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18 C H A P T E R 2 Electric Circuits and Components

a b c tol

Figure 2.9 Axial-lead resistor color bands.

Table 2.2 Resistor color band codes


a, b, and c Bands tol Band
Color Value Color Value
Black 0 Gold 5%
Brown 1 Silver 10%
Red 2 Nothing 20%
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9

digits (ab) are 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 47,
51, 56, 62, 68, 75, 82, and 91. Often, resistance values are in the k range and some-
times the unit is abbreviated as k instead of k. For example, 10 k next to a resistor
on an electrical schematic implies 10 k.
The most common resistors you will use in ordinary electronic circuitry are 1/4
watt, 5% tolerance carbon or metal-film resistors. Resistor values of this type range
in value between 1 and 24 M. Resistors with higher power ratings are also avail-
able. The 1/4 watt rating means the resistor can fail if it is required to dissipate more
power than this.
Precision metal-film resistors have 1% or smaller uncertainties and are available
in a wider range of values than the lower tolerance resistors. They usually have a
numerical four-digit code printed directly on the body of the resistor. The first three
digits denote the value of the resistor, and the last digit indicates the power of 10 by
which to multiply.

EXA MPL E 2 .2 Resistance Color Codes


An axial-lead resistor has the following color bands:
a = green, b = brown, c = red, and tol = gold
From Equation 2.4 and Table 2.2, the range of possible resistance values is
R = 51 10 2 5% = 5100 ( 0.05 5100 )
or
4800 < R < 5300
Questions and Exercises 67

2.3. What colors should bands a, b, c, and d be for the following circuit B to have the
equivalent resistance of circuit A?

brown gold a
black b
red brown c
green
gold red d

circuit A circuit B

2.4. When using a trim pot in a circuit, it is usually placed in series with another fixed
value resistor. Why is it not placed in parallel instead? Support your conclusions with
analysis.
2.5. Document a complete and thorough answer to Class Discussion Item 2.1.

Section 2.3 Kirchhoffs Laws


2.6. Does it matter in which direction you assume the current flows when applying Kirch-
hoffs laws to a circuit? Why?
2.7. You quickly need a 50 resistor but have a store of only 100 resistors. What can
you do?
2.8. Using Ohms law, KVL, and KCL, derive an expression for the equivalent resistance
of three parallel resistors (R1, R2, and R3).
2.9. Derive current division formulas, similar to Equation 2.38, for three resistors in parallel.
2.10. Given two resistors R1 and R2, where R1 is much greater than R2, prove that the paral-
lel combination is approximately equal to R2.
2.11. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of two capacitors attached in series.
2.12. Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of two capacitors attached in
parallel.
2.13. Derive an expression for the equivalent inductance of two inductors attached in series.
2.14. Derive an expression for the equivalent inductance of two inductors attached in parallel.
2.15. Find Iout and Vout in the following circuit:

+
+
1V 5 I out Vout

2.16. Find Vout in the following circuit:


10 k

+ +
5V
40 k Vout
15 V

+

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