PHN V

HN H QUANG DI LP THUC
Hn h quang chm (SAW) l mt
phng php hn h quang s dng mt
h quang hoc nhiu h quang gia mt
in cc kim loi trn hoc nhiu in
cc v b hn. H quang v kim loi
nng chy c bo v bng mt lp
chn thuc dng ht ph ln bn trn vt
hn. Phng php hn khng cn dng
n p lc v kim loi in y thu c
t in cc, v mt vi ngun cung cp
(dy hn, thuc hoc kim loi dng ht).
Phng php hn h quang chm c
trnh by trong hnh 1.

Hnh 1. Phng php hn h quang chm

1. NGUYN TC HOT NG

Nguyn tc hot ng ca phng php hn h quang chm c trnh

by trong hnh 2. S dng nhit ca h quang gia in cc c cp
lin tc v vt hn. Nhit ca h quang lm nng chy b mt ca kim
loi c bn v u mt ca in cc, kim loi nng chy ngt ra khi
in cc xuyn sut qua h quang ti vt hn. Sau tr thnh kim loi
mi hn kt lng. S bo v thu c t lp chn thuc dng ht c
ph ngay lp tc bn trn khu vc mi hn. Thuc c ph st h
quang nng chy v trn ln vi kim loi mi hn nng chy gip lm
tinh khit v cng c n. Lp x c hnh thnh v ni ln trn b mt
to thnh mt lp ph bo v. Mi hn h quang chm nm bn di
lp thuc v x. T lc ny n c tn l Hn H Quang Chm.
Dy hn Bp hn

Thuc hn B hn X hn

H quang

Kim loi c bn Kim loi mi hn

Hnh 2. M t phng php hn h quang chm

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 38

 Hnh nh hn h quang chm c trnh by trong hnh 3. Thuc hn v
x bnh thng bo v h quang cng do m khng nhn thy c h
quang, phn thuc hn khng b nng chy c th c s dng li. in
cc c cp vo trong h quang lin tc t cun. H quang c duy tr
t ng v di chuyn c th bng tay hoc bng my. H quang bt u
bng mt dng khi ng nng chy (kim loi).

Kiu chuyn dch kim loi khng quang trng trong hn h quang chm.

Hnh 3. Hnh nh phng php hn h quang chm

2. CC U IM V TNH NNG S DNG

Phng php hn h quang chm, c gii thiu trong u nhng nm

1930. Mt trong nhng phng php t ng v c a vo s dng
sm nht ch to cc ng ni theo chiu dc ca cc ng rng. N
rt pht trin trong vic cung cp cht lng cao kim loi mi hn kt
lng bng h quang c bo v v kim loi nng chy trnh c cc
tc nhn xu t khng kh.

Cc u im ch yu ca phng php:
Cht lng kim loi mi hn cao
T l v tc p v cng cao
Mn, mi hn kt thc u, khng bn to.
t hoc khng c khi.
Khng lo h quang, do t gy hi
Dy hn c tn dng cao.
D dng t ng ho cho cc ng dng
Khng yu cu cao i vi th vn hnh

Phng php hn h quang chm c s dng rng ri trong cng vic

ch to thp dy, bao gm hn trong xy dng, cc ng c ng knh

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 39

 rng, ch to cc thnh phn c kh cho tt c cc dng cng nghip
nng, ch to bnh, bn p lc v kho cha.
N c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ng tu nh ghp ni v
lp ghp ch to, v nhiu nghnh cng nghip khc s dng n thp t
trung bnh n chiu dy ln. N cng c s dng hn ph lp mt
v cng vic xy dng, bo dng v sa cha.

3. H THNG HN V DNG IN

H thng hn c s dng cho hn h quang chm mt in cc c

trnh by trong hnh 8. Phng php hn h quang chm s dng hoc
dng in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu cho ngun hn. Dng in mt
chiu c s dng tt nht cho ng dng hn mt h quang.

1. Ngun hn 2. B iu khin 3. Dy hn
4. Cun dy hn 5. M t cp dy 6. Phu ng thuc hn
7. Vt liu hn c bn 8. Dy ni kp mt 9. Dy cp hn
10. Dy cp iu khin

Hnh 8. Biu khi phng php hn SAW

C hai dng in mt chiu phn cc m (DCEN) v mt chiu phn cc

dng (DCEP) c s dng.

