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20
Decadal growth of
10 population
0
190119211911193119411951196119711981199120012011
100
80
60
kolkata
40
20 delhi
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
30
20
10 Delhi
0 West Bengal
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
-10
Fig. 3. Growth Rate of Gross State Domestic Product in Agriculture and allied Sector 2000-01 to 2013-14 in
Delhi and Kolkata. (Authors Calculations, Source: Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) - 2014, Census of
India (various issues), Final Population of U.As and Towns TCPO, Govt. of India 2005).
Sharma 326
A. Growth of Transportation Lack of appropriate mass transport system, people
Owing to rapid urbanization, pressure on urban buying more vehicles for personal use in Delhi, this has
transport is likely to increase substantially. The total increased the number of vehicles in Delhi. The amount
vehicular share of India in the world is 1 percent of registered vehicles in Delhi has increased fifty-one
.According to State of Environment Report India- times in thirty year period. Approximately 17 per cent
2009 the increase in vehicles, as well as the of the cars in India run in Delhi alone-India: Air Quality
presence of other motorized forms of transportation Profile 2010 Edition September 2010 stated that Delhi
like taxis, autos, trains, buses, etc, will contribute to has more cars than the total numbers of cars in the
the existing large amount of vehicular emissions. individual states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
The most unfortunate fact about vehicular pollution and West Bengal (State of Environment Report India-
is that it is so prone to occur as the vehicular 2009). The vehicle stock in Delhi is expected to almost
emissions are emitted at near-ground level, (State of quadruple by the year 2020 Report (2009).
Environment Report India-2009)
7000
6000
5000
4000
Delhi
3000
2000 Kolkata
1000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Fig. 5. Growth Rate of Gross State Domestic Product in Industry Sector 2000-01 to 2013-14.
(Authors Calculations, Source: Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) 2014)
resources .As a result of this air quality has become
IV. AIR QUALITY
an issue of great concern in India. There are many
Rapid urbanization and industrialization has laid a factors responsible for sources of air pollution in
tremendous pressure on infrastructure and natural India.
Sharma 327
A. Factors Responsible For Pollution like thermal power plants, iron and steel plants
(i.) Population Growth: There has been an cement and fertilizer plants, various industries
excessive growth of population accompanied by related to oil refineries and petrochemical industries
unplanned urbanization over past five decades etc.
(ii.) Vehicular Emissions: Rapid urbanization has (iv.) Agricultural Waste Burning: This leads to
led to increase in urban transport like taxis, autos, emission of large amount of suspended particulate
trains, buses etc .Approximately 17 percent of cars matter like methane (CH4), carbon mono- oxide
of India run in Delhi, and the number is even more (CO), Nitrogen di oxide (NO2), sulphur di oxide
than the total number of cars in states of (SO2), which leads to various health issues like
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal respiratory diseases, skin and eye diseases .Intensive
(State of Environment Report 2009). agriculture processes is also immensely responsible
(iii.) Industrial Sector Growth. Economic boom for accumulation of greenhouse gases GHGs in the
has led to investments in construction, mining and atmosphere like methane, nitrous oxide further
iron and steel. The process of brick making, the leading to climate change. Emissions from
industry related to construction, iron and steel plants agriculture are approximately around 28 percent of
which engage excessively polluting methods. aggregate national emissions.
Emissions from such industries are responsible for (v.) Indoor Air Pollution: Indoor air pollution is
pollution today. These emissions can be clubbed in mainly caused by the method of cooking like using
two categories like, SPM solid particles and gaseous fuels in form of coal, kerosene etc.
emissions like SO2, NO2, CO etc. A number of plants
12 lpg
25 coal
dung cakes
2
kerosene
11
49 wood
3 other
27.50
27.00
26.50
26.00
25.50
Delhi
25.00
24.50 Kolkata
24.00
23.50
23.00
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Fig. 9. Variation of Annual Mean Temperature (Temperature degree centigrade)
(Authors Calculations, Source: Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS), National Aerounital
and Space Administration (NASA).
the contrary this depletion has a negative effect on
VI. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
the economy in the future.
The decennial growth of population has been more in Attempts at incorporating environmental account of
Delhi since 1951 and it has been rising consistently. the country along with the appropriate policies for
Till 2008-09 rate of growth of state domestic product improving the water and air quality of cities which
in Agriculture and allied sector has been more for are struck with high level of urbanisation and
West Bengal but since 2008-09 growth rate of excessive growth of population would maintain a
agriculture sector in Delhi has been more than West balance in the state of environment in such areas.
Bengal.
REFERENCES
Vehicular growth of road transport has considerably
been high in Delhi as compared to Kolkata. In Delhi [1]. Annual Report (2015). Government of India, Ministry
the vehicular growth has been rising consistently of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
since 2006. Growth rate of State Domestic Product [2]. Benjamin, K.S. (2014). Environment Issues, Climate
for industry sector has been more in West Bengal as Changes, and Energy Security in Developing Asia, ADB
Economics Working Paper Series Vol. 399.
compared to Delhi. Average annual concentration of [3]. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) 2014.
RSPM and NO 2 has consistently been more in Delhi [4]. Final Population of U.As and Towns TCPO, Govt. of
than in Kolkata. Average annual concentration of India 2005
SO2 is comparable in both cities apart from 1999 and [5]. National Ambient Air Quality Status and trends 2012
2003 when SO2 in Kolkata was relatively very high [6]. Road Transport Year Book 2012
than Delhi. Temperature which is substantial variable [7]. State of Environment Report India (2009). Ministry of
depicting climate change shows high variations in Environment and Forest Government of India
Kolkata as compared to Delhi except in 1981. [8]. State of Environment Report for Delhi (2010).
Department of Environment and Forests, Government of
VII. CONCLUSION NCT of Delhi
[9]. Sovacool, Benjamin K. "Environmental Issues,
Environmental issues in the present times have been Climate Changes, and Energy Security in Developing
alarming central issues of immediate concern. Asia." Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper
Keeping the significance of these issues our country Series 399 (2014): 17-14.
should aim at formulating the policies which mitigate [10]. Yadav, A(2013): An Empirical Study on
the detrimental consequences on environment .One Environmental Issues in India ,Global Journal of
of the way would be effectively computing national management and Business Studies , ISSN 2248-9878, Vol
income which accounts for environment...National (3), p949-954.
[11]. Bassi, Nitin, et al. (2014). "Status of wetlands in
income accounts conventionally allow depreciation
India: A review of extent, ecosystem benefits, threats and
allowance for man -made assets but no depreciation management strategies." Journal of Hydrology: Regional
allowance is recommended for Environmental Studies 2 (2014): 1-19.
Assets. As a result reduction or depletion of
environment is treated as increase in income but on