
Fj
wj Fj j j
Fpjj
j
SRSS
Each modes contribution is reduced by R

Sa (Ti )
2

f (w , )
n
Fj = i
i =1
j j
g R
and
PGA
0.2 SDS Ie Fpx / w px 0.4 SDS Ie but 0.4 SDS
g
PGA PGA
0.5 Ie Fpx / w px Ie
g g
or 0.5 Ie Acceleration "Magnification" 1.0 Ie
p. 16 of Set 8
8
Floor Accelerations for Diaphragm Design

ASCE 7 Method
5
0.5 Ie Acceleration "Magnification" 1.0 Ie
Northridge earthquake
Northridge and shaketable
Earthquake Data test data
?
RC Frames n 5
RC Frames 5< n 10
Floor magnification 4 RC Frames 10 < n 20
Walls 5 < n 10
Walls 10 < n 20
3 Steel Frames n 5
Steel Frames 5 < n 10
Steel Frames 10 < n 20
2
Steel Frames n > 20
Braced Frames n 5
1 Braced Frames 5 < n 10
ASCE 7 Range, Ie =1 Braced Frames 10 < n 20
Braced Frames n > 20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 7-story building
Peak ground acceleration (g) Repaired PCI building
The upper and lower limits in ASCE7 do not seem to be rational

The computation of floor acclerations based on the assumption that all modes
are equally reduced by plasticity does not seem rational either
p. 17 of Set 8
Diaphragm Design
In 2001 Rodriguez et al. noted that inelastic response

in multi-story buildings tended to cause an important
reduction in floor accelerations contributed by the first
mode of response but had a much lesser effect on
those contributed by the higher modes of response.
They proposed the First Mode Reduced method, in
which the roof acceleration could be determined by a
square root sum of the squares combination in which
the first mode contribution was reduced for inelasticity
and the higher modes were left unreduced.
- 18 -
9
Diaphragm Design
Fpx = Cpxwpx/Rs
0.2SDS Ie wpx
Cpx comes from Cp0, Cpi, and Cpn
Note: Cpi is not used in the 2015 NEHRP Provisions
- 19 -
Diaphragm Design
2015 NEHRP
Provisions
- 20 -
10
Diaphragm Design
ASCE 7-16
- 21 -
Diaphragm Design
Cp0 = 0.4 SDS Ie
2 2
Cpn = m1 0 CS + m2 CS2 Cpi
Note: The lower-bound limit on Cpn is in ASCE 7-16

only, not in the 2015 NEHRP Provisions.
- 22 -
11
Diaphragm Design
m1 = 1 + 0.5zS (1 1/n)
m2 = 0.9zS (1 1/n) 2
where zS = modal contribution coefficient modifier
dependent on seismic force-resisting system.
- 23 -
Diaphragm Design
Values of mode shape factor zs

0.3 for buildings designed with Buckling Restrained Braced
Frame systems
0.7 for buildings designed with Moment-Resisting Frame
systems
0.85 for buildings designed with Dual Systems with Special
or Intermediate Moment Frames capable of resisting at least
25% of the prescribed seismic forces
1.0 for buildings designed with all other seismic force-
resisting systems
- 24 -
12
Diaphragm Design
1.6
1.5
m1
1.4
1.3
1.2
Eq. 3.1 zs = 1
Eq. 3.1 zs = 0.7
1.1
Wall buildings
Frame buildings
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of levels, n
- 25 -
Diaphragm Design
1.0
0.8
m2
0.6
0.4
Eq. 3.1 zs = 1
Eq. 3.1 zs = 0.7
0.2
Wall buildings
Frame buildings
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of levels, n
- 26 -
13
Diaphragm Design
Cpi is the greater of values given by:

Cpi = Cp0
Cpi = 0.9 m1 0 CS
- 27 -
Diaphragm Design
CS = V/W or Vt/W
CS2 = minimum of:
(0.15n + 0.25) Ie SDS
Ie SDS
Ie SD1/[0.03(n-1)] for n 2 or 0 for n = 1
- 28 -
14
Consistent Look into the Design

