Electrochemistry

1. Objectives
a. Learn some redox reactions
b. Learn what happened in the electrolysis of KI and CuSO4 solution
2. Theory
a. Redox reaction

3. Apparatus and Reagent

Apparatus : Reagents :
Test tube and test tube rack Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Pb, Zn metals
Burner Solution of Pb(NO3)2 0,1 M
Filter paper Solution of Zn(NO3)2 0,1 M
Beaker glass Solution of o,1 M AgNO3
Dropping pipette Solution of 0,1 M NaNO3
Funnel Solution of 6 M HCl
Elctrode Cu plate Solution of 0,1 M FeCl3
Salt bridge solution of 0,1 and o,25 M KI
Carbon electrodes Solution of H2SO4
pH meter Solution of starch
tube with U type Solution of CuSO4
6 V AC current space Solution of ZnSO4
Solution of 0,1 M SnCl2
PP indicator
CHCl3 / CCl4
4. Procedure
a. Redox reactio
Insert metal Cu in 2 Insert metal Fe in 2
6 mL of Hcl solution
ml of Pb(NO3)2, ml of Pb(NO3)2,
insert into five test
Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3, Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3,
tube
NaNO3 NaNO3

Insert metal Al in 2 Immerse Cu, Fe, Mg, Observe the rate

ml of Pb(NO3)2, Pb, and Zn into formation of gas
Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3, each test tube bubbles
NaNO3

Add 5 drops of 0,1 Add 10 drops of 0,1 Add i drop of starch

M H2O2 and 1 M of KI into test tube solution into test
H2SO4 into test tube and observe it
tube
 Mix 5 drops of 0,1 M Heat it briefly and
FeCl3, 10 drops of 1 add a drop of starch
M H2SO4, and 10 solution
drops of 0,1 KI

Mix 5 drops of 0,1 M

FeCl3, 10 drops of 1
M H2SO4, and 10
drops of 0,1 KI

5. Observation Sheet and Calculation

a. Redox reaction
a) Reaction of metal and metal nitrat solution

Metal Pb(NO3) Zn(NO3)2 NaNO3 AgNO3

There is
There are reaction
Al No reaction No reaction
few bubbles (few
bubbles)
Cu become black
Cu No reaction No reaction No reaction and there are few
bubbles
Fe become black,
there is thick black
Fe No reaction No reaction No reaction layer, and the
solution become
yellow

b) Reaction of metal and HCl solution

Metal Observation
Cu There are a little bit bubbles
Fe There are few bubble around metal
Mg Produce smoke, hot, the most bubbles, the fastest reaction
Zn There are many bubble, metal become black
Pb The test tube condesed, few bubble

c) H2O2 + H2SO4 + KI + starch : the solution become brown ( dark yellow ), there are
black precipitate
 d) FeCl3 + H2SO4 + KI heated + starch : the solution become brown, produce black
precipitate

e) Zn + CuSO4 : Zn become black and few bubble

f) Cu + Zn SO4 : no reaction

b. Electolysis of KI solution

Observation Solution on anode Solution on cathode

Visual/ Changes Thin yellow Colourless, there are
color bubbles
+starch solution : old + PP solution :
green, there are become pink
precipitate
+CHCl3 : there are two + FeCl3 solution : red
layer (up = yellow and brown
down = pink )
Smell smell No smell
Reaction 2 I- I2 + 2e- 2 H2O + 2e- H2 + 2
OH-

c. Electrolysis of CuSO4 solution

Observation Anode Cathode

Using C electrode There are few bubbles Electrode in cathode
become orange (red)
2H2O O2 + 4H + 4e + -
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
Occured change
Reaction

Using Fe electrode Electrode in anode Electrode in cathode

become orange become corossion
Occured change
Fe Fe2+ + 2e- Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
Reaction

Calculation
a. Redox Titration
a. Reaction of Metal and Metal Nitrat Solution
1. Aluminium metal
Al and Pb(NO3)2 solution
2 Al(s )+ 3 Pb(NO 3)2 (aq) 2 Al (NO3 )2(aq) +3 Pb(s)

