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Course: Finite Element Methods II

Content
1. Analysis of beam
2. Analysis of 2D frame
3. Analysis of plate

1. ANALYSIS OF BEAM

a) Displacement Functions

End displacements

v1 v 0
v v L

u 2
1 0

2 L
Deflection function

v x a1 a2 x a3 x 2 a4 x 3 A x ,
T

Where a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 = unknown constants,

1 a1
x a
x 2 ,
A x 2 .

a3
3
x a4
Angular rotation
dv
x a2 2a3 x 3a4 x 2
dx

Determination of a1 , a2 , a3 , a4

Page 1
x 0, v v1 : a1 a2 0 a3 02 a4 03 v1
x L, v v2 : a1 a2 L a3 L2 a4 L3 v2
x 0, 1 : a2 2a3 0 3a4 02 1
x L, 2 : a2 2a3 L 3a4 L2 2
In matrix notation
1 0 0 0 a1 v1
1
L L2 L3 a2 v2

0 1 0 0 a3 1

0 1 2 L 3L2 a4 2
C u
From which

C u
1

C
1
Determination of reverse matrix
T
A11 A12 A13 A14
A24
1 A21 A22 A23
C
1

det C A31 A32 A33 A34



A41 A42 A43 A44
1 0 0 0
2
1 L3
1 1 1 1 3L4 2 L4 L4
L L
det C
11 2 1

0 1 0 0
0 1 2 L 3L2
L L2 L3 1 L2 L3
A11 1 A12 1
11 1 2
1 0 0 L4 , 0 0 0 0,
1 2 L 3L2 0 2 L 3L2
1 L L3 1 L L2
A13 1 A14 1
1 3 1 4
0 1 0 3L2 , 0 1 0 2 L,
0 1 3L2 0 1 2L
0 0 0 1 0 0
A21 1 A22 1
2 1 2 2
1 0 0 0, 0 0 0 0,
2
1 2 L 3L 0 2 L 3L2
1 0 0 1 0 0
A23 1 A24 1
23 2 4
0 1 0 3L , 2
0 1 0 2 L,
2
0 1 3L 0 1 2L

Page 2
0 0 0 1 0 0
A31 1 A32 1
31 3 2
L L2 L3 0, 1 L2 L3 L4 ,
2
1 2 L 3L 0 2 L 3L2
1 0 0 1 0 0
A33 1 A34 1
3 3 3 4
1 L L3 2 L3 , 1 L L2 L2 ,
2
0 1 3L 0 1 2L
0 0 0 1 0 0
A41 1 A42 1
4 1 4 2
L L2 L3 0, 1 L2 L3 0,
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
A43 1 A44 1
4 3 4 4
1 L L L,
3 3
1 L L2 L2 .
0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 0
L4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 L4 0 3 1
C 4 2 3 2
1

L 3L 3L2 2 L3 L3 L2 L2 L L

2 L 2 L L2 L2 2 2
3
1 1
L3 L L2 L2

Thus deflection function is

v x A x C u N x u ,
T 1 T

Where,
3 2
1 0
L2 L3
1 1 3 2 2 3
3 2
0 0 3 3 2 2 3
L x

N x C A x L2 x
1 T
2 L 2 2 3 ,
0 2 1 x L
1 3
L L x L 2 3
2

1 1
0 0
L L2

b) Strain Energy

Differential equation of beam bending


d 2v M
2

dx EI

Page 3
Thus bending moment is equal to

d 2 N x
T
d 2v
u EI B x u ,
T
M EI 2 EI
dx dx 2
Where,
x d 1 d d d 1 d
,
L dx L dx d dx L d
d 2 N x
d d N x 1 d 1 d N 1 d d N
B x dx 2

dx

dx

L d L d
2
L d

d



1 3 2
2 3
6 6 2

6 12

1 d d 3 2 1 d 6 6
2 3 2
1 6 12
L2 d L 2 2 3 L2 d L 1 4 3 2 L2 L 4 6
B x

L 2 3

L 2 3 2
L 2 6

Flexural stress

y E B x u y.
M T

I
Strain (Hookes law)

B x u y.
T

E
Potential energy
L
1 1 1
U dv dAdx U 0 dx, U 0 dA
2 V 2L A 20 A

Page 4
B x u y bdy
h 2 h 2

E B x u y
T
U 0 dA
T T
bdy
A h 2 h 2
h 2
bh3
Eb u B x B x u u B x B x u
T T
y 2 dy E
T T

h 2 12

EI u B x B x u
T T

L
1 1
EI u B x B x dx u u K u
T
U
T T

2 0 2

Where stiffness matrix K


L

K EI B x B x
T
dx.
0

1
L 1
1
1
1 2 3 12
0 1 1 0 1 1
L3 0
2
B B dx L B B d 6 12 d 36 144 144 ,
L2 2 3 0 L2
L 1
1 12
0 B1B2dx L3 0 6 12 6 12 d L3 ,
1 1 1
L 1 24 36 48 72
1 2 2 3 6,
B B dx L 6 12 4 6 d
0
1 3 2
0 L 2
L2
1 1 1
L 1 12 36 24 72
1 2 2 3 6,
0 B1B4dx L2 6 12 2 6 d
0 L2
L2
L 1
1 12
3
B2 B2dx 6 12 d 3 ,
2

