GROUP 2

HEMATOLOGY 2L 1-4 TH R204

1. DESCRIBE AND GIVE THE PURPOSE OF EACH

INSTRUMENT/MATERAL STUDIED IN HEMOSTASIS AND
COAGULATION. (SPECIFY TEST/S IF NECESSARY).

o TEST TUBES
- Mainly used to contain reagents and solutions that are essential to
assays, most of the
time, the test tubes used are the 100x15 mm and 12x75 mm test
tube.
- TESTS: Fibrinogen Deficiency test

o SEROLOGIC PIPETTE
- The serologic pipette has different calibrations, from 10 mL, 5 mL, 2
mL and 1 mL.
- This instrument is used to dispense small amounts of liquid, reagent
or solvent to solutions that are needed to assays.
- TESTS: Prothrombin time, Clot Retraction time, Fibrinogen Deficiency
test

o RBC PIPETTE
- Consists of a graduated capillary tube having an arbitrary volume of
one unit and marked in increments of that unit, each designated as
0.1; note that this unit is not a standard measurement but merely an
arbitrarily selected unit. Above the capillary tube is a mixing bulb
containing a color-coded glass bead, and above the bulb another
shorter capillary tube with an engraved mark. The pipet for performing
the red blood cell count has a red bead in the mixing bulb and the
marking above the bulb is "101."
- TESTS: Fonios method for Platelet count, Rees and Eckers method
for Platelet count,

o HEMOCYTOMETER
- Also known as the Counting Chamber. This is a mainly made of glass
with 5 large squares mainly for counting. This glassware is used
together with the RBC/WBC pipette.
- The counting chamber commonly used is the improved Neubauers
counting chamber. This consists of a thick glass slide divided into
two central platforms by an H-shaped groove. The central pallor is
slightly lower than the sides when a coverslip is placed covering the
central platform and resting on the side platforms.
- TESTS: RBC Count, WBC Count, Platelet Count

o LANCET
 - This instrument is used to prick or puncture through the skin in
order to get a blood sample, a small amount of blood.
- TESTS: Duke method for Bleeding Time, Ivy method for Bleeding
Time, Slide method for Coagulation time, Capillary tube method for
Coagulation time, Fonios method for Platelet count,

o HYPODERMIC NEEDLE AND SYRINGE

- These instruments are needed to draw blood samples from patients
that are to be tested of the different assays in hematology, in order to
examine the different factors that cause some diseases or deficiencies.
- TESTS: Lee and White method for Coagulation time, Howell method
for Coagulation
time, Prothrombin time, Clot Retraction time, Fibrinogen Deficiency
test,
Thromboplastin generation test

o VACUUM (EVACUATED) TUBE SYSTEM

- In case that the syringe technique is not present, this new method of
drawing blood samples is used. At present, this is the commonly used
method and most convenient way of obtaining blood samples.
- TESTS: Howell method for Coagulation time, Prothrombin time, Clot
Retraction time,
Fibrinogen Deficiency test, Thromboplastin generation test

o TOURNIQUET
- To minimize such stasis and hemoconcentration that develops during
blood collection,
the tourniquet should be released as soon as the vein is entered and
blood appears in
the syringe or evacuated tube. Venous pressure created when this is
applied can be
partially released by lifting a lever without totally releasing the
tourniquet from the arm.
- TESTS: Lee and White method for Coagulation time, Howell method
for Coagulation
time, Prothrombin time, Clot Retraction time, Fibrinogen Deficiency
test,
Thromboplastin generation test

STOPWATCH
- This device is mainly used to get a track of time needed in assays
such as bleeding time
and coagulation assays. This will help avoid over and under mixing of
reagents and
samples.
 - TESTS: Duke method for Bleeding Time, Ivy method for Bleeding
Time, Slide method
for Coagulation time, Capillary tube method for Coagulation time, Lee
and White method for Coagulation time, Howell method for
Coagulation time, Prothrombin time, Clot Retraction time, Fibrinogen
Deficiency test, Thromboplastin generation test

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
- A compound microscope uses a combination of lenses, the objective
lens (lens closer to the object) and the ocular lens (lens closer to the
eye) to project the image to the retina of the eye. The objective lens
acts much like a small projection lens which projects an enlarged
primary image near the top of the tubular barrel.
- The final image projected on the retina of the eye is called a "virtual
image" because the light rays appear to come from the image. The
rays are actually created by an increase in magnification by the lens
system.
- TESTS: Fonios method for Platelet count, Rees and Eckers method
for Platelet count,

UNOPETTE SYSTEM
- The Unopette system provides a series of reservoirs containing pre-
measured diluent and pipettes that automatically measure the
appropriate amount of sample required for diluting blood specimens
in preparation for manual counting. The technique for Unopette use
is universal, no matter what laboratory procedure is to be
performed.
- TESTS: Total Erythrocyte counts, Eosinophil counts, Leukocyte
counts, Hemoglobin assay, Platelet counts, Erythrocyte Fragility
tests, Reticulocyte counts

REFERENCES:
http://www.free-
ed.net/sweethaven/MedTech/Hematology/lessonMain.asp?iNum=0204
Textbook of Practical Physiology By G.K. Pal, Pal, G.K

RESEARCHER: Rochelle Mae C. Banania

2.1. HOW DOES ONE PREPARE:

a. Platelet-poor plasma (plasma with a platelet count of < 10 x )
- PPP is prepared by centrifuging anticoagulated blood at 2000 x g for
10 minutes.
- For some tests, centrifugation of the sample at a temperature of 2 -4
C is advisable.
 b. Platelet-rich plasma (plasma with a platelet count of 200 - 300 x

)
- PRP is prepared by centrifuging anticoagulated blood at 60 - 100 x g
for 10 minutes at
room temperature.

2.2. Enumerate test that require:

a. Platelet-poor plasma
Platelet aggregation studies
Platelet Function Test
ex: Beta-thromboglobulin determination
Platelet factor IV determination
Most clot based plasma coagulation test
Bethesda titer for anti-factor VIII inhibitor
Partial thromboplastin time
prothrombin time
b. Platelet-rich plasma
Platelet aggregometry

REFERENCES
Rodak, Bernadette, et al. Hematology: Clinical Principles and
Applications. 3rd Edition. 2009. Pages 675,683,684,687,692
Steininger, Cheryl, Clinical Hematology: Principles, Procedures
Correlations. 1st Edition. 1992. Page 603

RESEARCHER
John Benedick C. Carbonell

3. WHAT IS THE CORRECT ORDER OF BLOOD DRAW IN HEMOSTASIS AND

COAGULATION TESTING?

ORDER OF DRAW FOR HEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION TESTING

Green top : Sodium heparin for plasma chemistry

Light blue top : Sodium citrate for hemostasis
Red top : No preservative or anticoagulant; provides serum for
chemistry
Tiger top : Serum separator tube; no preservative or anticoagulant.
Contains clot activator, provides serum for chemistry.
Yellow top : Acid citrate dextrose (ACD); provides whole blood.
Lavender top : Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); provides whole
blood
In coagulation testing, if only a coagulation tube is to be drawn for a
prothrombin time or an activated partial thromboplastin time, the first tube
drawn may be used for testing. It is no longer necessary to draw a 3-ml
discard into a non-additive tube before collecting for routine coagulation
testing. Tubes for coagulation must be filled to the correct level to maintain a
9:1 ratio of blood to anticoagulant to ensure accurate test results.

http://www.esoterix.com/files/collection_shipping_coagulation.pdf
Hematology Clinical principles and Applications 3 rd ed. By Bernadette f.
Rodak pages 22-23