Simulation Lab - Student Manual

eLOGIX TECHNOLOGIES
SIMULATION PRACTICAL LAB MANUAL

VI SEM ECE
(Diploma L Scheme Lab Manual)
eLOGIX TECHNOLOGIES
240-B, Pondy Cuddalore main Rd., Thavalakuppam,
Puducherry - 605 007.
elogixmail@gmail.com
1
S.NO Name of the Experiment Page No.
Study of Simulation software using simple circuits
Rectifier circuits ( Half wave, Full wave, Bridge rectifier with

1. filters)
2. Power Supply design with regulator( LM7805)
Waveform generator using BC147 Transistors ( Astable

3. multivibrator )
Waveform generator using BC147 Transistors ( Monostable

4. Multivibrator )
Clipper and Clambers. (Positive edge and Negative edge)

5.
Op-Amp application-I.
6. (Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, voltage follower, integrator,
Differentiator, summing amplifier, difference amplifier)
Op-Amp applications-II
7. (Hartley and phase shift oscillators, sine, square and triangular waveform
generators, precision rectifiers)
8. Instrumentation amplifiers
9. AM Modulation and Demodulation
10. FM Modulation and Demodulation

11. ASK Modulation and Demodulation
12. FSK Modulation and Demodulation
13. PSK Modulation and Demodulation
Single side PCB layout Design using CAD Tool.
14. Drawing the schematic of simple electronic circuit and design of
PCB layout using CAD Tool
15. Multilayer PCB Layout design using CAD Tool.
2
EX.NO: 1. STUDY OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE FEATURES USING SIMPLE
CIRCUITS.
To design and verify the results of various electronic circuits using SIMULATION
Software and verify the result in the computer.
AIM:
To understand the design and simulation environment of simulation software, and also
study the various features of simulation through the design and simulation of common emitter
amplifier.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. MULTISIM simulation software
2. PC with minimum configuration
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SIMULATION PROCEDUTE:
1. Open MULTISIM Software.
2. Click=> New => Design1
3. Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
3. Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
4. Draw the common emitter amplifier using the components that are available in the tool bar
and the save the circuit.
5. Set the Function Generator F = 1 kHz V= 200mV.
6. Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
7. Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
8. Then Change input Frequency again measure
3
9. Take printout the output waveforms.
OUTPUT:
RESULTS:
The common emitter amplifier circuit is designed, simulated and analyzed through the output
wave forms.
4
EX.NO 1: RECTIFIER CIRCUITS (HALF WAVE, FULL WAVE AND BRIDGE
RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS)
AIM:
To design and simulate the input and output characters of a half wave, Full wave and
Bridge rectifiers with and without filters.
REQUIREMENTS:
THEORY:
The primary function of half-wave and full-wave rectification systems is to establish a DC
level from a sinusoidal input signal.
The HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER signal normally established by a network with a single
diode, has an average or equivalent DC voltage level equal to 31.8% of the peak voltage Vm.
That is Vdc = 0.318 .Vpeak volts (half- wave)
The FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER signal has twice the average or DC level of the half- wave
signal, or 63.6% of the peak value Vm.
That is Vdc = 0.636.Vpeak volts(full- wave)
Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full wave rectifier
circuit , is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. The main advantage of this bridge circuit
is that it does not require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and
cost.
Vdc = 0.636.Vpeak volts
5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:
OUT PUT:
6
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:
OUT PUT:
7
BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
OUT PUT:
8
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
5. Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar and then
save the circuit.
6. Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
8. Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
9. Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output waveforms.
RESULT:
Thus the Half wave ,Full wave and Bridge rectifier circuits are designed and output responses
are observed.
9
EX..NO:3 POWER SUPPLY WITH REGULATORS
AIM:
To observe the Power supply with regulators waveform in different clipping configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
AC-DC voltage converters are often used to provide a regulated voltage supply from
an unregulated voltage source. Unregulated voltage sources can be rectified line voltages that
exhibit fluctuations due to changes in magnitude.
Regulated voltage supplies provide an average DC output voltage at a desired level
(3.3 V, 2.5 V, etc.), despite fluctuating input voltage sources and variable output loads.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10
OUTPUT:

5. Draw the schematic diagram of the above circuit with fixed voltage regulator.
6. Double click Ac_power set its value above mentioned.
8. Measure the Input and output of the regulator voltage with oscilloscope.
9. Print the CRO waveforms.
RESULT:
The regulated power supply is designed and tested with simulation software.
11
EX.NO 4: ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM:
To design an Astable Multivibrator and observe output waveform configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
An astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is a rectangular-

wave generating circuit. Unlike the monostable multivibrator, this circuit does not require any
external trigger to change the state of the output, hence the name free-running.
Overall period of oscillations, T = THIGH + TLOW = 0.693 (RA+ 2RB) C ,
The frequency of oscillations being the reciprocal of the overall period of oscillations T is
given as f = 1/T = 1.44/ (RA+ 2RB)C
The duty cycle, the ratio of the time tc during which the output is high to the total time period
T is given as
% duty cycle, D = tc / T * 100 = (RA + RB) / (RA + 2RB) * 100
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
12
OUTPUT:
SUMULATION PROCEDURE:

5. Draw the circuit diagram of astable multivibator using IC 555.
6. Connect the CRO above mentioned circuit.
8. Note down the Time period and calculate the frequencies.
9. Record the output waveforms.
RESULT:
The astable multivibrator is designed and its output is verified using MULTISIM software.
13
EX.NO:5 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
AIM:
To design a Monostable Multivibrator and observe output waveform configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
A monostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot multivibrator, is a pulse
generator circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C
network,connected externally to the 555 timer. In such a vibrator, one state of output is stable
while the other is quasi-stable (unstable).
The amount of time that the output voltage remains "HIGH" or at a logic "1" level, is
given by the following time constant equation.
T=1.1RC
Where, t is in seconds, R is in 's and C in Farads
MONOSTABLE MUTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT:
14
OUTPUT:

5. Draw the schematic diagram of Monostable multivibator using IC 555 as shown.
6. Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN.
7. Close the switch measure the waveforms.
8. Open the switch measure the waveforms.
9. Use the digital CRO from the menu.
10. Note down the Time period and calculate the Frequencies.
11. Take printout the output waveforms.
RESULT:
The Monostable circuit is designed and verified with the simulation software.
15
EX.NO.6: CLIPPER AND CLAMPER CIRCUITS
AIM:
To observe the clipping waveform in different clipping configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
THEORY:
Clipping circuits (also known as limiters, amplitude selectors, or slicers), are used to
remove the part of a signal that is above or below some defined reference level.
Rs series current limiting resistance
RL- load resistance
and the output from the circuit is found using
VL- load voltage

Vin- input voltage.
Clamping circuits ,also known as dc restorers or clamped capacitors, shift an input
signal above or below a dc reference voltage without altering the shape of the waveform.
Clamping operation is based on the operation of switching time constants. The capacitors
charges through the diode and discharges through the load.
16
CLIPPER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
POSITIVE CLIPPER:
OUTPUT:
17
NEGATIVE CLIPPER:
OUTPUT:
CLAMPING CIRCUIT Positive clamper:
18
OUTPUT:
Negative clamper:
OUTPUT:
19

5. Draw the circuit of clipper and clamber as shown above.
6. Set the input Sine wave frequency of 10 KHz to input and voltage =10V.
8. Measure the input and output wave with CRO.
9. Note down the input and output voltage and waveforms.
10. Take printout.
RESULT:
Thus the clipper and clamper circuits are designed and waveforms are observed.
20
EX.NO 6: OPAMP APPLICATIONS - 1
AIM:
To design and Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, voltage follower, integrator,
Differentiator, summing amplifier, difference amplifier.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER is that, if the voltage going into the op-amp chip is
positive, it is negative when it comes out of it. In other words it op-amp reverses polarity
(inverts polarity).
GAIN (AV) = -R2 / R1

Example : if R2 is 100 kilo-ohm and R1 is 10 kilo-ohm the gain would be :
-100 / 10 = -10 (Gain AV)
Vout= -(R2/R1)*Vin
If the input voltage is 0.5v the output voltage would be :

0.5v X -10 = -5v
21
INVERTING AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER is that, if the voltage going into the op-amp chip is
Negative, it is Positive when it comes out of it. In other words it op-amp reverses polarity
(inverts polarity).
Two resistors are needed to make the 741 work as an amplifier, R1 and R2. In most text
books diagrams like this are used to represent the 741.
GAIN (AV) = 1+(R2 / R1)
Example : if R2 is 1000 kilo-ohm and R1 is 100 kilo-ohm the gain would be :

1+ (1000/100) = 1 + 10
OR
22
GAIN (AV) = 11
Vout=(1+(R2/R1))*GAIN
If the input voltage is 0.5v the output voltage would be :
0.5 X 11 = 5.5v
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
23
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER:
An opamp VOLTAGE FOLLOWER has a very useful characteristic as the input