Loi in p n nh (Constant Voltage - CV) ca ngun hn DC c

a chung cho hn h quang chm cng vi ng knh dy hn 3.2mm
v nh hn.

Loi dng in n nh (Constant Current - CC) ca h thng ngun hn

c s dng cho hn i vi dy hn c ng knh 4mm v ln hn.

i vi hn Xoay chiu (AC) ngun hn c c tnh dng in khng

i lun lun c s dng.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 40

 Khi hn vi nhiu dy hn th dng h thng cp nhiu dy hn v c th
s dng cng vi c hai h quang AC v DC vi mt hoc nhiu ngun
hn v c c tnh dng in khng i (CC).

Tuy nhin, h thng hn in p khng i (CV), ch c th c p

dng vi ti a hai dy hn cng chung mt ngun hn.

Dng hn cho hn h quang chm c th thay i t mc thp nh 50A

ti mc cao nh 2000 A. Xong thc t dng in hn h quang chm tt
nht c t 200 ti 1200A.

4. THIT B C YU CU

Thnh phn thit b c yu cu cho hn h quang chm (hnh 8) gm

c:
My hn (ngun hn).
B phn cung cp dy v h thng iu khin
Km hn cho hn t ng, hoc sng hn b phn lp rp
cp hn cho hn bn t ng
Hp ng thuc hn v c cu cung cp v thng thng c
h thng ht thuc ti s dng.
C cu di chuyn cho hn t ng.

Ngun hn h quang chm c h s ti (duty cycle) l 100%, bi v qu

trnh hn s phi thc hin mi hn lin tc v n nh, thng qu
khong thi gian 10 pht. Nu dng b ngun hn ch c h s ti 60%
th chng ch c th hn khong cng m my c h s ti 100%
m thi.

Khi hn vi thit b c c tnh ngoi CC th c th hn vi u hn dng

dng AC hoc DC iu chnh tc theo tn hiu hi tip ca h quang.
Trong khi nu b ngun c c tnh CV th ch cn dng b cp dy vn
hnh bng mt c tc c nh. Thit b c c tnh CV ch c s
dng vi dng DC.

C hai loi thit b, kiu my pht v bin p-nn in u c ng

dng cho phng php hn h quang chm, xong loi bin p-nn in
ph bin hn. My hn h quang chm c phm vi iu chnh cng
dng in t 300A n 1500A. Cc my ny li c th ni song song vi
nhau khi cn cp dng hn cao hn.

Khi hn h quang chm bn t ng th dng my hn DC cn khi hn t

ng b ngun AC thch hp hn. Thit b hn h quang chm nhiu dy
cn cc mch iu khin c bit v dng ngun hn AC.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 41

 Khi hn bn t ng, dy hn c cp qua ng mm n tay hn, trn
tay hn c phu nh ng thuc hn. Lng thuc hn cp nhiu hay t
tu thuc vo khe h gia ming phu v chi tit hn.

Khi hn t ng, u hn c gn b cp dy hn v phu ng thuc

hn. Phu s thuc hn khi van l c m bi b iu khin.
Ngoi ra cn c trang b phc v cho s chuyn ng ca u hn dc
theo mi hn v thit b thu hi thuc hn.

Thit b hn h quang chm thng c trang b thm cc trang thit b

khc nh thit b d rnh hn (u d quang hc), b lc ngang, b iu
khin t xa.

5. DY HN V THUC HN

Hai vt liu c s dng trong hn h quang chm l thuc hn v dy

hn.

Hip hi hn M c hai s ch nh, trong h thng phn loi bao

gm c hai: Thuc v dy hn

Phn loi i vi cc dy hn thp carbon v cc thuc hn cho hn h

quang chm theo AWS A5.17 (Hip hi hn M).

Phn loi i vi cc dy hn thp hp kim thp v cc thuc hn cho

hn h quang chm theo AWS A5.23 (Hip hi hn M).

