An Experimental Investigation of Modified Predictive
Hysteresis Control Based MPPT Strategy For PV
Applications
Omar Abdel-Rahim*, **
*
Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University
Aswan, Egypt
o.abdelrahim@aswu.edu.eg
Abstract Simple DC micro grid is presented in this paper.
The dc micro grid consists of PV module, Switched Inductor with
Voltage Multiplier Converter (SIVMC), DC load or battery and
maximum power point tracking controller. Switched Inductor
with Voltage Multiplier Converter (SIVMC) is used due to its
inherent features such as high gain, low voltage stress on the
switch and better efficiency. For maximum power point tacking,
modified maximum power point tracking algorithm based on
fixed frequency predictive hysteresis controller is proposed in
this paper. The MPPT controller includes two stages, the first
stage is the well-known Incremental Conductance algorithm and
the second stage is based on the predictive hysteresis controller.
Adding predictive hysteresis stage to the IC algorithms give some
advantages such as: fast tracking response, less ripple at the
power due to the use of small incremental value.
Keywords DC micro grid ; Switched Inductor with Voltage
Multiplier Converter ; component; maximum power point
tracking algorithm based on fixed frequency predictive hysteresis
controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
PV energy is of increasing interest in electrical power
applications, due to rapid growth in the semiconductor and
power electronics techniques. PV offers an option for clean
(pollution free) energy source, with almost no running and
maintenance cost. Due to intermittently and nonlinearity of PV
sources, an adequate maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
is needed [1]-[7]. For best utilization of the available energy, it
is necessary to operate the system at its MPP. Several
techniques have been proposed for maximum power tracking
[8]-[12]. MPPT algorithms have to be stable, robust, fast, and
efficient. MPPT algorithms should respond quickly to changes
in atmospheric conditions (i.e., temperature and insolation),
moreover, it has to be efficient over a large power range.
Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is the one of the most
common used technique, due to its simplicity, ease of
implementation, and good performance. P&O technique suffer
from several demerits [8]-[9]. For fixed perturb values for
P&O, the steady-state oscillations are proportional to the
perturb value. Small perturb values lead to lower oscillation,
while Large perturb values cause higher oscillation.
Unfortunately, smaller perturb values result in slower response
[9].
978-1-4673-7151-3/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE 6450
Hirohito Funato**
**
Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department
Utsunomiya University
Utsunomiya, Japan
The classical current control techniques for power
converters, based on PWM modulation, present a certain
control delay that does not permit to control accurately the
instantaneous-peak of the currents that are being delivered by a
power converter [13]-[16]. In order to solve this issue,
asynchronous sine-triangle PWM voltage control can be used
in conjunction with instantaneous current feedback control.
However, when this method is used the error signals are nearly
sinusoidal and the dynamical response of the system is limited
by the stability bandwidth of the feedback loops. The use of
predictive voltage control techniques permits improving the
bandwidth of the controller, as the tracking of the reference
does not depends exclusively on the controller tuning, but also
on the feedforward control signal provided by the predictive
algorithm. Although these techniques tend to give optimum
performance in terms of response and accuracy, they depend
highly on the accuracy of the predictive model and they are
somehow complicated to implement in standard Digital Signal
Processors (DSP) [15]-[16]. As an alternative to PWM
techniques hysteresis current controllers have been broadly
used also, as they can be easily implemented with no complex
hardware. Another important advantage of this kind of
controllers is its fast dynamic response and their inherent
capability to limit the peak current injected by the converter. In
addition, hysteresis controllers do not require any information
about the system parameters, something that enhances its
robustness. In classical hysteresis controllers the error band is
normally fixed to a certain value. As a consequence the
switching frequency varies within a band because peak-to-peak
current ripple must be controlled at all points of the
fundamental frequency wave. In order to solve this problem
without damaging the good dynamical performance of the
hysteresis current control, an adaptive hysteresis band able to
maintain a constant switching frequency is proposed in this
paper.
Figure. 1 is a depiction for the construction of the proposed
system. As can be deducted from the figure, PV module
represents the energy source, high gain switched inductor with
voltage multiplier converter used to connect the loads to the PV
module, boost the low voltage of the PV module to a higher
level and extract the maximum power from the PV module.
 of the PV is the one shown inn Fig. 3, the error signal can be
written as:
(1)
Where is the output currrent of the PV module and is
the reference current generated by the modified IC algorithm. It
is possible to deduct an equaation for each switching period
written in (2) and (3). Accordinng to Fig. 3,
for [0, ]:

(2)

Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed syystem.
And for [ , Ts]:
Control stage in the proposed system consists of Fixed
Frequency Predictive Hysteresis Controllerr (FFPHC) based
(3)
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT T) algorithm. The
operation of the algorithm can be summ marized as follow: According to the equivalennt circuits shown in Fig. 4, it is
voltage and current of the PV modules aree measured by the possible to establish the equatioons for the equivalent circuits in
incremental conductance algorithm to increm ment or decrement both periods (4) and (5).
the reference current that leads to maximum power operations.
The second stage is the predictive hystereesis with adaptive For [0, ]:
hysteresis band. Predictive hysteresis stage used to generate
pulses to the converter according to the diffeerence between the (4)

measured and reference current. An adaptivee hysteresis band is
used to get fixed frequency operation. For [ , Ts]:

II. PROPOSED FIXED FREQUENCY PREDIC
CTIVE HYSTERESIS (5)

BASED MPPT CONTROL
Substituting by it is valuue in (2) and (3)
Hysteresis controllers have been broaadly used as an
alternative to PWM techniques, due to its innherent advantages
(6)
such as: can be easily implemented with no complex
c hardware,
fast dynamic response and their inherent cappability to limit the
peak current injected by the converter. Hysteresis
H current (7)

control is basically an instantaneous feedbaack current control
Substituting equations (2) and
a (3) in equations (4) and (5)
method where the actual load current traacks the reference
respectively it is possible to obtain
o the following equations:
current with in a specific hysteresis band h. In addition,
hysteresis controllers do not require any infoormation about the (8)

system parameters, something that enhances its robustness. On
the other hand, conventional hysteresis methhod includes some
(9)

undesirable results, such as variable switchiing frequency that
causes audio noises, high switching lossess and injection of Adding equations (8) and (99):
high-frequency current components to the source
s current that
makes it difficult to design suitable filterss to remove these (10)


high-frequency harmonics. In classical hyssteresis controllers
the error band is normally fixed to a cerrtain value. As a Finally, by means of subbstituting the equation (10) in
consequence the switching frequency varies within a band equation (9) and simplifying terrms equation (11) is reached:
because peak-to-peak current ripple must be controlled at all
points of the fundamental frequency wave [133]-[16].


The schematic of the proposed control alggorithm is depicted (11)
in Fig. 2. As depicted, the proposed control system consists of Equation (11) defines an adaptive hysteresis band that
two-stage. The first stage is a modiified incremental depends on the system parameeters. This algorithm permits to
conductance algorithm used to generate the necessary
n reference obtain a constant switching freqquency in the PV inverter load.
current that achieves maximum power. Preedictive Hysteresis
Control (PHC) construct the second stagge. Adding PHC A flow chart of the propossed system is depicted in Fig. 5.
improves the performance of the MPPT control c and gives The operation of the proposedd technique is as follow current
faster response and better operation in i case of fast and voltage of PV module annd output voltage are measured.
environmental changes or partial shading conditions. Figure. 3 Difference between the currennt values and previous values of
shows the evolution of the PV current whhen using a basic the voltage and current of the PV module then is calculated.
hysteresis current control. Considering that the output current The algorithm check differencee in voltage if it is equal to

6451
zero, then difference in current is checked. If is equal to D1 L1
zero the algorithm keeps the reference currennt with no changes. C1 +
D2 D3
+
L2 D4 D5 D6 D7
Vg SW
C4 + C3 +

(a ) V o +
D1 L1
C1 +
D2 D3
+
L2 D4 D5 D6 D7
Vg SW
C4 + C3 +

D1 L1
(b ) V o +
C1 +
Fig. 2. Proposed Predictive Hysteresis control based Maximum
M Power Point D2 D3
+
tracking control. L2 D4 D7
D5 D6
Vg SW
C4 + C3 +

(c ) V o +
Fig. 4. Proposed Switched Inductor with
w voltage multiplier and its modes of
operation (a) proposed topology (b) mode1 (c) mode2.

Startt
Re ad
d
VPV (K ) & I PVV (K )

V = Vn V p
Fig. 3. PV Output current with hysteresis control. I = In I p

But if is greater than zero, the algoriithm decreases the yes

V = 0
reference current, else the algorithm will incrrease the reference
current. If is not equal to zero, the alggorithm checks the N
No
yes yes
term if this term is equal e to zero the I +(I / V)*Vn= 0 I = 0
algorithm keeps the reference current with no change, but if No
this term is greater than zero the algorithhm decreases the N
No
yes I > 0
reference current, else the algorithm increease the reference I + (I / V ) *Vn
n>0

current.
No
o yes No
III. SWITCHED INDUCTOR WITH VOLTAGE MULTIPLICATION Vref = Vref C Vref = Vref + C Vref = Vref C Vref = Vref + C
CONVERTER ANALYSIS
The proposed converter is based on swittched inductor and
voltage multiplication. The proposed system m and its modes of Ree turn
operations are depicted in Fig. 4. As figuredd out, the proposed
converter consists of two inductors, three cappacitors, six diodes Fig. 5. Flowchart of MIC Algorithm.
and only one switch. Depending on the switch states the
proposed topology has different modes. Moddes of operation of Mode 2 take place when switch SW1 is triggered to be
the proposed converter are discussed on the following
fo sections. OFF, as shown in Fig. 4(c). Turning
T off switch SW1 diodes
D1, D3 and D6 has reverse volltage so they become off. While
Mode 1 take place when switch SW1 is trriggered to be ON, diodes D2, D5 and D7 have forrward voltages and become ON.
as shown in Fig. 4(b). Turning on switch SW W1 diodes D1, D3 The main descriptive equations of this mode is as follow:
and D6 has forward voltage so they become ON. While diodes

D2, D5 and D7 have reverse voltages and become
b OFF. The (14)

main descriptive equations of this mode is as follow:

 (12) (15)

Applying inductor voltagee second balance and capacitor

(13)
charge balance [17], the voltagge gain of the proposed inverter
could be obtained as follow:

6452
 higher than 7 times. The meassured experimental efficiency of
 (16)

the SIVMC is depicted in Fig. 9 with its calculated efficiency.