Impedance is extremely high and in-essence will isolate the input signal voltage from the
output signal. this will reduce the loading effect on the signal source.
Vout = Vin
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
24
INTEGRATOR:
The OP-AMP INTEGRATOR is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the
mathematical operation of Integration, that is we can cause the output to respond to changes
in the input voltage over time .The op-amp integrator produces an output voltage which is
proportional to the integral of the input voltage.
Where = 2
INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT:
25
OUTPUT:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
This circuit performs the mathematical operation of Differentiation, that is it "produces a
voltage output which is directly proportional to the input voltage's rate-of-change with
respect to time". In other words the faster or larger the change to the input voltage signal, the
greater the input current, the greater will be the output voltage change in response, becoming
more of a "spike" in shape.
Therefore, the output voltage Vout is a constant -R.C times the derivative of the input
voltage Vin with respect to time.
26
DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
SUMMING AMPLIFIER:
The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the standard Inverting
Operational Amplifier configuration that can be used for combining multiple inputs. we add
more input resistors to the input, each equal in value to the original input resistor, Rin we end
up with another operational amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, "summing
inverter" or even a "voltage adder" circuit as shown below.
27
CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
28
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER:
THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS amplify the difference between two voltages
making this type of operational amplifier circuit a Subtractor. This type of operational
amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential Amplifier .
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:

29
5. Draw the schematic of all above mentioned circuit and its same value.
6. Set the input and its voltage .
8. Double click the CRO.
9. Measure the input and output voltage and frequencies.
10. Take Print to record note.
RESULT:
The design of Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, voltage follower, integrator,

Differentiator, summing amplifier, difference amplifier.
30
EX.NO: 8. OP-AMP APPLICATIONS-II.
AIM:
To draw Op-amp application circuits (Hartley and phase shift oscillators, sine, square
and triangular waveform generators, precision rectifiers) and verify the Input and output
voltage Frequencies.
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR:
The Hartley oscillator is as popular as Colpitts oscillator and is widely used as local
oscillator in radio receivers. The circuit arrangement is shown in figure. Hartley oscillator
circuit is similar to Colpitts oscillator circuit, except that phase-shift network consists of two
inductors Lr and L2 and a capacitor C instead of two capacitors and one inductor.
OUTPUT:
31
PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:
RC phase shift oscillator is a sinusoidal oscillator used to produce sustained well shaped
sine wave oscillations. It is used for different applications such as local oscillator for
synchronous receivers, musical instruments, study purposes etc. The main part of an RC
phase shift oscillator is an op amp inverting amplifier with its output fed back into its input
using a regenerative feedback RC filter network, hence the name RC phase shift oscillator.
CIRCUIT:
32
OUTPUT:
SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

The non-sinusoidal waveform generators are also called relaxation oscillators. The op-amp
relaxation oscillator shown in figure is a square wave generator. In general, square waves are
relatively easy to produce.
Output waveform timing:
CIRCUIT:
33
OUTPUT:
SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

Operational amplifier based sine wave generator circuit, it is basically a wein bridge
oscillator. Because of its simplicity and stability, one of the most commonly used audio
frequency oscillator is wein-bridge. The wein bridge oscillator in which the weinbridge
circuit is connected between the amplifier input and output terminals. The bridge has a series
RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. in the remaining
arms of bridge, input resistor R1 and Feedback Resistor Rf is connected.
Frequency of oscillation
F = 1/(2"RC) = 0.159/RC
CIRCUIT:
34
OUTPUT:
TRIANGULAR WAVE OSCILLATOR:

Operational amplifier based triangular wave form generator is simple circuit
that is widely used in function generators. Here is the circuit for Triangular wave generator
using 741 op amp. We know that the integrator output waveform will be triangular if the
input to it is a square wave. It means that a triangular wave generator can be formed by
simply cascading an integrator and a square wave generator.
This circuit uses two operational amplifiers. First op amp functions as a comparator and next
op amp as an integrator. Sawtooth waveform can be easily generated by doing little
modifications in the triangular wave generator circuit. In this circuit the non inverting
terminal of second op amp is grounded, to get sawtooth generator we just need to add a
potentio meter arrangement.
Design of Triangular wave generator
The frequency of triangular waveform is given by either the following expressions
35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:
36
PRECISION WAVE RECTIFIER:
A full wave precision rectifier is also called as absolute value circuit. The First
Operational amplifier (OP AMP) (shown in circuit) act as inverting amplifier while the
second op amp act as Non Inverting amplifier. The circuit mainly works in two modes,
depending upon the polarity of input voltage. One is inverting and the other is in non
inverting mode. When Vin is Positive diode D1 conducts at that time diode D2 doesn't
conduct. The limitation of this circuit is that it doesn't have high input Impedence.
Op amp rectifier is also called as precision rectifier, because it is able to rectify lower
amplitude signals. In ordinary diode rectifiers it need a minimum input voltage, in the order
of cut in voltage of diode.
CIRCUIT:
37
OUTPUT :