Oxidation : Al Al3+ + 3e x2 Eo = + 1,662 V

Reduction : Pb2+ + 2e- Pb x3 Eo = - 0,126 V
2 Al + 3 Pb 2 Al + 3 Pb
3+ 3+ o
E cell =+ 1,536 V
Al and Zn(NO3)2 solution

2 Al(s )+ 3 Zn( NO 3)2 (aq ) 2 Al ( NO3 )2(aq) +3 Zn(s)

2Al(s) + 3 Zn(NO3)2(aq) 2 Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Zn(s)

Oxidation : Al Al3+ + 3e- x2 Eo = + 1,662 V
Reduction 2+
: Zn + 2e -
Zn x3 Eo = - 0,763 V
2Al(s)+ 3Zn2+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3 Zn(s) Eocell = + 0,899 V

Al and NaNO3 solution

Al (s) +3 Zn(NO 3 )2 (aq)

Oxidation : Al Al3+ + 3e- x1 Eo = + 1,662 V

Reduction : Na+ + e- Na x3 Eo = - 2,714 V
Al(s) + Na (aq) ` Al (aq) + 3 Na(s)
+ 3+ o
E cell = - 1,052 V

Al and AgNO3 solution

Al ( s) +3 AgNO 3(aq) Al ( NO 3 )3 (aq )+ 3 Ag( s)

Oxidation : Al Al3+ + 3e- x1 Eo = + 1,662 V

Reduction : Ag+ + 3e- Ag x3 Eo = + 0,799 V
Al(s)+ 3 Ag +
Al (aq) + 3 Ag(s)
3+ o
E cell = + 2,461 V

2. Cu metal
Cu metal and Pb(NO3)2 solution

NO
Pb( 3)2
Cu(s) +

Oxidation : Cu Cu2+ + 2e- Eo = - 0,337 V

2+
Reduction : Pb + 2e -
Pb Eo = - 0,126 V
Cu(s) + Pb (aq) Cu2+(aq) + Pb(s)
2+
Eocell = - 0,463 V

Cu metal and Zn(NO3)2solution

 NO
Zn( 3)2 (aq)
Cu (s) +

Oxidation : Cu Cu2+ + 2e- Eo = - 0,337 V

2+
Reduction : Zn + 2e -
Zn Eo= - 0,763 V
Cu(s) + Zn (aq) Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s)
2+
Eocell = - 1,100 V

Cu metal and NaNO3solution

Cu(s )+ 2 NaNO3 (aq )

Oxidation : Cu Cu2++ 2e- x1 Eo= - 0,337 V

Reduction : Na+ + e- Na x2 Eo= - 2,714 V
Cu(s) + 2Na (aq) Cu (aq) + 2Na(s) Eocell = -3,051 V
+ 2+

Cu metal and AgNO3solution

Cu (s )+ 2 AgNO3 (aq ) Cu ( NO 3 )2 (aq )+2 Ag(s )

Oxidation : Cu Cu2+ + 2e- x1 Eo = - 0,337 V

Reduction : Ag + e Ag
+ -
x2 Eo = + 0,799 V
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) Eocell = + 0,462 V
3. Fe metal
Fe metal and Pb(NO3)2 solution
NO
Pb( 3)2(aq) Fe ( NO 3 )2 (aq) + Pb( s)
Fe( s )+

Oxidation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- Eo = + 0,440 V

Reduction : Pb2+ + 2e- Pb Eo = - 0,126 V
Fe + Pb2+ Fe2+ + Pb Eocell = + 0,314 V

Fe metal and Zn(NO3)2solution

NO
Zn( 3)2 (aq)
Fe(s ) +

Oxidation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- Eo = + 0,440 V

Reduction : Zn2+ + 2e- Zn Eo = - 0,763 V
Fe(s) + Zn2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Zn(s) o
E cell = - 0,323 V

Fe metal and NaNO3 solution

Fe( s) +2 NaNO 3(aq)
 Oxidation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- x1 Eo = + 0,440 V
Reduction : Na+ + e- Na x2 Eo = - 2,714 V
Fe(s) + 2Na (aq) Fe (aq) + 2Na(s) E cell = - 2,274 V
+ 2+ o

