Scientific Misconduct
Terminology: Plagiarism
Plagiarisme & Pencegahannya
Presented by:
Dr. Imami Nur Rachmawati, SKp.,MSc.
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Terminology: Plagiarism
Menurut Pasal 1 angka 1 Permendiknas 17/2010:
Perbuatan secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja dalam
memperoleh atau mencoba memperoleh kredit atau
nilai untuk suatu karya ilmiah, dengan mengutip
sebagian atau seluruh karya dan/atau karya ilmiah
pihak lain yang diakui sebagai karya ilmiahnya,
tanpa menyatakan sumber secara tepat dan
memadai.
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Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's
work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own.
This can apply to anything, from term papers to
photographs to songs, even ideas!
Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words,
ideas, images, sounds, or the creative
expression of others as your own.
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Terminology: Copyright
Di Indonesia, masalah hak cipta diatur dalam Undang-
undang Hak Cipta, yaitu, yang berlaku saat ini,
Undang-undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002. Dalam
undang-undang tersebut, pengertian hak cipta adalah
"hak eksklusif bagi pencipta atau penerima hak untuk
mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya atau
memberikan izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangi
pembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku" (pasal 1 butir 1).
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Klasifikasi Plagiarism Macam-macam bentuk plagiat dalam penulisan

Berdasarkan aspek yg dicuri: plagiarism ide, isi/
data, kata, kalimat, paragraf, total
Berdasarkan kesengajaan: sengaja atau tidak
sengaja
Berdasarkan proporsi yg dibajak: ringan (<30%),
sedang (30-70%), total (>70%) angka
kepantasan
Berdasarkan pola: kata demi kata, mosaik
Auto-plagiarism/ self-plagiarism
karya ilmiah meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada
(Pasal 2 ayat [1] Permendiknas 17/2010):
a. mengacu &/atau mengutip istilah, kata-kata
&/atau kalimat, data dan/atau informasi dari suatu
sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber dlm catatan
kutipan &/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara
memadai;
b. Mengacu &/atau mengutip secara acak istilah,
kata-kata &/atau kalimat, data &/atau informasi
dari suatu sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber
dlm catatan kutipan &/atau tanpa menyatakan
sumber secara memadai;

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c. menggunakan sumber gagasan, pendapat, Tipe Plagiarisme: Copying

pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan sumber
secara memadai;
d. merumuskan dengan kata-kata dan/atau kalimat The most well-known and,
sendiri dari sumber kata-kata dan/atau kalimat, sadly, the most common
gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa type of plagiarism is the
menyatakan sumber secara memadai; simplest: copying you
e. menyerahkan suatu karya ilmiah yang dihasilkan copy someone else's work
dan/atau telah dipublikasikan oleh pihak lain and put your name on it,
sebagai karya ilmiahnya tanpa menyatakan you have plagiarized.
sumber secara memadai

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Copying: An Example
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' Copying: An Example
shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy
[...] This is understandable, since parents are in
positions of control and authority in their homes and This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer had
may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, copied, word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's
since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many book and not acknowledged in any way that it was
children, it may be threatening to think of parents in
these terms. At this young age, the parent is still Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer would have
idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, committed plagiarism.
ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do
about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

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Patchwork: An Example
Tipe: Patchwork Plagiarism
With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to
their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a
The second most common type
parent shy. It is easy to understand this, since the
of plagiarism: patchwork parents are in positions of control and authority in their
plagiarism. This occurs when the own homes and may not necessarily show their shy
plagiarizer borrows the "phrases side to their children. Moreover, since shyness is
and clauses from the original viewed as unfavorable by most children, it may be
source and weaves them into his threatening for them to think of their parents in that light.
own writing without putting the During the formative years, the parent is idealized as
phrases in quotation marks or all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.
citing the author.