5. Draw the schematic of all above mentioned circuit and its same value.
6. Set the input and its voltage .
8. Double click the CRO.
9. Measure the input and output voltage and frequencies.
10. Take Print to record note.
RESULT:
Thus Op-amp application circuits, Hartley and Phase shift Oscillators, Sine wave
Generator are designed and verified the outputs.
38
EX.NO:9 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design a Instrumentation amplifier and observe output waveform configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
Instrumentation amplifier is a kind of differential amplifier with additional input
buffer stages. The addition of input buffer stages makes it easy to match (impedance
matching) the amplifier with the preceding stage. Instrumentation are commonly used in
industrial test and measurement application. The instrumentation amplifier also has some
useful features like low offset voltage, high CMRR (Common mode rejection ratio), high
input resistance, high gain etc
39
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:

5. Draw the schematic of instrumentation amplifier as shown.
6. The desired magnitude are defied for V1=10HZ,5v;V2=10HZ,10v.
8. Measure the input and output waveforms.
40
9. Take printout to record.
RESULT:
The Instrumentation amplifier is designed simulated and the input and output
waveforms are noted.
41
EX.NO :10 AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To design and construct a Amplitude modulation and demodulation circuit and
observe output waveform configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the
carrier wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The envelope
of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following
two requirements are satisfied
1.The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency components fm
of the message signal m (t)
i.e. fc >> fm
2.The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than unity,
the carrier wave becomes over modulated.
42
AM MODULATOR DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:

5. Draw the schematic of amplitude modulator and demodulator as shown.
6. Specify the values of amplitude and frequency for the carrier signal.
43
7. Carrier Signal: XFG1 F= 11 Khz / 15v, Modulating signal XFG2 F= 1khz / 5v.
8. Design the envelop detector circuit for demodulation o/p.
9. Record the output.
RESULT:
The design of amplitude modulator and demodulator was done with simulation software and
also the signals is retrieved from the modulated single with the modulation index.
44
EX.NO:10 FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To design and construct a Frequency modulation and demodulation circuit and observe
output waveform configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
The basic principle behind FM is that the amplitude of an analog baseband signal can be
represented by a slightly different frequency of the carrier.
The resulting FM signal, s(t), now represents the frequency modulated signal. This equation
is shown below.
FM MODULATOR DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
45
PROCEDURE:
7. Carrier Signal:5Mhz / 20v, Signal:500khz / 20v.
RESULT:
Thus Frequency modulator and demodulator circuit is designed and Output waveforms are
observed.
46
EX.NO:11 ASK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To design and verify the characteristics of Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and
Demodulation using MULTISIM software.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) or On Off Keying (OOK) is one of the digital
modulation techniques in which the amplitude of carrier is switched according to the binary
data. This digital modulation scheme is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber, point
to point military communication applications, etc. Binary 1 is represented by a short pulse of
light and binary 0 by the absence of light.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
47
48
PROCEDURE:
7. Carrier Signal: XFG1 F= 100hz / 10v, Modulating signal XFG2 F= 5 khz / 10v.
RESULT:
Thus design of amplitude shift keying modulator and demodulator was completed and its
output is verified.
49
EX.NO:12 FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To design and construct a Frequency Shift Keying modulation and demodulation circuit and
observe output waveform configurations.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
Frequency Shift Keying is the process generating a modulated signal from a
digital data input. If the incoming bit is 1, a signal with frequency f1 is sent for the
duration of the bit. If the bit is 0, a signal with frequency f2 is sent for the duration of this
bit. This is the basic principle behind FSK modulation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
50
OUTPUT:
PROCEDURE:
7. Carrier Signal: XFG2 F= 10 khz / 5v.
51
RESULT:
Thus the design of Frequency shift keying modulator and demodulator was completed and its
output is verified by the frequency deviation and modulation index using simulation software.
52
EX.NO:13 PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To design and verify the characteristics of Phase shift keying Modulation and Demodulation.
REQUIREMENTS:
EXPLANATION:
Phase Shift Keying is a digital modulation Technique. A cosinusoidal carrier of a
fixed amplitude and frequency is taken. The digital data of 1s and 0s is converted to
respectively. In the kit, phase shift keying is obtained using an