Fe metal and AgNO3 solution

Fe( s) +2 AgNO3 (aq) Fe ( NO3 ) 2( aq) +2 Ag(s)

Fe(s) + AgNO3 (aq) Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

Oxidation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- x1 Eo = + 0,440 V
Reduction : Ag+ + e- Ag x2 E = + 0,799 V
Fe(s) + 2Ag (aq) Fe (aq) + 2Ag(s)
+ 2+ o
E cell = + 1,239 V

b. Reaction of Metal and HCl

Cu metal with HCl solution

Cu(s )+ HCl (aq)

Oxidation : Cu Cu2+ + 2e- x1 Eo = -0,337 V

1
Reduction : H+ +e- 2 H2 x2 Eo = 0,000 V

Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + H2(g) Eocell = -0,337 V

Fe metal and HCl solution

Fe( s) + HCl(aq) FeCl 2+ H 2

Oxidation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- x1 Eo = +0,440 V

1
Reduction : H+ + e- 2 H2 x2 Eo = 0,000 V

Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + H2(g) Eocell= + 0,440 V

Mg metal with HCl solution

Mg( s )+ HCl (aq) MgCl 2+ H 2

Oxidation : Mg Mg2+ + 2e- x1 Eo = +2,362 V

1
Reduction : H+ + e- 2 H2 x2 Eo = 0,000 V

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) Eocell = +2,362 V

Pb metal with HCl solution

Pb(s )+ HCl(aq) PbCl2 +H 2

Oxidation : Pb Pb2+ + 2e- x1 Eo= + 0,126 V

 1
Reduction : H+ + e- 2 H2 x2 Eo = 0,000 V

Pb(s) + 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) + H2(g) Eocell = + 0,126 V

Zn metal with HCl solution

Zn( s ) + HCl (aq) ZnCl2 + H 2

Oxidation : Zn Zn2+ + 2e- x1 Eo =+ 0,763 V

1
Reduction : H+ + e- 2 H2 x2 Eo = 0,000 V

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) Eocell = + 0,763 V

Based on the number of gas bubble that formed, the series of volta Mg, Zn, Fe,
Pb, H, Cu.

c. H2O2 + H2SO4 + KI + Starch

H2O2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 2 KI(aq) 2H2O(l) + I2(g) + K2SO4(aq)
1
Oxidation : I- 2 I2 + e- x2 Eo = - 0,536 V

Reduction : H2O2 + 2H+ +2e- 2 H2O x1 Eo = + 1,776 V

2I-(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) I2 + 2 H2O(l) Ecell = + 1,240 V

d. FeCl + H2SO4 + KI heated + Starch

FeCl3 (aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 2 KI(aq) I2(g) + 2FeSO4(aq) + 6KCl(aq) + 4HS
1
Oxidation : I- 2 I2 + e- x2 Eo = - 0,536 V

Reduction : Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ x1 Eo = +0,771 V

2I (aq) + Fe (aq) I2 + Fe2+(aq)
- 3+ o
E cell = + 0,235 V

e. Zn metal and CuSO4 solution

Zn(s) + CuSO4 ZnSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
Reduction : Cu2+ + 2e- Cu(s) Eo = + 0,153 V
Oxidation : Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Eo = + 0,763 V
Cu (aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
2+ o
E cell = + 0,916 V

f. Cu metal and ZnSO4 solution

Cu(s )+ ZnSO 4

Reduction : Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) Eo = - 0,763 V

Oxidation : Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ -
Eo = - 0,153 V
Zn2+ + Cu(s) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Eocell = - 0,916 V

b. Electrolysis of KI solution (electrode C)