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Patchwork: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this passage put the colored
phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after
the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the "author" would
have been safe. Without the quotation marks and the
proper citation, the "author" has committed plagiarism.
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Paraphrasing: An Example
Children are completely insensitive to their
parents' shyness and rarely label their parents
as shy. Because the parents are the authority
and controlling figures in the home, they may
not feel shy and therefore not show their shy
side. Moreover, during the formative years,
parents are seen as omnipotent and
omniscient and not stupid, unattractive, or
pathetic; it may be frightening for children to
view their parents in terms of shyness.
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Tipe: Paraphrasing Plagiarism
This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or
summarizes another's work without citing the
source. Even changing the words a little or using
synonyms but retaining the author's essential
thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without
citing the source is still considered plagiarism.
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Paraphrasing: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used
footnotes or parenthetical citations to acknowledge
Dr. Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in
the clear. However, since the "author" acts like
these ideas are his or her own, and does not
acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.
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Tipe Plagiarisme Excuses

Intentional Unintentional
Copying a friends work Careless Its okay if Everyone does it!
Buying or borrowing paraphrasing I dont get caught!
papers Poor documentation I was too busy to
Cutting and pasting This assignment write that paper!
blocks of text from Quoting excessively (Job, big game, too
was BORING!
electronic sources Failure to use your much homework!)
without documenting own voice Ive got to get
into
Media borrowing ??? U.!
without documentation My parents
expect As!
Web publishing without My teachers
permissions of creators expect
too much!

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Rationale for academic integrity

(as if it were necessary!)
When you copy you cheat yourself.
You limit your own learning.
The consequences are not worth the
Is your academic
risks!
reputation valuable
It is only right to give credit to authors
whose ideas you use
Citing gives authority to the
information you present
Citing makes it possible for your
readers to locate your source
Education is not an us vs. them
game! Its about learning to learn!
Cheating is unethical behavior
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Real life consequences:
Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians,
Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Kearns left television position and stepped down as
Pulitzer Prize judge for lifting 50 passages for her 1987
book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)
to you? Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the
Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)
Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign
speeches of Robert Kennedy
Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for
plagiarism in his columns (Boston Columnist . . .)
Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students dismissed, 3
graduate degrees revoked
CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001
Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002
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Possible school consequences SANKSI HUKUM

0 on the assignment
Parent notification
Referral to administrators
Suspension or dismissal
from school activities--
sports and extracurricular
Note on student record
Loss of reputation among
the school community
Setiap perguruan tinggi menetapkan syarat kelulusan
utk mendapatkan gelar akademik, profesi, atau vokasi
(Pasal 25 ayat [1] UU Sisdiknas). Jika karya ilmiah yg
digunakan utk mendapatkan gelar akademik, profesi,
atau vokasi terbukti hasil jiplakan, maka gelarnya
akan dicabut (Pasal 25 ayat [2] UU Sisdiknas).
Tidak hanya dicabut gelarnya, lulusan yg terbukti
menjiplak karya ilmiah orang lain juga diancam dgn
pidana penjara paling lama dua tahun dan/atau
pidana denda paling byk Rp 200 juta (Pasal 70 UU
Sisdiknas).

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WARNING
Menteri Pendidikan: Permendiknas No. 17 Tahun Jadi, perbuatan plagiat dalam penulisan karya
2010 ttg Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Plagiat di ilmiah merupakan suatu tindak pidana. Orang
Perguruan Tinggi (Permendiknas 17/2010).
yang terbukti melakukan plagiat dalam
Apabila mahasiswa terbukti melakukan plagiat
penulisan karya ilmiah untuk mendapatkan gelar
sdgkan ia telah lulus suatu program studi, maka
sanksi yg diterima adalah pembatalan ijazah (Pasal akademik, profesi, atau vokasi terancam sanksi
12 ayat [1] huruf g Permendiknas 17/2010). Akan pencabutan gelar, pembatalan ijazah, bahkan
tetapi, bila tidak terbukti melakukan plagiat hingga ancaman pidana penjara.
sebagaimana dituduhkan, maka pemimpin perguruan
tinggi melakukan pemulihan nama baik yang
bersangkutan (Pasal 14 Permendiknas 17/2010).

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Common Knowledge Examples of common knowledge

NO! Soekarno was our first president
Do I have
Facts that are widely to cite
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
known, or everything?
December 7, 1941
Information or judgments
considered common
knowledge
If you see a fact in three or more sources,
Do NOT have to be and you are fairly certain your readers
documented.
already know this information, it is likely to
be common knowledge.
But when in doubt, cite!
Hooray for
common
knowledge!