(17)
IV. CONC
CLUSION
Equation (17) is the voltage gain relatioon of the proposed This paper presented simple DC micro grid. The micro grid
system. The gain of the proposed converter is higher than CBC was constructed from PV moduule, high gain switched inductor
by a factor and higher than SIBC C by a factor of 2. with voltage multiplier conveerter, DC load and maximum
This section provides a comparison betw ween the proposed power point tracking controlller. The proposed high gain
SIVMC, Traditional Boost Converter (TBC C) [17], Quadratic SIVMC has high gain with impproved efficiency.
Boost Converter (QBC) [18], and Switched Inductor
I Converter
(SIC) [19]. Figure. 6 represents a comparisonn between the gain
of the proposed SIVMC, TBC, SIC, and QB BC. As can be seen
from the figure, TBC has the lowest voltagge gain at all duty
cycle. SIC has higher gain compared to the TBC,
T but its gain is
lower than SIVM and QBC. SIVMC has thhe highest gain at
lower duty cycle compared to other topologgies. But at higher
duty cycle, greater than .75, QBC has the higghest gain. Having
higher voltage gain is very important in PV applications, as it
enable using less number of PV modules. Using less number of
PV modules, reduces the effect of partial shadding.
Table. 1 shows the voltage stresses of the proposed SIVMC, Fig. 6. Voltage Gain
G Comparison.
as the table describes, the switch has reverse voltage equal to Table 1. Proposed SICVM M Components voltage stresses.
half of the output voltage, this is one of the advantages of the Comp. Reverse voltage C
Comp. Reverse voltage
proposed converter, diodes D1 and D3 havve reverse voltage D2 Vin(input voltage) D1=D3
D Vo/2-Vin(input voltage)
equal to the difference between half of the output
o voltage and D5=D6=D7 Vo/2 SW Vo/2
input voltage, diode D2 has reverse voltagge equal to input
Table 2. PV Moodule Characteristic
voltage only, and finally diodes D5, D6 andd D7 have reverse
Electrical Characteristics BP 485
voltage equal to half of the output voltage. Results
R
Table. 2 is the characteristics of the used PV module. Four Maximum power (Pmax) 85W
modules were used in the simulation. PSIM M software is used Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17.8V
as a powerful simulation tools. The perfoormance of a PV
Current at Pmax (Imp) 4.9A
system relies on the operating conditions. Thhen, the maximum
Warranted minimum Pmax 80.75W
power extracted from the PV generator deppends strongly on Short-circuit current (Isc) 5.4A
three factors: insolation, load profile (load im
mpedance) and cell
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 22.0V
temperature (ambient temperature). It can bee observed that the
temperature changes mainly affect the PV V output voltage,
while the irradiation changes mainly affecct the PV output
current. Nevertheless, PV systems shouldd be designed to
operate at their maximum output powerr levels for any
temperature and solar irradiation level at all a times. The last
significant factor, which determines the PV V output power, is
the impedance of the load. In this case of sttudy output power
of the four PV modules at 1000 W/m2 supposed to be 340. In
the simulation, solar radiation changed froom 700 w/m2 to
1000 w/m2. As shown in Fig. 7, output from f PV modules
increase from 216 to 325 w. The proposed control algorithm
requires only 0.06 sec to reach to steady statee.
A prototype for the proposed switcheed inductor with
voltage multiplier converter is built for f voltage gain
investigation. The circuit parameter of the prroposed SIVMC is
Fig. 7. PV output power with proposed algorithm.
built using IXTK22N100L, N channel MO OSFET, and VS-
EPU3006-N3, fast rectifier diode. Inductorrs of the circuit is
made using Toroid core 0077194A7. As deppicted in Fig.8, the
proposed SIVMC can produces 254V outpput with only 30V
input voltage at duty cycle D=.7. The obtained gain was

6453

Fig. 8. Switched Inductor with voltage muultiplier.
Fig. 9. Calculated and Experimental Efficiency of thee proposed SIVMC.
Prototype for the proposed converter wass implemented and
tested at different voltage gain conditiions. Comparison
between calculated and measured efficienncy was provided
through the paper. The maximum poweer point tracking
controller was implemented based on fixed frequency
predictive hysteresis control. The proposedd MPPT algorithm
had some inherent feature such as fast trackking response and
ease of implementation.
. Phase PV Inverters 35th Annnual Conference of IEEE Industrial
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank the Egyptian higher
ministry of education for supporting him to complete
c his study
in Japan. Also, the Author would like to thank
t Utsunomiya
University for providing funds for confferences and lab
facilities.
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