KI K+ + I- x2 2KI 2K+ + 2I-
Cathode : 2H2O + 2e- 2OH- + H2 x1 2H2O + 2e- 2OH- + H2
Anode : 2I- I2 + 2e- x1 2I- I2 + 2e-
= 2KI + 2H2O 2K+ +2OH- + I2 + H2
= 2KI + 2H2O 2KOH + I2 + H2
 c. Electrolysis of CuSO4 solution
Using C electrode
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42- x2 2CuSO42Cu2+ + 2 SO42-
2+ -
Cathode : Cu + 2e Cu x2 2Cu2+ + 4e- 2Cu
+ -
Anode : 2H2O 4H + O2 + 4e x1 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e-
CuSO4 + 2H2O 2 SO42- + 2Cu + 4H+ + O2
CuSO4 + 2H2O 2 H2SO4 + 2Cu + O2

Using Fe electrode
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42- x1 CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-
2+ -
Cathode : Cu + 2e Cu x1 Cu2+ + e- Cu
Anode : Fe Fe2+ + 2e- x1 Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
CuSO4 + Fe SO42- + Cu + Fe2+
CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu

6. Discussion
a. Redox reaction
a) Reaction of metal and metal nitrat solution
In this experiment, we put each metals ( Al, Cu, Fe) in a test tube that
contained Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, NaNO3, AgNO3. Al metal inserted in each
solution, there are few bubbles in the test tube that contained Zn(NO3)2 and a little
bit bubbles in the test tube that contained AgNO3. When Al metal mixed with
NaNO3, it supposed to be no reaction, because the Ecell is negative so it cant be
reacted. But the fact, there are few bubbles in the test tube. The reaction :
2Al(s) + 3Zn(NO3)2(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Zn (s)
Al (s) +3 Zn( NO 3 )2 (aq)
Based on voltaic array the position of Al is on the left metals Zn, Pb and Ag
and Al metal is on the right Na. Al should also can react with Ag and Pb but
based on the experimental results Al didnnt react. The reaction that supposed to
be happen :
2Al(s) + 3Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Pb(s)
Al(s) + 3Ag(NO3)2(aq) Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Ag (s)

When the Cu metal inserted in each solution, bubbles only appeared in the test
tube that contained AgNO3, there is no bubble in ithe other solution. Because Cu
metal can only react with AgNO3 solution. After Cu inserted into the solution, the
color become black. Based on the series voltaic , E Cu is smaller than E Ag
and greater than E Pb , E Zn and E Na ( Na < Zn < Pb < Cu < Ag ) so Cu can
reduce ion Ag+ to Ag with the following reaction :
Cu (s) + 2Ag(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag (s)
 When Fe inserted in each solution, Fe only react in AgNO3 solution. It marked
by changing of Fe become black, there is thick black layer, and the solution color
become a little bit yellow. Fe doesnt react with the other solution, it marked by
no changing in each solution. The reaction :
Fe(s) + 2 Ag(NO3)2(aq) Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag (s)
Based on voltaic array, Fe metal is located to the right of Na and Zn, and the
left of Pb and Ag. Fe also can react with Pb, but based on the results of
experiment Fe does not react with Pb . The reaction is supposed to occur as
follows :
Fe (s) + Pb (NO3)2(aq) Fe (NO3)2(aq) + Pb (s)

