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1.

Apparent dept
The depth of the image of an object submerged in a transparent medium; it is reduced from the
real depth of the objectby a factor equal to the relative index of refraction of the medium with res
pect to air.

2. Light
is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by humans. The wave nature of light
was first illustrated through experiments on diffraction and interference. Like all electromagnetic
waves, light can travel through a vacuum. The transverse nature of light can be demonstrated
through polarization.

3. Classification of Light
Class 1 - Inner light: light within the bounds of a port of a closed harbour, of a river,
or a narrow passage, which is useful to the sailor when he is engaged in port, the
Harbour, the river or the passage. Are not included in this class input or end of pier
of port lights which included in the device access to this port, are nevertheless
visible from outside and are top class.
Class 2 - Local navigation light or light of approach: outdoor light in a port, a closed harbor or a
river, used for navigation in the immediate vicinity of the coast (local navigation), or in the later
stages of access to a port or a harbour. Its range is less than 10 miles in the case of lights with
fixed support.
Class 3 - Coastal navigation light: light enough important by its situation and its characteristics
and required for coastal navigation (located 10 miles from the coast about). Its range is usually
10 to 14 miles for a light with fixed support. Some jetties lights due to their location or their
range, can be considered as lights of coastal navigation.
Class 4 - Landfall light: light important which is the first overview from the high seas
or light whose range is greater than 15 statute miles. The light float (light-vessel)
and landfall buoys or buoys at the entry of traffic separation schemes are usually in
this class.

4. Refraction
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.
The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray
toward the normal to the boundary between the two media.

5. Speed of Light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant important in
many areas of physics. Its exact value is 299 792 458 m / s

6. Optical Density
The optical density of a substance is the logarithmic ratio of the intensity of transmitted light to
the intensity of the incident light passing through the substance. It is otherwise measured as the
absorbed radiation of the corresponding wavelength. Optical density refers to the absorbance of
a substance.

7. Angle of Incidence
The angle formed by a ray or wave incident on a surface and a line perpendicularto the surface at the poi
nt of incidence.
8. Angle of Refraction
The amount of bending that a light ray experiences can be expressed in terms of the angle of
refraction (more accurately, by the difference between the angle of refractionand the angle of
incidence). A ray of light may approach the boundary at an angle of incidence of 45-degrees
and bend towards the normal.

9. Index of Refraction
The index of refraction of a substance is equal to the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum
to its speed in that substance. Its value determines the extent to which light is refracted when
entering or leaving the substance.

10. Formula of Index Refraction


The larger index medium is commonly called the "internal" medium, since air with n=1 is usually
the surrounding or "external" medium. You can calculate the condition for total internal reflection
by setting the refracted angle = 90 and calculating the incident angle.

C
C= V

N=index of refraction
C=velocity of light in vacuum
V=velocity of light in medium

11. Index of Refraction Materials


12. Material Index
Vacuum 1.00000
Air at STP 1.00029
Ice 1.31
Water at 20 C 1.33
Acetone 1.36
Ethyl alcohol 1.36
Sugar solution(30%) 1.38
Fluorite 1.433
Fused quartz 1.46
Glycerine 1.473
Sugar solution (80%) 1.49
Typical crown glass 1.52
Crown glasses 1.52-1.62
Spectacle crown, C-1 1.523
Sodium chloride 1.54
Polystyrene 1.55-1.59
Carbon disulfide 1.63
Flint glasses 1.57-1.75
Heavy flint glass 1.65
Extra dense flint, EDF-3 1.7200
Methylene iodide 1.74
Sapphire 1.77
Rare earth flint 1.7-1.84
Lanthanum flint 1.82-1.98
Arsenic trisulfide glass 2.04
Diamond 2.417

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