Thuc hn c ghi r bng ch ci F theo sau l hai hoc ba ch s ch

cho bit sc bn ko nh nht trong mc tng dn ca 10,000 psi. Tip
theo sau l ch ci ch cho bit iu kin ca s l nhit cho kim tra
mi hn.
A c gi tr cho Hn v P c gi tr cho S l nhit mi hn.

Tip theo sau l mt hoc hai ch s trong ch cho bit nhit nh

nht trong thang nhit Fa-ren-ht (0F ) ca kim tra va p thu c 20
ft-Ib ca nng lng hp th (hoc nhit nh nht trong nhit bch
phn ca kim tra va p thu c 27 joules ca nng lng hp th).

C 8 s phn loi cho cng va p. S phn loi cho thuc hn c

tng kt trong hnh 9.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 42

 F X X X

CC C TNH X L NHIT VA P
C KH NH NHT

THUC HN 6- 60-80.000 cng ko A- Hn bnh thng 27 J

48.000 cng un, min. P- X l nhit sau khi hn
22% gin di trong 2 Z- Khng yu cu
7- 70-95.000 cng ko 0- 00 F = - 180 C
0
58.000 cng un, min. 2- F = - 180 C
22% gin di trong 2 4- 0 F = - 180 C
0

8- 80-100.000 cng ko 5- 00 F = - 180 C

68.000 cng un, min. 6- 00 F = - 180 C
20% gin di trong 2 8- 00 F = - 180 C
9- 90-110.000 cng ko 10 00 F = - 180 C
78.000 cng un, min. -
17% gin di trong 2
10 - 100-120.000 cng ko
88.000 cng un, min.
16% gin di trong 2

Hnh 9. H thng phn loi thuc hn h quang chm

Bin cc hn c ghi r bng ch ci E tip theo sau bng ba ch s.

Lu , tuy nhin, Ch ci E c th c tip theo sau bng ch ci C
nu in cc ca cu trc hn hp. B i ch ci C ch cho bit l loi
in cc c.

Ch s tip theo c ch nh lng Mangan.

Tip theo sau l mt hoc hai ch s c s dng ch cho bit lng

carbon danh ngha nhn vi 0,01% carbon. Tip theo sau cc ch s
bng mt ch ci K c ch cho bit in cc thp c loi b
silicol. Nu thp ca mt dng khc ch ci K khng xut hin. Tip
theo sau hai ch s ch cho bit cc hp kim xut hin. iu ny thnh
thong i theo sau bng hai ch s trong bao gm thp hp kim. Hnh
10. Trnh by h thng phn loi dy hn thp carbon. Tuy nhin, iu
ny khng bao gm thp hp kim.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 43

 F C X XX X X

LNG LNG TC DNG

MANGAN CARBON KH OXY
x 0.01

IN CC L- Thp (0.60 Mn max.) K bao gm Thm vo

(Dy hn M- Trung bnh (1.25 Mn max) kh silicon trong bao
H- Cao (2.25 Mn max) gm thp hp
kim (trong
thp hp kim)
Bao gm dy hn
hn hp-b i C
bao gm dy hn
c

Hnh 9. H thng phn loi dy hn h quang chm

i vi cc thng tin y cho thp hp kim tham kho ti (AWS

A5.23 Armerican Welding Soceity).

V d h thng phn loi ca thuc hn - dy hn nh sau:

= F7A6-EM12K: Ch cho bit thuc hn-dy hn kt hp s

cung cp kim loi mi hn iu c trong iu kin hn s
c cng ko khng nh hn 70.000 psi v sc bn va p
nh nht 27J -160F khi ng c cng vi dy hn EM12K
di cc iu kin tiu chun c yu cu trong phn loi
ca AWS.

Thuc hn bo v h quang v kim loi hn nng chy trnh c cc

tc nhn xu t oxy trong khng kh v nit. Thuc hn bao gm cht
kh oxy v lc sch cht bn c trong vng hn, do gip di i cc
cht bn t kim loi mi hn. Thuc hn cng l phng tin cung cp
a hp kim vo trong kim loi mi hn. Hp kim v cht kh oxy c
th cng c a vo t in cc hn (dy hn).