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No need to document when: Whats the big deal?

You are discussing your own
experiences, observations, or reactions
Compiling the results of original
research, from science experiments, etc.
You are using common knowledge

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Use these three strategies

Avoiding Plagiarism Quoting
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for Paraphrasing
avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a
source in your paper, give credit where it's due. Summarizing
Acknowledge the author of the original work you've used.

To blend source materials in with your own,

making sure your own voice is heard.

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Quoting Proper Quotations

Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied
directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must
be cited! In order to properly quote your sources, you should
consult the style manual that would be appropriate for
Use quotations when: the research. In most cases, your professor will tell you
You want to add the power of an authors words to which style manual would be preferred. If your
support your argument
professor doesn't indicate which manual to use, be
You want to disagree with an authors argument sure to ask.
You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful
phrases or passages
You are comparing and contrasting specific points of
view
You want to note the important research that
precedes your own

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APA or Chicago Quotations
Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are
totally insensitive to their parents' shyness"
(Zimbardo, 1977, p.62).
Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that Children are
totally insensitive to their parents shyness (p. 62).
Paraphrasing: Some researches have observed that
children seem oblivious to their parents bashfulness
(Zimbardo, 1977).
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Summarizing
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or
several writers into your own words, including only the
main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original and take a broad overview of the source material.
Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to
their original sources.
Summarize when:
You want to establish background or offer an overview of a
topic
You want to describe knowledge (from several sources)
about a topic
You want to determine the main ideas of a single source
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Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an
author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words.
When you paraphrase, you rework the sources
ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures
with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased
material must be followed with in-text
documentation and cited on your Works-Cited
page.
Paraphrase when:
You plan to use information on your note cards and wish
to avoid plagiarizing
You want to avoid overusing quotations
You want to use your own voice to present information
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As you take notes:
Include any direct quotes or unique phrases in
quotation marks or mark with a big Q and
make sure the speakers /writers name is
identified.
Make sure you note a paraphrase with the
writers name and mark it with a big P
Include page numbers and source references
so you can go back and check for accuracy as
you write.
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Pedoman Format Penulisan APA
SITASI DALAM TEKS
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Sitasi dlm Teks: Membuat Kutipan
Ketika mengutip, kenalkan kutipan dgn frase sinyal.
Pastikan utk menyertakan nama penulis, tahun
publikasi, nomor halaman, tapi tetap kutipan
singkat-jangan mengulang informasi.
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response
frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive
appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena (p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations
and other intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p.11).
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Sitasi dlm teks: Dasar
Sitasi dlm teks membantu pembaca
melokalisasi sumber yg disitasi di daftar
pustaka
Kapanpun menggunakan sebuah sumber,
berikan dlm tanda kurung:
Nama pengarang dan tahun publikasi
Untuk kuotasi & paraphrases yg sangat mirip,
gunakan nama pengarang, tanggal publikasi, &
halaman
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Sitasi dlm Teks: Membuat ringkasan
atau Paraphrase
Tulis nama belakang penulis & tahun publikasi
dlm tanda kurung setelah pernyataan
Though feminist studies focus solely on women's
experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the
masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).
Setelah pernyataan, nama belakang penulis lalu
tahun publikasi setelah tanda koma di dlm kurung
Recently, the history of warfare has been
significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987),
Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include
womens personal and cultural responses to battle
and its resultant traumatic effects.
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Atau semua nama sumber ditulis di belakang
Recently, the history of warfare has been
significantly revised to include womens