0 L 0 L
L L
6 6
B2 B3dx
0 L2
, B B dx L
0
2 4 2
,
L 1
1 4
B B dx L 4 6
2
3 3 d ,
0 0 L
L 1
1 2
B B dx L 4 6 2 6 d L ,
0
3 4
0
L 1
1 4
B4 B4dx 2 6 d .
2

0 L0 L

Page 5
12 12 6 6
L3
L3 L2 L2
12 12 6 L 6L
12 12 6
2
6
2
3 L3 L EI 12 12 6 L 6 L
K EI L L
.
6 6 4 2 L3 6 L 6 L 4 L2 2 L2
2
L2 L L L 6 L 6 L 2 L
2
4 L2
6 6 2 4
2 2
L L L L

Work
L
W W f Wq u F v x q x dx,
T

Where
F1 y
F
F 2 y ,
M 1z

M 2z

Case of linear distributed loads


x x
q x q1 q2 1 q1 q2 1 ,
L L

Calculate Wq


L L
Wq v x q x dx N x u q1 q2 1 dx
T T

0 0
1
L u N q q 1 d
T
1 2
0

Page 6
1 3 2 2 3

3 2
2 3
1 1

L u N q q 1 d u L 3 q1 q2 1 d
T T

0
1 2
0
L 2 2


L 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 2 11 3 2 1 3 2
2 4 5 3 4 2 4 5

1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2 3 2 3 2
4 5 3 4 4 5
u L q1 q2
T

L 1 1 2 1 1 1 L 1 1 2 1 1 1 L 1 1 2 1 1 1
3 4

5 2 3

4 3 4

5

1 1 1 1 1 1
L 1 4 1 5 L 1 3 1 4 L 1 4 1 5

Wq u
T
F ,
q

3 7
20 q1L 20 q2 L

7 qL 3 q L
20 1 2

q 1
F
20
1

q L q2 L
2 2

30 1 20
1 1
q1L2 q2 L2
20 30
Total strain energy
1
U W u K u u F u Fq .
T T T

c) Transformation

Direction cosines

Page 7
Lx L
cx cos , c y cos sin y ,
L 2 L
Lx x2 x1 , Ly y2 y1 , L Lx 2 Ly 2 .

For beam
1, x2 x1
cx c y 0.
1, x2 x1
From figure
v1 v1cx , v2 v2 cx ,
1 1, 2 2 .
v1 cx 0 0 0 v1
v 0 c 0 0 v
2
u x 2 T u.
1 0 0 1 0 1

2 0 0 0 1 2
From above relation

u T u ,
T

Because
cx 0 0 0 cx 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 cx 0 0 0 cx 0 0 0 1 0 0
T T I
T

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Strain energy
1 1 T 1 T
U u K u u T K T u u K1 u ,
T T

2 2 2
W u F u Fq u T F u T Fq u F u T Fq ,
T T T T T T

Where

K1 T K T F T F .
T
,

d) Equilibrium Conditions

Principle of physics
min Equilibrium
Minimize function

Page 8
U W
u min 0 or .
u u u
Derivatives

1 u u

T T
U 1
u K1 u K1 u K1 u K1 u ,
T T

u 2 u 2 u u
u u
T T
W
F T Fq F T Fq ,
u u u
Because

u
T

I , K1 K1 .
T

Solution equations

K1 u F T Fq .

e) Internal Forces

Equations of bending moments and shears


d B x EI d B
M EI B x u ,
dM
u u.
T
V EI
dx dx L d
End internal forces

V1 VL V 0 12 12 6 L 6 L vL
V V
V L EI 12 12 6 L 6 L vR
S 2 R K u.
M1 M L M 0 L3 6 L 6 L 4 L2 2 L2 L

M 2 M R M L 6 L 6 L 2 L 4 L2 R
2

f) Case of Pinned Ends

For Pinned-Fixed Elements


M1
M 1 M 1 M 1 0, M 2 M 2 ,
2
3M 1 3M 1
V1 V1 , V2 V2 .
2L 2L

Page 9
3 3 0 3L
3 3 0 3L
EI
K 3 .
L 0 0 0 0

3L 3L 0 3L2

For fixed-pinned elements


M2
M 1 M 1 , M 2 M 2 M 2 0,
2
3M 2 3M 2
V1 V1 , V2 V2 .
2L 2L
3 3 3L 0
3L 0
EI 3 3
K 3
L 3L 3L 3L2 0

0 0 0 0

For pinned-pinned elements


M 1 M 1 M 1 0, M 2 M 2 M 2 0,
M1 M 2 M M2
V1 V1 , V2 V2 1 .
L L
0 0 0 0

EI 0 0 0 0
K 3
L 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
End internal forces due to linear distributed loads for fixed-fixed element
3 7
20 q1L 20 q2 L