Thuc hn nng chy khi ngui, n to thnh lp x dng thu tinh bao
ph b mt kim loi mi hn, v tip tc bo v lm cho n ngui chm
li. Phn khng b nng chy ca thuc hn do khng lm bin i
tnh cht v khng b nhim bn, cng phn thuc hn khng b nng
chy ny c th c thu hi s dng li. Thuc hn nng chy to x
bo v phi c ri b khi mi hn. iu ny d dng t c khi
mi hn ngui li, v trong nhiu trng hp s bong ra do bin dng
nhit lm cho vic ly x i khng mt nhiu cng sc. Trong mi hn
rnh x ho cng c th phi dng n ba c di x i.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 44

 6. LA CHN THUC HN V DY HN KT HP

Trong hn h quang chm cn thit phi la chn dy hn v thuc hn

kt hp tng xng vi thnh phn v tnh cht ca vt liu c bn.
Thuc hn ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau khng c thay th cho
nhau khi khng c chng ch ch to. Thuc hn c th l trung tnh
hoc hot tnh.

Thuc hn trung tnh s khng a ra bt c tnh cht thay i trong

thnh phn ho hc kim loi mi hn. Chng thng c s dng cho
hn nhiu lp.

Thuc hn hot tnh bao gm mt s lng nh mangan v/hoc Silic

c s dng lm gim bt trng thi r v nt mi hn. Chng thng
c s dng cho ng dng hn nhiu lp. C ba dng thuc hn hp
kim, trong khi s dng cng vi in cc thp carbon thng cho sn
phm kt lng l mi hn hp kim. iu ny c tng xng vi cc
kim loi c bn hoc cng vi thm vo hp kim c s dng cho hn
ph cng.

Mc thay i trong in p h quang lm thay i mc tiu th

thuc hn. in p h quang cao (chiu di h quang di) lm tng thm
s lng thuc b nng chy hoc b lng ph. iu ny c th l nguyn
nhn nhiu hp kim c kt lng; V th iu h trng theo sau ca nh
sn xut yu cu in p khi s dng thuc k lng.

Tng hp, thuc c la chn cn c trn tnh cht c hc c yu

cu ca mi hn kt lng. Dy hn s c la chn chung vi thuc hn
tho b cc tnh cht c kh ny. Nh sn xut thng c bn k khai
thuc hn cng vi vi s phi hp vi in cc cho hn thp khc nhau.
S gii thiu ca nh sn xut s km theo sau cng vi chi tit c th
cho dng hn mt hoc nhiu lp hn ca ng dng c lin quan ti tnh
cht kim loi c bn. Nu mi hn c yu cu kh, vic th nghim s l
th tc nh gi iu cho kt qu tnh cht mi hn mong mun.

7. TC P V CHT LNG CA MI HN.

Tc lng ca phng php hn h quang chm cao hn bt c phng

php hn h quang no khc.

C 4 nhn t kim sot tc lng ca hn h quang chm:

o Phn cc hn
o nh in cc
o Cht ph gia trong thuc hn
o V thm vo in cc (nhiu dy hn)

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 45

 Tc lng cao nht i vi dng in DC phn cc m (DCEN).
Tc lng i vi dng in xoay chiu nm gia DCEN v DCEP.
Phn cc cho nhit ln nht l cc m.

Tc p ng vi dng hn bt k s tng khi tng nh in cc

tng (Stickout). nh l khong cch ny t u bp hn ti u dy
hn o c khi h quang kt thc. Thng thng khong cch gia bp
hn v vt hn t 25 ti 38mm (1 ti 1 in). Nu khong cch c tng
ln, n s l nguyn nhn nung nng s b dy in cc do s lm
tng thm tc lng.

Cng nh khong cch ny c tng ln, qu trnh thm nhp vo trong

vt liu c bn b gim i. H s ny phi c da vo l do ng n
bi v trong mt vi trng hp mi hn i hi ngu su.

Tc lng c th c tng thm bng cch cho thm cht ph gia kim
loi vo trong thuc hn h quang chm. Tng thm in cc c th c
s dng lm tng thm bao gm tc lng.