personal and cultural responses to battle and its
resultant traumatic effects (Higonnet et al.,
1987; Marcus, 1989; & Raitt and Tate, 1997)
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Sitasi dlm Teks: Signal Words
Masukkan kutipan dengan signal phrases,
e.g.
According to X. (2008), . (p. 3).
X. (2008) argued that (p. 3).
Gunakan signal:
acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded,
reported, argued, concluded, dll.
Gunakan past tense or the present perfect
tense of verbs dlm signal phrases
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Sitasi dlm Teks: Membuat ringkasan
atau Paraphrase
Ketika memasukkan kutipan di dlm ringkasan/
paraphrase, juga tulis nomor halaman sumber
dlm kurung setelah kutipan
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored (p. 2).
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Things to remember
Quotes of 40 or more words appear in a block
quotation format, indented with no quotation
marks.
To show that the citation is not part of the
quote, in a block quotation the period goes
before the parentheses.
Block quotations are double spaced
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Sample Block Quotation
done on the wrists, arms, legs, or stomach, are hard
enough to break the skin and possibly deep enough to
cause bleeding and scarring; however, they are not
intended to cause permanent pain or suicide (Cool
Nurse). According to Hayes (2005),
Self-inflicted injury is a coping mechanism, albeit not
a particularly healthy one, used by those who want
to live and are struggling to control their emotions.
This self-injurious act is indicative of a failure by an
individual to develop positive coping skills in the face
of overwhelming stress. (p.1172)
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Sitasi dlm Teks
3 5 penulis: di awal makalah, tulis semua
penulis dlm kurung.
(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)
Pada sitasi berikutnya, hanya gunakan nama
belakang penulis pertama diiukuti dengan dkk
dalam signal phrase atau dlm kurung.
. (Harklau et al., 1993)
Enam atau lebih penulis: Tulis nama belakang
penulis pertama diikuti dgn dkk lalu tahun
publikasi dlm kurung
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that.
(Smith et al., 2006)
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Sitasi dlm Teks
Dua atau lebih sumber urutan sm dgn di daftar
refensi nama belakang penulis, tahun publikasi
dipisahkan oleh titik koma. Urutkan alfabetikal
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
Sumber dgn dua penulis, gunakan dan di antara
kedua nama dlm signal phrase atau & di antara
kedua nama dlm kurung
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored (p. 2).
Some feminists researchers question that women's
responses to the war have been ignored (Raitt &
Tate, 1997, p. 2).
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Sitasi dlm Teks: Sumber tanpa nama
penulis
Gunakan judul penuh sumbernya dlm signal
phrase & sitasi kata pertama dari judul diikuti
dgn tahun publikasi dlm tanda kurung.
Letakkan judul artikel & bab dlm tanda kutip,
miringkan huruf utk judul buku dan laporan.
According to Indiana Joins Federal
Accountability System (2008),
Atau,
. (Indiana, 2008)
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Sitasi dlm kalimat: Organisasi
Ketika mengutip sebuah organisasi, pertamakali
sebutkan organisasi ketika mensitasi sumber
dlm signal phrase atau sitasi dlm tanda kurung.
The data collected by the Food and Drug
Administration (2008) confirmed that
Jika organisasinya sudah dikenal singkatannya,
cantumkan singkatan tsb dlm kurung ketika
paertama kali sumber dikutip dan sitasi
selanjutnya hanya gunakan singkatan tsb.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed
FDAs experts tested
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Sitasi dlm kalimat: komunikasi
personal
Jika mengutip hsl wawancara, surat, surel dll,
cantumkan nama sumber/ komunikator, fakta
bhw ini mrp komunikasi personal, & tanggal
komunikasi. Jgn mencantumkan komunikasi
personal pada daftar referensi.
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her
students had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).
Atau,
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January
4, 2001).
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Sitasi dlm kalimat: nama belakang/
nama penulis sumber sama
Gunakan inisial lalu nama belakang
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
Jika mensitasi dua atau lebih sumber
dari penulis yang sama & dipublikasi
dlm tahun yg sama, gunakan, gunakan
huruf kecil (a, b, c) dg tahun publikasi
utk mengurutkan referensi.
Smiths (1998a) study of adolescent
immigrants
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Sitasi dlm kalimat: sumber elektronik
Jika mgk, sitasi dlm gaya penulis. Jika sumber
electronik tidak ada halamannya, lokasikan dan
identifikasikan no paragraf/ paragraph heading.
Contoh:
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter
section, para. 6).
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Halaman Referensi
Urutkan secara alfabet
Gunakan hanging indent jika referensi lebih
dari satu baris
Kata Referensi di tengah, atas halaman
Di dlm referensi, urutkan penulis sama dg
urutan di makalah (jgn dibuat alfabet).
Gunakan huruf besar sesuai APA
Pedoman Format Penulisan APA

REFERENSI

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Nama belakang, Inisial nama depan.