7 qL 3 q L
1 2

Fq 120 20
1

q L q2 L
2 2

30 1 20
1 1
q1L2 q2 L2
20 30
For pinned-fixed element
9 2
40 q1L 5 q2 L

11 q L 1 q L
Fq 40 1 10 2
0
1 7
q1L
2
q2 L2
15 120

Page 10
For fixed-pinned element
9 2
40 q1L 5 q2 L

11 q L 1 q L
Fq 40 1 10 2
7 q1L2 1 q2 L2
120 15
0

For pinned-pinned element
1 1
3 q1L 6 q2 L

1 1
Fq 6 q1L 3 q2 L


0
0

g) Support Reactions

Equilibrium of node

F 0 : R F T F S 0
q

R S T F F .
q

Page 11
Analysis of Beam by FEM
ORIGIN 1

Node coordinates
a 2
0
2a

Joints 3 a X Joints1 NJ rows Joints 5
4a

5a

Element nodes and stiffness


EI0 1
1 2 1 1 4 EI0

5 4 1 1 EI0
Members J1 Members1 J2 Members2
2 EI0
2 3 1 0

3 4 0 1 EI0 ML Members3 MR Members4

EI Members5 NM rows Members 4

Supports
Fixed "Fixed" 1 Fixed
Pinned "Pinned" Supports 4 Roller

Roller "Roller" 2 Roller

JS Supports1
TS Supports2
NS rows Supports 3

Node forces q 10
GY "GY" JointForces 5 GY 2 q a

GM "GM"
JF JointForces1
DF JointForces2
F JointForces3

Page 12
NF rows JointForces 1

Distributed forces
LY "LY" 3 GY q q
DistributedLoads
LM "LM" 4 LY q q

Iw DistributedLoads1
Dw DistributedLoads2
w1 DistributedLoads3
w2 DistributedLoads4
Nw rows DistributedLoads 2

For construction of diagram of internal forces

Number of sections in least span nmin 8

Number of sub divisions n0 4

Solution

Direction cosines of elements


Lxi
i 1 NM Lxi X J2 X J1 Li Lxi cxi
i i Li

Transformation matrix
cxi 0 0 0

Ti
0 cxi 0 0
i 1 NM
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

Stiffness matrixes

i 1 NM
12 12

i EIi 12 i EIi 12
KV1 KV2
Li 3 6 Li Li 3 6 Li
6 Li 6 Li

6 Li 6 Li

EI 6 Li EI 6 Li
i i
KM1 i 2 KM2 i 2
Li 3 4 Li Li 3 2 Li
2 L 2 4 L 2
i i

i 1 NM

Page 13
Ki
T
K0 augment KV1 i KV2 i KM1 i KM2 i
if MLi 0
K0 if MR i 0
T
3 KM2i 3 KM2i KM2i
K0 augment KM2 i otherwise
2 Li 2 Li 2
otherwise
T
3 KM1i 3 KM1i i
KM1
K0 augment KM1 i if MR i 0
2 Li 2 Li 2
T
KM1i KM2i KM1i KM2i
K0 augment KM1 i KM2 i otherwise
Li Li

T
K1i Ti Ki Ti

Distributed loads
q1i w1i
i 1 Nw if Dwi = LY Lwi L Iw
i
q2i w2i
w1i
cx Iw otherwise
w2i i
3 7 7 3
V1wi q1i Lwi q2i Lwi V2wi q1i Lwi q2i Lwi
20 20 20 20
1 1 1 1
M1wi q1i Lwi 2 q2i Lwi 2 M2wi q1i Lwi 2 q2i Lwi 2
30 20 20 30


Fq i if ML Iw 0
i
stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M2wi if MR
Iwi 0
3 M2wi 3 M2wi M2wi
stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M2wi M2wi otherwise
2 Lwi 2 Lwi 2
otherwise
3 M1wi 3 M1wi M1wi
stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M1wi M2wi if MR Iwi 0
2 Lwi 2 Lwi 2

M1wi M2wi M1wi M2wi


stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M1wi M2wi M2wi otherwise
Lw i Lw i

12.5 7.5
7.5 12.5
F1q i T Iw Fq i F1q
i
5 0

0 5

Support reactions

Page 14
RY "RY"

RM "RM" 1 "RY"
1 "RM"
Reactions k0 Reactions
for i 1 NS 4 "RY"

2 "RY"
if TSi = Fixed

JSi
R kk1
RY
JSi
R kk1
RM
JR Reactions1
JSi
R kk1 otherwise
RY DR Reactions2
T
R NR rows Reactions 4