Khi hn t ng th cc khuyt tt thng xy ra giai on khi ng

v kt thc mi hn. loi b tnh trng ny ta nn hn thm cc tm
m u v cui ng hn (c chun b nh mi hn). Cc tm ny
s c ct b sau khi hon tt mi hn.

8. CC THNG S HN

Cc thng s hn dng cho phng php hn SAW ging nh cc

phng php hn khc, cng vi mt vi trng hp ngoi l.

Trong hn h quang chm, loi dy hn v thuc hn thng c chn

theo yu cu c tnh ca mi hn. Kch thc dy hn c chn theo
kch thc mi hn v dng in ng cho tng loi mi hn. iu ny
cng phi c xt n trong vic xc nh s lng cc lp hn hoc
cc con hn cho tng mi ghp hn. Cc mi hn c cng kch thc
ging nhau c th c ch to cng vi nhiu hoc mt vi con hn;
Tu thuc vo yu cu luyn kim ca mi hn. Hn nhiu lp to chi ph
nhiu nhng cho kim loi mi hn lng c cht lng cao. Cc tnh dng
in cng l thng s khng th b qua nht l khi hn cc mi ghp c
yu cu v ngu hoc yu cu v tc p.

Thng s chnh c nh hng ln nht n mi hn bao gm nhit cung

cp v bao gm dng in hn, in p h quang, v tc di chuyn.
Dng in hn l quan trng nht. i vi mi hn mt lp dng in
phi ph hp cho ngu yu cu m khng lm chy thng. Dng in
hn cao, to cho ngu su. Trong hn nhiu lp dng in phi ph
hp vi quy trnh kch thc ca mi hn cho tng lp hn.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 46

 in p h quang ch c thay i trong phm vi gii hn nh. N c
nh hng ln ti b rng v hnh dng ca mi hn. in p cao s cho
mi hn rng v phng. in p cao qu c th gy nt mi hn. V iu
ny lm cho lng thuc hn nng chy khng bnh thng v lng d
tha cht kh oxy trong mi hn, lm gim do ca mi hn. in p
h quang cng cao th cng lm tng thm s lng thuc hn nng
chy. Cc quy trnh in p h quang thp ci thin c ngu mi
hn c bit l khi hn cc rnh su. Nu in p hn qu thp, ng
hn hp v kt qu l b ngm x chn mi hn s to kh khn trong
vic ty x.

Tc di chuyn c nh hng trn c hai yu t b rng v ngu ca

mi hn. Tc di chuyn nhanh s cho mi hn hp ngu t. iu ny
mang n nhiu thun li khi hn cc tm kim loi mng. Tuy nhin, nu
tc hn qu nhanh mi hn c xu hng b chy chn v r kh, v
mi hn ng c qu nhanh. Nu tc di chuyn qu chm in cc
trong vng hn qu lu iu to cho hnh dng b hn xu i v c th
to ra nhiu bn to v h quang chy xuyn qua lp thuc bo v.

Thng s th hai c s nh hng ln ti mi hn bao gm gc nghing

ca in cc ti vt hn, v gc nghing ca vt hn. Chiu dy ca lp
thuc hn, v, quan trng nht, l nh in cc.

Chiu dy ca lp thuc ph phi c kim sot. Nu n qu mng lm

cho h quang chy xuyn sut lp thuc qu nhiu. iu ny c th l
nguyn nhn ca r kh. Nu chiu dy lp thuc qu nhiu mi hn c
th hp v m cao, trn mt b cc ht thuc cha chy lm cho r.

9. HNG DN S DNG PHNG PHP

Mt trong cc ng dng chnh cho hn h quang chm l hn cc mi

hn vng trn, cc b phn c quay vi u hn c nh. Cc mi
hn c th c to t ng knh bn trong hoc bn ngoi ng.

Cc tin trnh hn h quang chm l mt b hn nng chy rng v x

nng chy v c chy theo. iu ny b bc ch khi hn ng knh
ngoi ca ng do in cc phi c t v tr vt qua nh hoc
ti v tr 12 gi, cho kim loi mi hn ng rn trc khi n c
quay xang v tr dc. iu ny s rt nghim trng khi cc chi tit c
hn nh.