Inisial nama tengah (jika ada). Sumber Buku Jurnal Cetakan

(Tahun)
Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L. (1993). Dissertations and theses Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (year). Article
from start to finish: Psychology and related fields. Judul title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number),
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association page numbers.
Buku terjemahan Kota Nama belakang, Inisial nama tengah (jika ada). Judul artikel
Penerbit
Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L. (1993). Dissertasi dan tesis. Berkerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness.
(Imami NR, penerj). Buku Asli diterbitkan tahun 1988. American Psychologist, 48(3), 574-576.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Cone & Foster (1993/ 1988). dalam teks Insial nama depan. (Tahun)
Halaman artikel
Bagian dari sebuah buku (chapter)
Hybron, D.M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of Judul Jurnal, nomor volume (Nomor isu)
subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The
science of subjective well-being (99.17-43). New York, NY:
Guilford Press.

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Artikel Database Website

Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date). Article title.
Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page
numbers. doi or Retrieved from URL
DOI = Digital Object Identifier
Contoh:
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D.,
& White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory
experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 78(8), 443-449. Retrieved from
http://www.eric.com/jdlsiejls/supervisor/early937d%.
Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An
annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing,
41(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
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Website seringkali tdk memberikan semua info yg
diperlukan utk sitasi catat informasi yg diperlukan dg
urutan ini (bisa dibuang bila tdk diperlukan)
Penulis, organisasi sponsor/ judul artikel
Tanggal lengkap
Judul
Nama & isu berkala/ nama web/ organisasi sponsor
Tgl diperoleh jika info di website sering berubah
URL address
Contoh:
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive
emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, Article 001a. Retrieved from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre003000
1a.html
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Sitasi Basic Internet Thesis/ Disertasi

Exploring linguistics. (1999, August 9). Jika sudah tersedia dalam database
Retrieved from Gilliland, A. L. (2010). A grounded theory model of
http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/orthogaphy/ effective labor support by doulas (Disertasi Doktor).
chines.html#tsang Diperoleh dari ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
(UMI No 3437269)
Jika tidak dipublikasi
Langitan, R. E. (2010). Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kejadian turnover perawat pelaksana
di sebuah rumah sakit di Depok Jawa Barat tahun
2009. (Tesis magister, tidak dipublikasikan).
Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

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Jumlah Penulis Contoh halaman referensi

Satu tujuh penulis, tulis lengkap
Delapan atau lebih penulis, gunakan 6
nama pertama dikuti tanda ellpsis () &
nama penulis terakhir
Dolan, R., Smith, R. C., Fox, N. K., Purcell, L.,
Fleming, J., Alderfer, B., Roman, D. E. (2008).
Management of diabetes: The adolescent
challenge. The Diabetes Educator, 34, 118-135.
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References
Exploring Linguistics. (1999, August 9). Retrieved February
10, 2005, from
http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/orthography/chinese.html
#tsang
Guo, B. (1995). Gate to Chinese calligraphy. Beijing: Foreign
Languages Press.
Hearn, M., & Smith, J. (Eds.). (2001). Chinese art: Modern
expressions. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
McCaffrey, J. (2007, December 11). The changes in modern
language. The New York Times. Retrieved from
www.nytimes.com
Paul, M. (2006). The benefits of art instruction in middle
school. Education Digest,12 (4), 38-46. Retrieved from
http://academicsearchelite.middl/aieo97cka;kps
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Imami-PedomanAPA

Q & A Time! Resources

Hukum
http://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/cl2
503/sanksi-hukum-bagi-lulusan-yang-
skripsinya-hasil-plagiat
Presentation URL
http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe/plagiarism.ppt
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Book: Mengurai & merajut tesis & disertasi -
Sastroasmoro

My Email: inrachma@yahoo.com

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