Unknown Numbers
j 1 NJ Rigidj 0
Rigid J1i Rigid J1i MLi
i 1 NM
Rigid J2 Rigid J2 MR i
i i
T
Rigid 1 2 0 2 1

j 1 NJ

Zero j 1 if Rigid 0
j
1
1 otherwise
0

JRi JRi 1 0 0 1 0 1
i 1 NR Zero Zero if DR i = RY Zero
0 0 1 0 1 1
JRi 0
Zero otherwise
1 0 0

0 3

IZ k0 IZ 1 0
for i 1 rows Zero 0 4
2
for j 1 cols Zero 5

Ii j k k 1 if Zeroi j 0
Iv IZ1 I IZ2
0 otherwise
T N2 max Iv I 5
I

Unknowns of elements
Iv J1i

Iv 0 2 0 1
i J2i 0 0 1 0
i 1 NM Ie Ie
I J1
i 0 5 3 0

3 4 0 4
I J2
i

Page 15
Equation Numbers
dv Iv d I N1 max dv d 5

Equations of elemnents
dv J1i

dv 0 2 0 1
i J2i 0 0 1 0
i 1 NM de de
d J1 0 5 3 0
i
3 4 0 4
d J2
i

Equations of nodal forces


i 1 NF dFi Iv JF if DFi = GY dF 2
i
I JF otherwise
i
Equations of distributed loads 0 1
Iwi 1 0
i 1 Nw dw i de dw
3 0

0 4
System of Equations

Zero i j 0

AA A matrix N1 N2 Zero BB B matrix N1 1 Zero


for k 1 NM for i 1 NF
for i 1 rows K1k I dFi


I Ie k i continue if I = 0
BI BI Fi
continue if I = 0
for k 1 Nw
for j 1 cols K1k


for i 1 rows F1q k
J Ie k j



I dw k i
continue if J = 0
AI J AI J K1 k continue if I = 0
i j
A


BI BI F1q k i
B

AA 3.375 50
0.375 0.375 0 0.75
1
256.667 0.375 0.375 0 0.75
ZZ AA BB ZZ 10 K14
0 0 0 0
75
155 0.75 0.75 0 1.5

Displacements

j 1 NJ vj ZZ Iv if Ivj 0 j ZZ I if Ij 0
j j
0 otherwise 0 otherwise

Page 16
v J1i
Internal Forces
v
i J2i T
i 1 NM u1e ue i Ti u1e i
J1
i
S i Ki ue i
J2
i

Iwi Iwi
i 1 Nw S S Fq i

V1i VLi V1i



i 1 NM V2i Si VR i V2i
M1i MLi M1i

M2i MR i M2i
No_Mi i Header_M "No" "J1" "J2" "ML" "MR" "VL" "VR"
Table_M stack Header_M augment No_M J1 J2 ML MR VL VR

Support reactions
Yj 0
j 1 NJ
Mj 0
Y JFi Y JFi Fi
i 1 NF if DFi = GY
M JF M JF 0
i i
Y JFi 0
otherwise
M JF Fi
i

J1wi J1 Iwi

i 1 Nw
J2wi J2 Iw
i
Y J1i Y J1i

Y Y
i 1 NM

S1 i Ti S i J2i J2i S1i
M J1 M J1
i i
M J2 M J2
i i

T
i 1 NR Ri Y JR if DR i = RY R 15 20 90 25
i
M otherwise
JRi

Page 17
Y JRi Y JRi Ri
if DR i = RY
M JR M JR 0
i i
Y JRi 0
otherwise
M JR Ri
i

T 0 0 0 0 0
augment Y M 0 0
0 0 0

i 1 NR No_R i i Header_R "No" "At Joint" "Direction" "Reaction"


Table_R stack Header_R augment No_R JR DR R

Verification
Y 0 4.263 10 14

M 0 3.979 10 13
for i 1 NF
if DFi = GY
Y Y Fi
M M Fi X
JFi
M M Fi otherwise
for i 1 NR
if DR i = RY
Y Y R i
M M R i X JR
i
M M R i otherwise
for i 1 Nw

FY
q1i Lwi q2i Lwi cx
Iw
2 2 i

q1i Lwi Lwi q2i Lwi 2 Lwi


FM
2 3 2 3
Y Y FY
M M FM FY X J1w
i
Y

M

Diagrams of Internal Forces


Li T
i 1 NM ni round nmin 0 n 16 8 8 8
min L

Page 18
X J1i

Xbeam i
Ybeam i 0
i 1 NM 0
X J2
i

i 1 NM wi 0 ti 0
q2i q1i
i 1 Nw w Iw q1i t Iw
i i Lwi
wi x 2 ti x 3
M i x MLi VLi x
2 3
2
ti x
V i x VLi wi x nn n n0 n1 max nn 64
2
Li
i 1 NM j 0 n1 x0j 1 i min j nni
nni
X01 i X J1 Y01 i 0
i
X0n13 i X J2 Y0n13 i 0
i
X02j i X J1 x0j 1 i cxi Y02j i 0
i
XM11 i X J1 YM11 i 0
i
XM1n13 i X J2 YM1n13 i 0
i
XM12j i X0 2j i YM12j i M i x0j 1 i cxi