V tr in cc khng thch hp s lm tng thm kh nng ngm x hoc

r kh b mt mi hn. Gc ca in cc cng s c thay i sao cho
h quang hng theo chiu quay ca ng. Khi mi hn c thc hin t
pha trong chu vi th in cc c to mt gc sao cho vt qu im
gia trung tm im di cng, hoc v tr 6 gi. Hnh 13. Minh ho hai
iu kin .

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 47

 Khng gia

in cc
Khng gia

in cc

Hng quay

Hng quay

ng knh bn ngoi ng knh bn trong

Hnh 13. Hn trn cc chi tit trn c quay

Chng ta cng c th to cc mi hn khc nhau bng cch chn hng

hn l dc xung (hn tut) hoc dc ln (hn leo). Khi hng hn l
tut th ngu mi hn thp hn v mi hn rng hn. Trong khi
hng hn leo cho ngu su hn v mi hn hp hn. Xem hnh 14.

Hng hn
A

Trn xung

Hng hn A-A
B

Bng

B B-B
Hng hn

Di ln C-C

Hnh 14. dc vt hn so vi mi hn

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 48

 Mi hn s khc nhau ph thuc vo gc ca in cc cng vi mi
lin quan ti vt hn khi v tr bng, gc chuyn dch ny cng c th
l gc y hoc gc ko, v c tc ng r rng trn bin dng v
ngu kim loi mi hn. Hnh15. Trnh by mi quan h.

Hng hn

A Gc y

A-A
A

B Hng hn

B-B
B
Hng hn

C Gc ko

C-C

Hnh 15. Gc ca in cc so vi mi hn

Hn mt mt cng vi ngu chn hon ton c th t c cng vi

phng php hn h quang chm. Khi mi ghp hn c thit k cng
vi khe h kht v cng vi mp cn kh rng. Dng in cao v gc
in cc c s dng n.

Nu mi ghp c thit k cng vi khe h v mp cn nh, n s cn

thit s dng tm m t pha bn kia lm cho kim loi mi hn khng
b chy thng. Thuc nng chy rt lng v s chy xuyn sut vo trong
khe h. Nu iu ny tnh c, kim loi mi hn s i theo sau v s lm
thng mi ghp. Tm m cn n khi c khe h v mp cn nh.

Tm m bng ng c s dng khi hn thp mng. Khng cng vi

tm m, mi hn s c khuynh hng chy thng v kim loi mi hn
s b tht xung su t mi ghp. Tm m gi kim loi mi hn trong
ti v tr cho n khi ng c hon ton. Tm m bng ng c th
c lm mt bng nc trnh b nng chy.

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 49

 10. GII HN CA PHNG PHP

Phn ln gii hn ca phng php hn h quang chm l kh nng hn

trong cc v tr. gii hn khc l thp hn.

Nhit cung cp vo mi hn cao, chu k lm ngui chm c th l vn

khi hn thp ngui v thp ti. Nhit cung cp l gii hn ca thp phi
c tun th ng khi s dng bng phng php hn h quang chm.
iu ny c th c yu cu khi ch to cng vi nhiu lp hn, cc
mi hn mt lp n s c ng dng trn thp mm., trong mt vi
trng hp mang tnh kinh t c th gim bt bng hn h quang dy
hn li thuc hoc vi phng php khc s c cn nhc.

Trong hn h quang chm bn t ng, khng c kh nng trng thy h

quang v b hn c th l s bt li trong kh nng i n gc ca mi
hn rnh v s in y chnh xc hoc kch thc ca mi hn.

11. MT VI BIN I CA PHNG PHP

Phn ln s bin i ca phng php lm tng thm kh nng lm vic.

mt vi bin i thng dng ca phng php hn h quang chm.

H thng hai dy hn c cng mt ngun hn

H thng hai dy hn c ngun hn ring (khng cng nhau)
H thng ba dy hn c ngun hn ring
Dy hn dng mnh (di) cho hn ph b mt
Bt st c thm vo trong thuc hn
nh in cc hn di (trc y khng c cp ti)

Hn h quang di lp thuc - VTH/Apave 50