NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURES other hormones, such as growth
hormone and testosterone) on the
I. TEMPERATURE OF DEEP TISSUE cells - AKA: CORE BODY TEMPERATURE d. Extra metabolism caused by the eect - It usually remains constant of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and - Temperature: 1F (0.6C) sympathetic stimulation on the cells; Exception: Febrile Person (may lagnat) e. Extra metabolism caused by increased chemical activity in the cells, NUDE PERSON CAN BE EXPOSED IN THE especially when the cell temperature FOLLOWING DRY AIR TEMPERATURE increases a. Low: 55F f. Extra metabolism needed for b. High: 130F digestion, absorption, and storage of food (thermogenic eect of food). NOTE: They can still maintain almost V. HEAT LOSS constant temperature - Production of Heat from deep organs and in the skeletal during exercise II. NORMAL CORE TEMPERATURE Heat will transfer from deeper organs 1. NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE Tissue, where it will be lost to air - <36C(97F) to >37.5C(99.5F) - Average: 98.0F and 98.6F and then to the surroundings 2. TEMPERATURE DURING 1. 2 FACTORS OF HEAT LOSS a. How rapidly heat can be conducted EXERCISE - 101F(38.33C) to 104F(40C) from where it is produced in the body - Body temperature increases during core to the skin. exercise and varies with temperature b. How rapidly heat can then be extremes of the surroundings because transferred from the skin to the the temperature regulatory surroundings. VI. INSULATOR SYSTEM OF THE mechanisms are not perfect. 3. TEMPERATURE WHEN BODY IS BODY 1. FAT OF SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE / EXPOSED TO EXTREME COLD - It can fall below 96F (35.56C) HYPODERMIS III. BODY TEMPERATURE IS - Important because it conducts heat CONTROLLED BY BALANCING only 1/3 as readily for other tissue. - When no blood is owing from the HEAT PRODUCTION AND HEAT heated internal organs to the skin, LOSS 1. Rate of Heat production > Rate of insulating properties of normal male Heat being Lost body are about equal to 3 quarters of - Heat builds up in the body and the a usual suit of clothes. body temperature rises. - INSULATION: Men<Women 2. Rate of Heat production < Rate of 2. INSULATION BENEATH THE SKIN - It is an eective means of maintaining Heat being Lost - Body heat and body temperature normal internal core temperature, decreases even though it allows the temperature IV. HEAT PRODUCTION of the skin to approach the - Principal by-product of metabolism temperature of the surroundings. 1. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE VII. BLOOD FLOW TO THE SKIN METABOLIC RATE FROM THE BODY CORE a. Basal rate of metabolism of all the PROVIDE HEAT TRANSFER cells of the body 1. BLOOD VESSELS b. Extra rate of metabolism caused by - Distribute profusely beneath the skin muscle activity, including muscle - It is a continuous venous plexus that is contractions caused by shivering supplied by the inow of blood from c. Extra metabolism caused by the eect skin capillaries. of thyroxine (and, to a lesser extent, 2. MOST EXPOSED AREAS OF THE BODY a. Ears - ABOVE ABSOLUTE ZERO: It will radiate b. Hands rays in all directions c. Feet b. HEAT RAYS - Blood is supplied to the plexus directly - If the temperature of the body is from small arteries Highly Muscular greater than the temperature of the Arteriovenous Anastomoses surroundings, a greater quantity of 3. Rate of Blood Flow heat is radiated - Increases rapidly from barely above 0- from the body than is radiated to the 30% of Cardiac Output body - High Rate of Blood ow: Increases X. CONDUCTIVE HEAT LOSS Heat Conduction OCCURS BY DIRECT CONTACT - Low Rate of Blood Flow: Decreases WITH AN OBJECT Heat Conduction - Heat is the molecular motion 4. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AIR - Skin undergoes vibratory motion TEMPERATURE ON CONDUCTANCE 1. LOSS OF HEAT BY DIRECT OF HEAR FROM THE CORE TO THE CONTANT SKIN SURFACE AND THEN - 3% of Heat is loss from surface of the CONDUCTANCE INTO THE AIR body to solid object. - Approximate eightfold increase in heat 2. LOSS OF HEAT BY CONDUCTION conductance between the fully - 15 heat is loss under normal condition vasoconstricted state and the fully 3. AIR IS COLDER THAN THE SKIN vasodilated state - Energy of the motion can be - The skin is an eective controlled transferred thus increasing velocity of heat radiator system, the air molecular motion - The ow of blood to the skin is a most 4. AIR ADJACENT TO SKIN EQUAL IN eective mechanism for heat transfer TEMPERATURE OF THE SKIN from the body core to the skin. - No further loss of heat occurs in this VIII. CONTROL OF HEAT way because now an equal amount of PRODUCTION TO THE SKIN BY heat is conducted from the air to the THE SYMPHATETIC NERVOUS body SYSTEM 5. CONVECTION 1. VASOCONSTRICTION OF - Conduction of heat from the body to ARTERIOLES the air is self-limited unless the heated - It where your blood produces heat air moves away from the skin, so new, conduction to the skin. unheated air is continually brought in 2. ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES contact with the skin - Supply Blood to the venous plexus to XI. CONVECTIVE HEAT LOSS the skin. RESULTS FROM AIR MOVEMENT 3. SYMPHATETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - The heat from the skin is first - Entirely controlled the vasoconstriction conducted to the air and then carried of arterioles in response to changes in away by the convection air currents. body temperature and changes in - A small amount of convection almost environmental change. always occurs around the body IX. HOW HEAT IS LOST? because of the tendency for air 1. RADIATION CAUSES HEAT LOSS IN adjacent to the skin to rise as it THE FORM OF IR RAYS becomes heated. - A nude person sitting inside at normal - 15 percent of his or her total heat loss room temperature, about 60 percent occurs by conduction to the air and of total heat loss is by radiation. then by air convection away from the a. INFRARED RAYS body - A type of electromagnetic ray XII. COOLING EFFECT OF WIND - WAVELENGTH: 5 to 20m 1. WHEN BODY IS EXOPOSE TO WIND - 10-30 times the wavelengths of light rays. - The layer of air immediately adjacent - Heat can be lost by radiation and to skin is replace by new air much conduction more rapidly than normal. 2. Temperature of the surroundings - Heat loss is increases accordingly. becomes greater than that of the - The cooling eect of wind at low skin velocities is about proportional to the - The body gains heat by both radiation square root of the wind velocity. and conduction XIII. CONDUCTION AND - The only means by which the body can CONVECTION OF HEAT FROM A rid itself of heat is by evaporation. PERSON SUSPENDED IN WATER. - It will cause the internal body - SPECIFIC HEAT: Water>Air temperature - Each unit portion of water adjacent to to rise. the skin can absorb far greater - This phenomenon occurs occasionally quantities of heat than can be in human beings who are born with absorbed by air. congenital absence of sweat glands - HEAT CONDUCTIVITY: Water>Air XVI. CLOTHING REDUCES - The rate of heat loss to water is CONDUCTIVE AND CONVECTIVE usually many times greater than the HEAT LOSS rate of heat loss to air if the 1. CLOTHING ENTRAPS AIR NEXT TO temperature of the water is below THE SKIN IN THE WEAVE OF THE body temperature. CLOTH XIV. EVAPORATION - Increasing of the air adjacent to the 1. WHEN BODY OF HEAT skin, decreases the ow of convection EVAPORATES FROM THE BODY of air; the rate of heat loss from the SURFACE body by conduction - 0.58 Calorie (kilocalorie) of heat is lost and convection is greatly depressed. for each gram of water that XVII. SWEATING AND ITS evaporates. REGULATION BY THE 2. WHEN A PERSON IS NOT AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SWEATING - Stimulation of the anterior - Water still evaporates insensibly from hypothalamus-preoptic area in the the skin brain either electrically or by excess and lungs at a rate of about 600 to heat causes sweating. 700 ml/day. 1. ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS PRE- - This insensible evaporation causes OPTIC AREA continual heat loss at a rate of 16 to - The nerve impulses from this area that 19 Calories per hour. cause - Insensible evaporation through the sweating are transmitted in the skin and lungs cannot be controlled for autonomic pathways to the spinal cord purposes of temperature regulation and then through sympathetic outow because it results from continual to the skin everywhere in the body. diusion of water molecules through 2. SWEAT GLANDS the skin and respiratory surface - Innervated by Cholinergic fibers - Loss of heat by evaporation of sweat - These glands can also be stimulated to can be controlled by regulating the some extent by epinephrine or rate of sweating, norepinephrine circulating in the XV. EVAPORATION IS A NECESSARY blood, even though the glands COOLING MECHANISM AT themselves do not have adrenergic VERY HIGH AIR innervation. TEMPERATURES. 3. MECHANISM DURING EXERCISE 1. Skin temperature is greater than - When these hormones are secreted by the temperature of the the adrenal medullae and the body surroundings needs to lose excessive amounts of contain large numbers of heat produced by the active muscles cold-sensitive neurons. XVIII. MECHANISM OF SWEAT - When the temperature centers detect SECRETION that the body is either too hot or too 1. SWEAT GLAND IS DIVIDED INTO cold, these a. DEEP SUBDERMAL COILED areas institute appropriate and PORTION familiar temperature increasing or - Secretes the sweat. temperature-decreasing procedures. b. DUCT PORTION THAT PASSES OUTWARD THE DERMIS AND Temperature-Decreasing EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN Mechanisms. 