XV11 i X J1 YV11 i 0
i
XV1n13 i X J2 YV1n13 i 0
i
XV12j i X0 2j i YV12j i V i x0j 1 i cxi

Page 19
XM2 k1
XV2 k1

YM2 YV2
for i 1 NM for i 1 NM
for j 1 ni 1 for j 1 ni 1
Li Li
x0 j x0 j
ni ni

X0 X J1i x0 cxi X0 X J1i x0 cxi



Y0 0 0 Y0 0 0
X1 X0 M i x0 0 X1 X0 V i x0 0
cx cx
Y1 Y0 i Y1 Y0 i

X2 k
X0
X2 k
X0

X1 X1

Y2 k
Y0
Y2 k
Y0

Y1 Y1
kk1 kk1
X2 X2

Y2 Y2

Solution

Internal Forces

No J1 J2 ML MR VL VR
1 1 2 20.00 40.00 15.00 15.00
2 5 4 0.00 80.00 40.00 40.00
3 2 3 40.00 0.00 10.00 30.00
4 3 4 0.00 80.00 30.00 50.00

Support Reactions

No AtJoint Direction Reaction


1 1 RY 15.00
2 1 RM 20.00
3 4 RY 90.00
4 2 RY 25.00

Verification

Page 20
Equilibrium of joints
T 0 0 0 0 0
augment Y M 0 0
0 0 0

Equilibrium of beam

0
0

Diagrams of internal forces:

Diagram of bending moments


100

Ybeam
50
YM1
YM2
0 2 4 6 8 10

50

Xbeam XM1 XM2

Diagram of Shears
20

Ybeam 0 2 4 6 8 10
YV1 20
YV2
40

60

Xbeam XV1 XV2

Page 21
2. ANALYSIS OF 2D FRAME

2D Frame M ,V N






a) Displacement Functions ( )

1 u1
T

u x ,
u2

T
1 3 2 2 3 v1
v
3 2
2 3
2 , x
v x

L 2
2 3
1 L


L 2 3 2
T
6 6 2 v1
v
dv 1 dv 1 6 6
2
2
x
dx L d L L 1 4 3
2
1


L 2 3 2 2

b) Strain Energy ( )

EA EA

1 u L u1 ,
T

U 1 L
2 u2 EA EA u2

L L
p1L p2 L

1 3
6
T T
1
u F1, x u
W ,
u2 F2, x u2 p1L p2 L
6 3

Page 22
F1,x , F2, x


x 1
2, p1 , p2

x 1
2

v1 6 L v1
T
12 12 6 L
v 12 12 6 L 6 L v
1 EI
U 2 3 2
2 1 L 6 L 6 L 4 L 2
2 L 1
2


2 6 L 6 L 2 L 4 L2 2
2

3 7
20 q1L 20 q2 L
v1 F1, y v1 7
T T
3
v F v q1L q2 L
20 20
W 2 2, y 2
1 M 1 1 1 1 2
q1L q2 L
2

2 M 2 2 30 20
1 1
q1L2 q2 L2
20 30



1
U u K u ,
T

u1 n n 0 0 00
u n n 0 0 0 0
2
v 0 0 c c b b
u 1 , K 0 0 c b b
,
v2 c
1 0 0 b b a1 a2

2 0 0 b b a2 a1
EA 4 EI 2 EI a a2 bb
n , a1 , a2 , b 1 , c .
L L L L L

c) Transformation

Page 23
u1 u1 cos v1 sin u2 u2 cos v2 sin

v1 u11 sin v1 cos v2 u2 sin v2 cos
1 1, 2 2 .

In matrix notation
u1 cx 0 c y 0 0 0 u1
u 0 cx 0 c y 0 0 u2
2
v c 0 cx 0 0 0 v1
u 1 y T u
v2 0 cy 0 cx 0 0 v2
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

T T I
T

u T u
T



1
1
1
T u K T u uT T K T u uT K1 u ,
T
U
T T T

2 2 2
W u F u Fq u T F u T Fq u F u Fq ,
T T T T T T

K1 T K T ,
T

F T F are nodal forces in global directions,


Fq T Fq are distributed loads in global directions.

d) Equilibrium Conditions


U W u


U W
0
u u u
U 1 T
u K1 u K1 u ,
u u 2
W


u u

u F u Fq F Fq
T T

Page 24


K1 u F Fq

e) Internal Forces








N1
N
2
V
S1 1 K1u.
V2
M1

M 2
T



T

NL
N
R

V
T S1 S VL
T

R
M L

M R

f) Case of Pinned Ends


(Stiffness matrix)