OP-AMP circuitry and a switch. If incoming bit is 0, the output is same as the carrier; if it
is zero, the output is 900 phase shifted version of the carrier signal. For demodulation a
coherent detector is used.
53
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
54
OUTPUT:
PROCEDURE:
55
7. Carrier Signal: XFG1 F= 10Khz / 4v, Modulating signal XFG2 F= 1 khz / 4v.
RESULT:
Thus the design of phase shift keying modulator and demodulator was completed and its
output is verified.
56
EX.NO: 14. SINGLE SIDE PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD TOOL
AIM:
To design the single sided PCB for a simple electronic circuit (LED Running light)
with MULTISIM.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:

4. Go to Component tool bar and select the components, draw the circuit.
5. Go to utility board using Transfer => Transfer to utility board => transfer to utility
board 11.0
6. Verify the NETLIST and click OK.
7. Place all circuit elements on the board. The connections between the components are
shown as rubber bands.
8. To adjust the board size, change the layer from "Silkscreen Top" to "Board Outline".
Then click on the board outline to select it and adjust its dimensions.
9. To add text to the board (e.g., your name and the date), go back to the "Silkscreen
Top" layer and click on "Place", then "Graphic", and select "Text" as shown here.
10. Click on "Autoroute" and select "Start/Resume Autorouter".
11. Change all COPPER TOP into COPPER BOTTOM for single layer. To change the
layer of a particular trace you need to know to which net it belongs. Right-click on a
trace, e.g., the one at the - end of the battery, and then click => Select Entire Trace
=.>again right click on the same trace =>properties=>position tab=> change the layer
copper top into copper bottom.
12. Next power plane, to choose power plane go to Place=> select Powerplane. choose
net as 0 and the copper bottom layer=>OK.
13. Save the pcb.
57
Single side PCB.
58
RESULT:
Thus the design of a single sided PCB for simple electronic circuit with MULTISIM software
CAD tool was done.
59
EX.NO:15. MULTILAYER PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD TOOL.
AIM: To design multilayer PCB Layout for a circuit (Tester for remote control).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

PROCEDURE:

4. Go to Component tool bar and select the components, draw the circuit.
5. Go to utility board using Transfer => Transfer to utility board => transfer to utility
board 11.0
6. Verify the NETLIST and click OK.
7. Place all circuit elements on the board. The connections between the components are
shown as rubber bands.
8. To adjust the board size, change the layer from "Silkscreen Top" to "Board Outline".
Then click on the board outline to select it and adjust its dimensions.
9. To add text to the board (e.g., your name and the date), go back to the "Silkscreen
Top" layer and click on "Place", then "Graphic", and select "Text" as shown here.
10. Click on "Auto route" and select "Start/Resume Auto router". At this process end we
can see a multilayer circuit.
11. Next power plane, to choose power plane go to Place=> select Power plane. choose
net as 0 and the copper bottom layer=>OK.
12. Save the pcb.
60
MULTI LAYER PCB
RESULT:
Thus Design of multilayer PCB layout for a circuit (Tester for remote control ) using CAD
Tool was completed.
61
HAPPY SIMULATION WORKS
62

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eLOGIX TECHNOLOGIES

SIMULATION PRACTICAL LAB MANUAL

Rectifier circuits ( Half wave, Full wave, Bridge rectifier with

2. Power Supply design with regulator( LM7805)

Waveform generator using BC147 Transistors ( Astable

Waveform generator using BC147 Transistors ( Monostable

Clipper and Clambers. (Positive edge and Negative edge)

10. FM Modulation and Demodulation

15. Multilayer PCB Layout design using CAD Tool.

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

An astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is a rectangular-

Overall period of oscillations, T = THIGH + TLOW = 0.693 (RA+ 2RB) C ,

% duty cycle, D = tc / T * 100 = (RA + RB) / (RA + 2RB) * 100

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

Where, t is in seconds, R is in 's and C in Farads

MONOSTABLE MUTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT:

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

VL- load voltage

CLAMPING CIRCUIT Positive clamper:

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

1. MULTISIM simulation software

2. PC with minimum configuration

GAIN (AV) = -R2 / R1

If the input voltage is 0.5v the output voltage would be :

Example : if R2 is 1000 kilo-ohm and R1 is 100 kilo-ohm the gain would be :

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT:

An opamp VOLTAGE FOLLOWER has a very useful characteristic as the input

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER CIRCUIT:

DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT:

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

The design of Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, voltage follower, integrator,

SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

Output waveform timing:

SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR:

TRIANGULAR WAVE OSCILLATOR:

Design of Triangular wave generator

The frequency of triangular waveform is given by either the following expressions

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

FM MODULATOR DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

respectively. In the kit, phase shift keying is obtained using an

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

1. MULTISIM simulation software

1. Open MULTISIM Software.

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