2. PRIMARY SECRETION / - Three important mechanisms are PRECURSOR SECRETION used to cool the body: - Concentration of the constituents in 1. Vasodilatation of the blood vessels of the uid are then modified as the uid the skin ows through the duct - It can increase the amount of heat - An active secretory product of the transfer to the skin by as much as epithelial cells lining the coiled portion eightfold. of the sweat gland. 2. Sweating increases the rate of a. COMPOSITION evaporative heat loss. - The concentration of sodium is about - A 1 C increase in body temperature 142 mEq/L, and that of chloride is induces sufficient sweating to about 104 mEq/L remove 10 times the basal rate of - As this precursor solution ows heat production. through the duct portion of the gland, 3. Strong inhibition of mechanisms that it is modifed by reabsorption of most increase heat production takes place, of the sodium and chloride ions. such as shivering and chemical - When the sweat glands are stimulated thermogenesis only slightly, the precursor uid passes through the duct slowly. Temperature-Increasing Mechanisms. - In this instance, essentially all the sodium and chloride ions are - When the body is too cold, the reabsorbed, and the concentration of temperature control systems each falls to as low as 5 mEq/L. initiate mechanisms to reduce heat - This process reduces the osmotic loss and increase heat production pressure of 1. Vasoconstriction of the blood the sweat uid to such a low level that vessels of the skin, most of the water is also reabsorbed, which decreases transfer of heat which concentrates most of the other from the core of the body constituents. 2. PILOERECTION - Therefore, at low rates of sweating, - Which raises the hair to trap air such constituents as urea, lactic acid, next to the skin and create a layer and potassium ions are usually very of warm air that acts as an concentrated insulator. - This mechanism works best in Regulation of Body Temperature animals that have a complete layer Role of fur. The vestiges of this system of the Hypothalamus are present in humans (goosebumps), but the - The anterior hypothalamic-preoptic eectiveness of this mechanism in area contains large numbers of heat- humans is limited because of the sensitive neurons; the septum and relative sparseness of body hair. reticular substance of the midbrain 3. Greater heat production by metabolic systems such as sympathetic excitation of heat control mechanisms continually production, increased attempt to bring the body thyroxine secretion, and temperature back to this level shivering. - Shivering can increase the rate of Behavioral Control of Body Temperature heat production by four- to fivefold. - The body has another temperature- - The primary motor center for control mechanism behavioral shivering is located in the control of temperature, which can dorsomedial portion of the be explained posterior hypothalamus; this area as follows: is inhibited by an increase in body 1. Whenever the internal body temperature and stimulated by a temperature becomes too high, the decrease in body temperature. temperature controlling areas in - The output signals from this area the brain give the person a psychic are not rhythmic and do not cause sensation of being the actual muscle shaking; instead, overheated. the output signals from this area 2. Conversely, whenever the body cause a generalized increase in becomes muscle tone. too cold, signals from the skin and - The greater muscle tone sets up an from some deep body receptors oscillation in the muscle spindle elicit the feeling of cold discomfort. reex, which leads to muscle 3. Therefore the person makes shaking. appropriate environmental - During maximum shivering, body adjustments to re-establish heat production can rise to four to comfort, such as moving five times normal. into a heated room or wearing well- SET POINT FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL insulated clothing in freezing weather. - The body maintains a critical core 4. This is a powerful system of body temperature of 37.1 C. temperature control and is the only - When body temperature increases really eective mechanism to above this level, heat-losing maintain body heat control in mechanisms are initiated. severely cold environments. - When body temperature falls below this level, heat- generating mechanisms are initiated. - This critical temperature is called the set point of the temperature control system. All temperature