Page 25
g) Support Reactions




F R S1 0 R S1 F



Constraints
Release

h) Verification

Page 26
Analysis of 2D Frame by FEM
ORIGIN 1

Node coordinates

0 0

0 6

Joints 8 9 X Joints1 Y Joints2
16 6 NJ rows Joints 5
16
0

Element nodes and stiffness


EI0 1 EA0 10 3
1 2 1 1 EI0 EA0

5 4 1 1 EI0 EA0
Members J1 Members1 J2 Members2
EI0 EA0
2 3 1 0

3 4 0 1 EI0 EA0 ML Members3 MR Members4

EI Members5 EA Members6

NM rows Members 4

Supports
Fixed "Fixed"
"Pinned" 5 Roller_Y
Pinned Supports

Roller_X 1 Fixed
"Roller X"
Roller_Y "Roller Y"

JS Supports1
TS Supports2
NS rows Supports 2

Page 27
Node forces
2 GX 6
GX "GX" GY 20
GY "GY" JointForces
2
3 GY 40
GM "GM" 4
GY 20
1
JF JointForces

DF JointForces 2

F JointForces 3
NF rows JointForces 4

Distributed forces

LX "Local X" 3 PY 8 8

"Local Y" PY 8 8
LY DistributedLoads
4

PX 1 GX
"Projected X" 4 4
PY "Projected Y" 2 2
LY 2

Iw DistributedLoads 1

Dw DistributedLoads 2

w1 DistributedLoads 3

w2 DistributedLoads 4
Nw rows DistributedLoads 4

For construction of diagram of internal forces


Number of sections in least span nmin 8
Number of sub divisions n0 4
1 1
Diagram scales M_scale F_scale
200 25

Solution

Direction cosines of elements


i 1 NM Lxi X J2 X J1
i i Lyi Y J2 Y J1
i i Li Lxi 2 Lyi 2
Lxi Lyi
cxi cyi
Li Li

Transformation matrix
cxi 0 cyi 0 0 0

0 cxi 0 cyi 0 0
cyi 0 cxi 0 0 0
i 1 NM Ti
0 cyi 0 cxi 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

Stiffness matrixes

i 1 NM

Page 28
EAi EAi
L L
i i
EAi EAi
Li Li
KN1 i KN2 i
0 0
0 0
0 0

0 0

0 0
0 0

12 EIi 12 EIi
Li 3 Li 3

12 EIi 12 EIi

KV1 i KV2 i
Li 3 Li 3

6 EIi 6 EIi
L 2 L 2
i i
6 EIi 6 EIi
2 2
Li Li
0 0
0 0
6 EIi 6 EIi
2 2
Li Li
6 EIi 6 EIi
KM1 i KM2 i
2 2
Li Li
4 EIi 2 EIi
L L
i i
2 EIi 4 EIi
Li Li

i 1 NM

Page 29
Ki
T
K0 augment KV1 i KV2 i KM1 i KM2 i
if MLi 0
K0 K0 if MR i 0
T
3 KM2i 3 KM2i KM2i
K0 K0 augment KM2 i otherwise
2 Li 2 Li 2
otherwise
T
3 KM1i 3 KM1i i
KM1
K0 K0 augment KM1 i if MR i 0
2 Li 2 Li 2
T
KM1i KM2i KM1i KM2i
K0 K0 augment KM1 i KM2 i otherwise
Li Li

T
T
augment KN1 i KN2 i K0

T
K1i Ti Ki Ti

Distributed loads

i 1 Nw Lwi L Iw cxwi cx Iw cywi cy Iw


i i i
p1i

p2i w1i 0
stack if Dwi = LX
q1i w2i 0

q2i 0 w1i
stack if Dwi = LY
0 w2i
w1i w1i
stack cxwi cywi if Dwi = GX
w2i w2i
w1i w1i
stack cywi cxwi if Dwi = GY
w2i w2i
w1i w1i
stack cywi cxwi cywi cywi if Dwi = PX
w2i w2i
w1i w1i
stack cxwi cywi cxwi cxwi if Dwi = PY
w2i w2i
1 1 1 1
N1wi p1i Lwi p2i Lwi N2wi p1i Lwi p2i Lwi
3 6 6 3
3 7 7 3
V1wi q1i Lwi q2i Lwi V2wi q1i Lwi q2i Lwi
20 20 20 20
1 1 1 1
M1wi q1i Lwi 2 q2i Lwi 2 M2wi q1i Lwi 2 q2i Lwi 2
30 20 20 30

Page 30

Fq0 i if ML Iw 0
i
stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M2wi if MR Iw 0
i
3 M2wi 3 M2wi M2wi
stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M2wi M2wi otherwise
2 Lwi 2 Lwi 2
otherwise
3 M1wi 3 M1wi M1wi
stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M1wi M2wi if MR Iwi 0
2 Lwi 2 Lwi 2

M1wi M2wi M1wi M2wi


stack V1wi V2wi M1wi M1wi M2wi M2wi otherwise
Lw i Lw i

N1wi i
Fq i stack Fq0 F1q i T Iw Fq i
N2wi i

Support reactions

RX "RX"
RY "RY"

RM "RM" 5 "RY"
1 "RX"
Reactions k0 Reactions
for i 1 NS 1 "RY"