Spectra CsR
For the Second mode, R = 1
CS(T2) = min(0.15n+0.25, 1)IeSDS

IeSD1/ [0.03(n-1)]
n: number of levels above ground, n 2
- 29 -
Comparison of Results
(RR for ASCE7 and Measured)
7-story bearing wall building
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Relative height
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 Measured EQ4
0.1 Proposed
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
Cpx / Cpo
p. 30
15
5-story special MRF building
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Relative height
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 Measured DEN67
0.1 Proposed
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
Cpx / Cpo
p. 31
3-story PCI building
p. 32
16
NEES Wood Capstone Building
(data Processed by R Hanson)
p. 33
(RR for ASCE7 and Computed)
Steel BRB and special MRF buildings
6 story 12 story
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Relative height
Relative height
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
BRB Analysis
0.2 0.2 BRB Analysis
SMRF Analysis SMRF Analysis
0.1 BRB Proposed 0.1 BRB Proposed
SMRF Proposed SMRF Proposed
0.0 0.0
0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Cpx / Cpo Cpx / Cpo
p. 34
17
Comparison using Updated DSDM Equations

2.5 1.6
1.4
Seattle (SDC D)
Berkeley (SDC E) RR
2 RR
1.2
Acceleration (g)
Acceleration (g)
1.5 1
0.8
1 0.6 E
E
0.4 D
0.5 DSDM D ASCE7 DSDM ASCE7
R 0.2 R
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of Stories Number
Numer of
ofStories
Stories
2 0.7
Charleston (SDC D)
Knoxville (SDC C)
UCSD
RR
1.8
0.6
1.6
Acceleration (g)
Acceleration (g)
1.4 RR 0.5
1.2 0.4
1
0.8 0.3
E
0.6 0.2
E D
0.4 ASCE7 DSDM
DSDM D 0.1 ASCE7
0.2 R R
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 99 10 10 11
11 12
12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of Stories Number
Numer of
ofStories
Stories
35 of 15
Diaphragm Capacity
Why are we not seeing inadequate performance

of diaphragms in seismic events?
- 36 -
18
Inertial Forces in Diaphragms
Existing diaphragms may carry seismic inertial forces

through:
(a) inherent overstrength in the floor system, including

the floor plate and framing elements, that permit the
transfer of higher than code design forces,
- 37 -
Inertial Forces in Diaphragms
or
(b) inherent ductility or plastic redistribution qualities

within the diaphragm (or at the boundaries of the
diaphragm) that limit the amount of inertial forces that
can develop, without significant damage or failure.
- 38 -
19
Diaphragm Design
Flexure-controlled diaphragm: Diaphragm with a

well-defined flexural yielding mechanism, which limits
the force that develops in the diaphragm.
The factored shear resistance shall be greater than
the shear corresponding to flexural yielding.
- 39 -
Diaphragm Design
Shear-controlled diaphragm: Diaphragm that does

not meet the requirements of a flexure-controlled
diaphragm.
- 40 -
20
Diaphragm Design (NEHRP

Provisions)
Diaphragm System Shear Control Flexure Control
CIP Concrete 1.5 2
EDO 1.0 0.7
Precast concrete BDO 1.0 1.0
RDO 1.0 1.3
Untopped Steel Ductile 3.0 NA
Deck Low ductility 2.0 NA
Reinforced topped
Steel Deck with C px
shear stud
Topped Steel Deck connection to
2.0 2.5
Fpx = w px
framing Rs
Other topped Steel
Deck with structural 1.5 2.0
concrete fill
Wood Typical 3.0 NA
When Rs is greater than 1, such a diaphragm should have a well-defined,

ductile shear yielding mechanism which limits the force that develops in
the diaphragm.
- 41 -
Diaphragm Design (ASCE 7-16)

Diaphragm System Shear- Flexure-
Controlled Controlled
Cast-in-place concrete designed in

- 1.5 2
accordance with Section 14.2 and ACI 318
EDO 1 0.7 0.7
Precast concrete designed in accordance

BDO 2 1.0 1.0
with Section 14.2.4 and ACI 318
RDO 3 1.4 1.4
Wood sheathed designed in accordance

with Section 14.5 and AF&PA (now AWC)
- 3.0 NA
Special Design Provisions for Wind and
Seismic
1. EDO is precast concrete diaphragm Elastic Design Option.