b) Reaction of metal and HCl solution

In the experiment Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, and Pb metals mix with 6 M of HCl
solution. All metals can react with HCl solution. It marked by producing bubbles.
Supposedly, Cu cant react with HCl, because its Eocell is negative. So the it cant
react spontaneously. When Fe metal inserted in HCl solution, there were a lot of
bubbles, the temperature increased and produced smoke. The fastest to the
slowest metal reaction are Mg, Zn, Fe, and Pb.
We know that in Voltaic series, Cu is located on the right of H (Mg, Zn, Fe, H,
Cu), so H+ ions in a solution of HCl can be reduced by Mg, Zn, Fe but not with
Cu. The reaction:
Fe (s) + 2 HCl (aq) FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
c) H2O2 + H2SO4 + KI + starch
The purpose of the experiment is explaining about redox reaction. We mix
H2SO4 solution , H2O2 solution, KI solution, and starch. After mixing there is
dark black precipitate and the color of solution become brown ( dark yellow ).
The addition of H2SO4 is to make the condition of solution in acid. H2O2 solution
is colorless after the addition of H2SO4, but after KI added the solution becomes
yellow. Starch in the experiment is used to be an indicator. After it added, there is
dark black precipitate and the color of solution become brown ( dark yellow ). So
we know that I atom is oxidized and O atoms is reducted reaction. The reaction :
H2O2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 2KI(aq) I2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O2(l)
d) FeCl3 + H2SO4 + KI heated + starch
The purpose of the experiment is also explaining the redox reaction. The
diferences with the previous experiment are using FeCl3 solution and heating of
KI solution. The addition of FeCl3 and H2SO4 is to make the condition of solution
 in acid. After KI added the solution becomes yellow. There is dark black
precipitate. The reaction :
2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 6KI(aq) 2FeSO4(aq) + 6KCl(aq) + 4HS(aq) +
3I2(s)
e) Zn + CuSO4 and Cu + ZnSO4
When Zn metal inserted into test tube that contained CuSO4, its color become
black, and there is few bubbles. Its because Zn is oxidized to Zn 2+ and Cu2+ is
reducted to Cu. But when Cu metal inserted into test tube that containe ZnSO4, it
didnt react. Because its Eocell is negative, so it cant react spontaneously.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Eocell = Eored Eooks
= 0,153 (-0,763) = 0,916
Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s)
Eocell = Eored Eooks
= (-0,763) (-0,153) = -0,916
b. Electrolysis of KI solution

In this experiment we used 0,25 M of KI solution and put it into U tube using C
electrode. It is electrified about 5 minutes. At anode, the solution become thin yellow
and smell. At cathode, there were bubbles, has no smell and colorless. When the
solution on anode mixed with starch solution, the color become old green and has
precipitate. If it mixed with CHCl 3 solution, there were two layers. The top color was
yellow and the bottom color was pink. When the solution on cathode mixed with PP
solution, the color become pink. If it mixed with FeCl3 solution, the color become
red brown.

The reaction :

KI K+ + I- x2 2KI 2K+ + 2I-

Cathode : 2H2O + 2e 2OH + H2 x1 2H2O + 2e- 2OH- + H2
- -

Anode : 2I- I2 + 2e- x1 2I- I2 + 2e-

= 2KI + 2H2O 2K+ +2OH- + I2 + H2
= 2KI + 2H2O 2KOH + I2 + H2

c. Electrolysis of CuSO4
In this experiment we used two electrodes, they were C and Fe. But it used 0,5 M
CuSO4 as the solution. When using C electrode, there was few bubbles on anode, and
 the solution color become orange ( red ) on cathode.But when we used Fe electrode,
the color of sulution on anode become orange, and the electrode on cathode become
corossion.
The reaction :
Using C electrode
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42- x2 2CuSO42Cu2+ + 2 SO42-
2+ -
Cathode : Cu + 2e Cu x2 2Cu2+ + 4e- 2Cu
Anode : 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e- x1 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e-
CuSO4 + 2H2O 2 SO42- + 2Cu + 4H+ + O2
CuSO4 + 2H2O 2 H2SO4 + 2Cu + O2

Using Fe electrode
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42- x1 CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42-
Cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- Cu x1 Cu2+ + e- Cu
Anode : Fe Fe + 2e-
2+
x1 Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
CuSO4 + Fe SO42- + Cu + Fe2+
CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu
7. Conclusion
a. Redox reaction can happen if Eocell is postive number ( react spontaneously ).
Oxidation happen if the oxidation number increases, reduction happen if the oxidation
number decrease. It also based on volta series, element in the left can reduce elements
in the right side.
b. In electrolysis, reduction reaction occurs at the cathode (positive pole) and the
oxidation reaction occurs in anode (negative pole). Electrolysis of KI produce I2 in the
anode and OH- and H2 gas in the cathode, meanwhile electrolysis of CuSO4 using C
electrode will produce Cu in the cathode and O2 gas in the anode. Electrolysis of
CuSO4 using Fe electrode will produce Fe2+ in anode and Cu in cathode.

8. Suggestion
a. Before doing the experiment we have to know the procedure well
b. Use the time effectively
c. Masuring the data correctly

9. References