1 "RM"
if TSi = Fixed

JSi
R kk1
RX
JSi
R kk1
RY
JR Reactions 1

JSi
R kk1
RM DR Reactions 2
if TSi = Pinned
NR rows Reactions 4
JSi
R kk1
RX
JSi
R kk1
RY
JSi
R kk1 if TSi = Roller_X
RX
JSi
R kk1 if TSi = Roller_Y
RY
T
R

Unknown Numbers

Page 31
j 1 NJ Rigidj 0
Rigid J1i Rigid J1i MLi

Rigid J2 MR i
i 1 NM
Rigid J2
i i
T
Rigid 1 2 0 2 1

T
j 1 NJ Zero j 1 1 1 if Rigidj 0
T
1 1 0 otherwise

JRi JRi 0 1 1 1 1
Zero 0 1 1 1 0
T
i 1 NR Zero Zero 1 0 0 if DR i = RX

JRi T 0 1 0 1 1
Zero 0 1 0 if DR i = RY
JRi T 0 0 0
Zero 0 0 1 otherwise
1 5 8

IZ k0 IZ 2 6 0
for i 1 rows Zero 3 7 9
4
for j 1 cols Zero 0 10

Ii j k k 1 if Zeroi j 0
Iu IZ1 Iv IZ2 I IZ3
0 otherwise
T
I N2 max Iu Iv I 10

Unknowns of elements
Iu J1i
Iu 0 4 1 2
J2i 1 3 2 3

Iv
J1i
Ie
i 0 0 5 6
i 1 NM Ie
Iv J2 5 7 6 7
i 0 10 8 0
I J1
i
8 9 0 9
I J2i

Equation Numbers
du Iu
dv Iv N1 max du dv d 10

d I
Equations of elements

Page 32
du J1i
du 0 4 1 2
J2i 1 3 2 3

dv
J1i
de
i 0 0 5 6
i 1 NM de
dv J2 5 7 6 7
i 0 10 8 0
d J1
i
8 9 0 9
d J2i

Equations of nodal forces 1
5
i 1 NF dFi du if DFi = GX dF
JFi
6
dv JF if DFi = GY
i 7
d JF otherwise
i
1 2 0 4
Equations of distributed loads 2 3 1 3


Iwi
dw
5 6 0 0
i 1 Nw dw i de
6 7 5 7
8 0 0 10

System of Equations 0 9 8 9

Zero i j 0

AA A matrix N1 N2 Zero BB B matrix N1 1 Zero


for k 1 NM for i 1 NF
for i 1 rows K1k I dFi


I Ie k i continue if I = 0
BI BI Fi
continue if I = 0
for k 1 Nw
for j 1 cols K1k

for i 1 rows F1q k


J Ie k j

I dw k i
continue if J = 0
AI J AI J K1 k continue if I = 0
i j
A

BI BI F1q k i
B

AA 48.304

ZZ AA 1 BB

Displacements
j 1 NJ
uj ZZ if Iuj 0 vj ZZ if Ivj 0 j ZZ if Ij 0
Iuj Ivj I j
0 otherwise 0 otherwise 0 otherwise

Page 33
Internal Forces u J1i
u
J2i
v
i J1i T
i 1 NM u1e ue i Ti u1e i
v J2
i
S i Ki ue i
J1
i

J2i

Iwi Iwi
i 1 Nw S S Fq i

NLi

N1i NR N1i

i
N2i N2i
VL
V1i V1i
i 1 NM
i i
S
VR
V2 i
V2i
i
M1i M1i
ML
i
M2i M2i
MR
i
No_Mi i Header_M "No" "J1" "J2" "ML" "MR" "VL" "VR" "NL" "NR"


Table_M stack Header_M augment No_M J1 J2 ML MR VL VR NL NR
Support reactions

Xj 0
j 1 NJ 0
Yj
Mj 0

X JFi X JFi
Fi
Y JF Y JF 0 if DFi = GX
i i
i 1 NF

M JF M JF 0
i i

X JFi
0
Y JF Fi if DFi = GY
i
M JF 0
i

X JFi
0
Y JF 0 otherwise
i
M JF Fi
i

Page 34
X J1i X J1i
X X
J2i J2i
Y Y
i 1 NM

S1 i Ti S i J1i J1i S1i
Y J2 Y J2
i i
M J1 M J1
i i

M J2i M J2i

i 1 NR Ri X if DR i = RX
JRi
Y JR if DR i = RY
i
M JR otherwise
i

X JRi X JRi
Ri
Y JR Y JR 0 if DR i = RX
i i
M JR M JR 0
i i

X JRi
0
Y JR Ri if DR i = RY
i
M JR 0
i

X JRi
0
Y JR 0 otherwise
i
M JR Ri
i

0 0 0 0 0
augment X Y M 0 0
T
0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
i 1 NR No_R i i Header_R "No" "At Joint" "Direction" "Reaction"
Table_R stack Header_R augment No_R JR DR R

