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Abstract-- The main objective of this paper, is to Multiple carriers are used in former to carry
review the work already done related to channel the information data streams.
estimation technique in OFDM system. Pilot base
channel estimation algorithm i.e. block type, comb All the subcarriers are orthogonal to each
type etc. are discussed and also compared in terms other than later one.
of their simplicity, computational cost and A guard time is added to each symbol to
suitability conditions. After comparison with reduce the time delay spread and inter
known techniques i.e. decision directed-Kalman- symbol interferences.
based estimation, Maximum Likelihood (ML)
method and two pilot-aided OFDM schemes, the
iterative blind channel technique performs better In OFDM, Orthogonality allows perfect transmission
for regions with mid to high signal to noise (SNR) of signals having multiple-information over a
ratio. In iterative blind channel estimation, common channel which are detected without
instead of using pilots to sound channel, a decision interference. Orthogonality between two periodic
algorithm first makes primary estimates of the
data symbol for each subcarrier based on a signals means that the two co-existing signal are
constrained linear minimum mean square error independent to each other in specific time interval
(MMSE) criterion. Then, these essential estimates and they should never interact with each other. The
are applied to optimum MMSE channel two periodic signals are said to be orthogonal when
estimation. their integral product over one period is equal to zero
and they should have integer number of cycles in
Index terms: Channel estimation, OFDM, ISI, time fundamental period.In communication system, inter-
varying channel, symbol interference (ISI) is a signal distortion in
I. INTRODUCTION which one symbol interferes with its subsequent
symbol. This may makes the communication less
OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) reliable. ISI is usually caused due to the multipath
has very wide area in wireless communication. In propagation or due to inherent non-linear frequency
OFDM, each channel has many sub-channels having response of a channel which cause successive
different frequencies which are further used in symbols to blur together. Due to ISI , errors are
parallel transmission at lower rate. Now a days, it is occurred at the receiver output of the decision device.
further used in various wireless application i.e. Hence, to combat this problem transmitter and
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Digital Audio receiver filters should be made in such a way that
Broadcasting (DAB), high performance wireless minimum error rate can be obtained. In OFDM
local area network (HYPERLAN), WiFi and system, ISI is eliminated by making all the subcarrier
WiMAX. OFDM is a special case of multi carrier orthogonal to each other.
transmission where a single data stream is transmit
over a number of lower rate subcarrier. It is worth OFDM signals can be optimized using various
mentioning here that OFDM can be treated as either a components such as coding[1], adaptive loading[2] ,
modulation technique or multiplexing technique. The and portioning[1]. Due to criticism of modeling and
basic technique used in OFDM is Frequency Division estimation, all the optimization depends on the
Multiplexing (FDM). In FDM there are several channel. In OFDM, channel estimation is required for
channels, which are separated by a guard band of suppressing the interference and ensuing signal
frequency to reduce adjacent channel interference. detection.
These channels of FDM are used for the mapping of
information of different streams. While OFDM is Due to the accurate channel estimation, OFDM is
differ from FDM in following ways as follows: able to use the coherent detection for 3-dB signal to
noise ratio(SNR) gain over differential detection.
article shows that GAs based scheme is robust and H. A Subspace Blind Channel Estimation Method for
accurate, and has a fast convergence performance. OFDM System Without Cyclic Prefix [14]
E. Blind OFDM Channel Estimation Through Simple Sumit Roy, IEEE. 2002. In this paper researchers
Linear Pre-coding.[11] proposed a subspace based blind channel estimation
method for orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing system over a time dispersive channel.
Athinn a Peropulu, Ruifeng Zhang, IEEE. 2004. In
this paper, a new blind system is proposed by the In this researcher use resemblance of the
researchers which comprises simple linear multichannel signal model of the received OFDM
transformation applied to blocks of symbols before signal to that in conventional single carrier system.
The result of this paper shows that the proposed
they enter the OFDM. The transformation imposes a
algorithm is attractive for its potential in sense of
correlation structure on the transmitted blocks, which
is used at the receiver to recover the channel through increase the system s channel utilization by
simple cross correlation operations. The result of the eliminating CP. Comparison of algorithm results that
this paper shows that, this technique compares proposed one is able for estimate accuracy and the
favorably to the training-based scheme used in the speed of convergence.
IEEE 802.11a wireless standard.
I. Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot
F. Channel Estimation for OFDM with Fast Fading Arrangement in OFDM System.[15]
Channels by Modified Kalman Filter [12]
Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen, Anuj Puri and Ahmad
Ki- Young Han, Sang Wook Lee, Jun Seok Lim, Bahal, IEEE. 2002. In this paper researchers
proposed a channel estimation technique for OFDM
IEEE. 2004. In this paper, researchers describe time
varying channels destroy the orthogonality between system based on pilot arrangement. They use
different algorithms for both estimating of channel at
sub channels and cause inter channel interference
pilot frequencies is based on LS and LMS while
(ICI) in conventional frequency domain estimation
approaches. To combat the ICI researchers propose a channel interpolation is done using linear
new channel estimator for OFDM systems in a fast interpolation. The result of this paper shows that
and frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The comb type pilot based channel estimation with low
pass interpolation performs the best among all
result shows that, proposed filter does not require
pilots especially in slow fading environments and channel estimation algorithms.
also able to compensate for ICI.
J. OFDM With Iterative Blind Channel Estimation
G. Data Efficient Blind OFDM Channel Estimation [5]
Using Receiver Diversity [13]
Seyed Alireza Banani, IEEE. 2010. In this article
Hao Wang, IEEE. 2003. In this paper, researchers researcher proposed a new blind channel estimation
investigate non data aided channel estimation for technique for un-coded OFDM. He use a decision
cyclically prefixed orthogonal frequency division algorithm which makes primary estimation of data
symbol for each subcarrier based on a constrained
multiplexing (OFDM) system. They also proposed a
blind deterministic algorithm by exploiting channel linear minimum mean square error. The technique
diversity using only two receive antennas. The used only require one value from the time frequency
correlation of the channel transfer function. The
proposed method has desired property of being data
result shows that, the performance of blind system is
efficient only a single OFDM block is need to
achieve good estimation performance for a wide very promising and data detection is employed for
range of SNR values in presence of noise. The result high Doppler.
of this paper shows that, this new approach is its data
efficiency can be implemented using a single data III. CONCLUSION
block to achieve reasonable accurate estimate, and
this property is independent of the input signal In this paper, the various channel estimation
constellation. techniques for OFDM are studied. By comparing
various techniques we come to an conclusion that the
blind channel estimation is more efficient than pilot
aided system for simulated channels and is more
robust in sense of time variation of the channel than
pilot aided system. The blind technique has more