2. BDO is precast concrete diaphragm Basic Design Option.
3. RDO is precast concrete diaphragm Reduced Design Option.
- 42 -
21
Diaphragm Design Force Level

Comparisons
- 43 -
4-Story Perimeter Wall Precast Concrete

Parking Structure (SDC C, Knoxville)
10'-6"
10'-6"
47'-6"
10'-6"
16'
204'
- 44 -
22
4-Story Perimeter Wall Precast Concrete

Parking Structure (SDC C, Knoxville)
- 45 -
4-Story Interior Wall Precast Concrete

Parking Structure (SDC D, Seattle)
- 46 -
23
4-Story Interior Wall Precast Concrete

Parking Structure (SDC D, Seattle)
- 47 -
8-Story Precast Concrete Moment Frame

Office Building
- 48 -
24
8-Story Precast Concrete Moment Frame

Office Building
- 49 -
8-Story Precast Concrete Shear Wall Office

Building
- 50 -
25
8-Story Precast Concrete Shear Wall Office

Building
- 51 -
Steel-Framed Assembly Structure in

Southern California
- 52 -
26
Steel-Framed Office Structure in Seattle, WA
- 53 -
Cast-in-Place Concrete Framed Parking

Structure in Southern California
- 54 -
27
Cast-in-Place Concrete Framed Residential

Structure in Northern California
- 55 -

Structure in Seattle, WA
- 56 -
28

Structure in Hawaii
- 57 -
Steel Framed Office Structure in Southern

California
- 58 -
29
Thank You!!
- 59 -
30

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S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Seismic Design of Diaphragms

2009 NEHRP Provisions

2009 NEHRP Provisions

BSSC PUC IT-6 Scope

Reexamine and refine seismic design provisions for

Multi-Part Resource Paper

Global (ASCE 7) Issues

Global (ASCE 7) Issues

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

12.10.1.1 Diaphragm Design Forces. Floor and roof

Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Diaphragm Design Forces

Diaphragm Design Force

Recommendations in PCIs Seismic Design Manual,

Diaphragm Design Force

Recommendations in PCIs Seismic Design Manual,

Diaphragm Design Force

Recommendations in PCIs Seismic Design Manual,

Ned Cleland Mario Rodriguez

Design Force Level Proposal for Part 1 of the 2015

2015 NEHRP Provisions

Floor Accelerations for Diaphragm Design

Each modes contribution is reduced by R

Floor Accelerations for Diaphragm Design

The upper and lower limits in ASCE7 do not seem to be rational

In 2001 Rodriguez et al. noted that inelastic response

Note: Cpi is not used in the 2015 NEHRP Provisions

Cp0 = 0.4 SDS Ie

Note: The lower-bound limit on Cpn is in ASCE 7-16

Values of mode shape factor zs

Cpi is the greater of values given by:

Consistent Look into the Design

For the Second mode, R = 1

CS(T2) = min(0.15n+0.25, 1)IeSDS

n: number of levels above ground, n 2

Comparison using Updated DSDM Equations

Why are we not seeing inadequate performance

Inertial Forces in Diaphragms

Existing diaphragms may carry seismic inertial forces

(a) inherent overstrength in the floor system, including

Inertial Forces in Diaphragms

(b) inherent ductility or plastic redistribution qualities

Flexure-controlled diaphragm: Diaphragm with a

Shear-controlled diaphragm: Diaphragm that does

Diaphragm Design (NEHRP

When Rs is greater than 1, such a diaphragm should have a well-defined,

Diaphragm Design (ASCE 7-16)

Cast-in-place concrete designed in

EDO 1 0.7 0.7

Precast concrete designed in accordance

Wood sheathed designed in accordance

1. EDO is precast concrete diaphragm Elastic Design Option.

Diaphragm Design Force Level

4-Story Perimeter Wall Precast Concrete

4-Story Perimeter Wall Precast Concrete

4-Story Interior Wall Precast Concrete

4-Story Interior Wall Precast Concrete

8-Story Precast Concrete Moment Frame

8-Story Precast Concrete Moment Frame

8-Story Precast Concrete Shear Wall Office

8-Story Precast Concrete Shear Wall Office

Steel-Framed Assembly Structure in

Steel-Framed Office Structure in Seattle, WA