Verification

Page 35
X 0 7.684 10 10

Y 0 1.421 10 12

M 0
3.627 10 9
for i 1 NF
if DFi = GX
X X Fi
M M Fi Y JF
i
if DFi = GY
Y Y Fi
M M Fi X
JFi
M M Fi otherwise
for i 1 NR
if DR i = RX
X X R i
M M R i Y JR
i
if DR i = RY
Y Y R i
M M R i X JR
i
M M R i otherwise
for i 1 Nw
p1i Lwi p2i Lwi
FX0
2 2
q1i Lwi q2i Lwi
FY0
2 2
FX FX0 cx Iw FY0 cy Iw
i i
FY FX0 cy Iw FY0 cx Iw
i i
q1i Lwi Lwi q2i Lwi 2 Lwi
FM
2 3 2 3
X X FX
Y Y FY
M M FM FY X J1 FX Y J1
Iw Iw
i i

X
Y

M

Diagrams of Internal Forces

Page 36
Li T
i 1 NM ni round nmin 0 n 8 8 11 11
min L
J1i
X Y
i 1 NM

Xelement i Yelementi J1i
X J2 Y J2
i i

i 1 NM wi 0 ti 0
pi 0 ki 0
q2i q1i
i 1 Nw w Iw q1i t Iw
i i Lwi
p2i p1i
p Iw p1i k Iw
i i Lwi

wi x 2 ti x 3
M i x ML VL x
i i 2 3
2
ti x
V i x VL wi x
i 2
ki x 2
N i x NL pi x
i 2

nn n n0 n1 max nn 44
Li
i 1 NM j 0 n1 x0j 1 i min j nni
nni
X01 i X J1 Y01 i Y J1
i i
X0n13 i X J2 Y0n13 i Y J2
i i
X02j i X J1 x0j 1 i cxi Y02j i Y J1 x0j 1 i cyi
i i
XM11 i X J1 YM11 i Y J1
i i
XM1n13 i X J2 YM1n13 i Y J2
i i
XM12j i X0 2j i M i x0j 1 i M_scale cyi

YM12j i Y0 2j i M i x0j 1 i M_scale cxi

XV11 i X J1 YV11 i Y J1
i i
XV1n13 i X J2 YV1n13 i Y J2
i i
XV12j i X0 2j i V i x0j 1 i F_scale cyi

YV12j i Y0 2j i V i x0j 1 i F_scale cxi

XN11 i X J1 YN11 i Y J1
i i
XN1n13 i X J2 YN1n13 i Y J2
i i

Page 37
XN12j i X0 2j i N i x0j 1 i F_scale cyi

YN12j i Y0 2j i N i x0j 1 i F_scale cxi

XM2
k1
YM2
for i 1 NM
for j 1 ni 1
Li
x0 j
ni

X
X0 J1i x0 cxi

Y0 Y J1 cyi
i
X1 X0 M_scale M i x0 cyi

Y1 Y0 cxi
X0
X2 k
X1
Y0
Y2 k
Y1
kk1
X2

Y2

XV2
k1
YV2
for i 1 NM
for j 1 ni 1
Li
x0 j
ni

X
X0 J1i x0 cxi

Y0 Y J1 cyi
i
X1 X0 F_scale V i x0 cyi

Y1 Y0 cxi
X0
X2 k
X1
Y0
Y2 k
Y1
kk1
X2

Y2

Page 38
XN2 k1

YN2
for i 1 NM
for j 1 ni 1
Li
x0 j
ni

X
X0 J1i x0 cxi

Y0 Y J1 cyi
i
X1 X0 F_scale N i x0 cyi

Y1 Y0 cxi
X0
X2 k
X1
Y0
Y2 k
Y1
kk1
X2

Y2

Solution

Internal Forces

No J1 J2 ML MR VL VR NL NR
1 1 2 1120.00 940.00 42.00 18.00 165.00 165.00
2 5 4 0.00 36.00 0.00 12.00 43.00 43.00
3 2 3 940.00 0.00 139.98 80.06 39.68 17.21
4 3 4 0.00 36.00 34.18 25.75 25.63 3.16

Support Reactions

No AtJoint Direction Reaction


1 5 RY 43.00
2 1 RX 42.00
3 1 RY 165.00
4 1 RM 1120.00

Verification

Page 39
Equilibrium of joints

augment Y M
T 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0

Equilibrium of beam
0
0

0

Diagrams of internal forces:

Diagram of bending moments

Diagram of Shears

Page 40
Diagram of Normal Forces

Page 41
Finite Element Methods II

1.
?
?
2. Stiffness method Finite element method (FEM) in
displacements?
3. FEM ?

FEM ?
4. FEM
5. FEM

?
6. Bar structures Finite elements?
Plates Shells
Finite elements
?
7. FEM Bar tension/compression
8. FEM Plane truss
9. FEM Space truss
10. FEM Bending beam
11. FEM Plane frame

Page 42

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