Backhaul Migration from TDM to IP

Israel Vasquez / Eduardo Alvarez, Sales Technical Supports

May, 2013
Introduction

The new LTE mobile broadband standard promises significantly

higher data rates for consumers than current HSPA technology, and at
a significantly lower cost per bit for the Operator.

Field tests show that end user download rates in excess of 150Mbps
are achievable where conditions allow.

While this seems like great news for the end users, there are concerns
in the operator community on how to backhaul what initially appears
to be vast volumes of data: If just one user can download at 150Mbps,
what is the total backhaul traffic from a multi-cell base station
supporting tens of users?

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Mobile Backhaul Network Evolution Requirements

The major aspects taken into consideration when planning a LTE ready MW
backhaul network are the following:

Higher capacities: Backhaul to a single tail site should easily scale to 100Mbps and even
beyond. Statistical multiplexing and QoS should be largely used to prevent the linear
increase of capacity of the backhaul.

Lower Latencies: The requirement for 10milisecond end-to-end leads to select solutions
that support extremely low latency.

Enhanced services: The backhaul must allow point to point connection (S1 interfaces) as
well as multipoint connections (X2) efficiently.

Synchronization Synchronous Ethernet and 1588v2 transport optimization

Legacy support Support services and equipment installed base

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 HSPA+/LTE Backhaul Check list
More than just higher capacities

Requirements Details
High Capacities for Data Applications 50-200 Mbps per site

Peak rate up to 4 times higher than average 173Mbps av 35 Mbps

Low Latency <10msec End-to-End

Handover interface (X2) Communication between eNBs

Enhanced services More than voice. Service aware networks

to provide the user experience
Deployment Paradigms Hotspot the size of a city to rural personal
broadband
Migration Strategies Take care of different co-located base
stations generations
Synchronization phase synchronisationE1/T1 for legacy.
1588V2 and SyncE for LTE
Convergence True multi play operators Fix and Mobile,
residential and business, voice, media and
data
Security Scalable and trusted transport (IPSec,
encryption)

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Backhaul Capacity Requirements at HSPA & LTE Cell Sites

Microwave Ethernet 180Mb/s

Capacity
(current standard)

90Mb/s

45Mb/s

BW

7 MHz 14 MHz 28 MHz

As of the end of 2010. we see a requirement for 50 Mbit/s at most

capacity sites, with requirements rising to 100 Mbit/s

..capacity growing by a factor of 3 or 4 over the next five years,..

Operators claim that they lack visibility on LTEs impact on

capacity requirements.

Source: Heavy Reading, Ethernet Backhaul Quarterly Market Tracker March 2011

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 Network Migration/ Evolution
From links to Networks
Cable solution
Voice TDM Dedicated
Oriented end-end PDH / SDH Bandwidth

Migration / Evolution

Network
Data Packet Shared Bandwidth
Oriented network
Ethernet / IP

Operators are migrating to Ethernet/IP networks mainly for bandwidth

scalability and due to better cost structure
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Total Cost of Ownership per site

The further the cell sites

The broader the bandwidth requirement
The more cost-effective it is to switch to Ethernet

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Network Evolution impact:
Basic Migration Models

Migration Strategies
Choose the path that better
optimizes spectrum and
doesnt add risks to current
and future services Native2

All Packet Map TDM over packet (PWE) TDMoETH

When?

Map Ethernet over PDH/ SDH ETHoTDM

Sonet/SDH Safe & Familiar

Native2 Carry natively each traffic ETH & TDM

Enjoy Both Worlds

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 Pseudowire vs. Native TDM

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Share of "Hybrid" vs. "Pure" Ethernet Microwave

GLOBAL ETHERNET MICROWAVE BY IMPLEMENTATION TYPE

This forecast breaks down the global Ethernet microwave forecast
according to whether or not the installed implementation in live service is
based on one of three models of backhaul architecture.
A hybrid model in which voice and low-speed data is carried natively
over TDM and high speed data is carried over Ethernet.
A pure Ethernet implementation that the operator chooses to use
solely for high speed data while keeping voice and low speed data
on a separate physical infrastructure (i.e. older-generation TDM
microwave or leased line over copper).
A pure Ethernet implementation that the operator uses for voice
and data, using pseudowires to support legacy TDM or ATM traffic.
As shown on the left, we have seen the hybrid TDM/Ethernet model
to dominate initially, accounting for 85% of live Ethernet microwave
sites by the end of 2010 and 51% by the end of 2013. Most of the
ongoing deployment activity that we know of in Africa, South America,
Europe, and parts of Asia consist of this hybrid model, with operators
preferring to carry their voice and low-speed data natively over TDM
rather than invest in pseudowire emulation for legacy services. We see
2014 as the year when sites in service with pure Ethernet microwave will
outnumber those in service with hybrid TDM/Ethernet microwave.
While part of the reason we expect data-only deployments of Ethernet
microwave radio to grow so aggressively has to do with the operators
anxiety about putting voice over Ethernet in the backhaul, that is not the
only explanation. The other is that in many markets, operators will simply
not want to discard capacity that they have already invested in so they
will deploy pure Ethernet microwave in parallel to their old TDM
microwave, keeping the latter in place for voice.
Heavy Reading thinks that there is more room on the upside than on
downside in terms of the rate at which pure Ethernet products supersede
hybrid implementations. But from the indicators we have, we do not think
it likely that the adoption of pure Ethernet microwave by cellular
operators willProprietary
be veryand
much faster than we are forecasting.
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 Hybrid (Native2)

Native2 - Is a technology
for carrying both TDM
and Ethernet traffic
Natively over the same
microwave links with
dynamic bandwidth
allocation.

TDM Packet Native2

PDH / SDH & Ethernet/ IP = Hybrid

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Hybrid / Native2
Reduced CAPEX and OPEX Hybrid platforms carries both TDM and
Ethernet traffic natively. Reduced footprint, power consumption , and cooling
requirements save on operating expenditures.
Integrated Networking Functionalities advanced microwave radio
support both TDM Cross Connect and Ethernet switching, increasing
efficiency both at the link level and at the network level.
Better Synchronization Native support for TDM systems ensures
superior clock distribution.
Simplified Management advanced microwave radio is deployed with a
single management platform that supports comprehensive fault
management, performance monitoring, and provisioning of all required
services microwave, switching, and cross-connection resulting in
significant OPEX savings.
Investment Protection advanced microwave platform can be easily
migrated to all- packet deployment

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 Smart TDM Pseudowire

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The Operator Chasm
Minimizing risks in Network Migration to All Packet

Challenge 1
Upgrading (swap) the
network with minimal
disruption to service

Challenge 2
Upgrades of base
stations and backhaul
are not coordinated in time

Challenge 3 All Packet TDM

Avoid costly equipment Minimal service disruption?
forklifts
Low TCO? High capacity?

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Market is moving to
packet backhaul

TDM will go from being present at

97% of cell sites at the end of
2010 to 84% at the end of 2012
and just 40% by the end of 2015

Packet backhaul will be rolled out

to support 78% of the worlds cell
sites by the end of 2015.

77% of these packet

backhaul deployments, will
be in pure packet mode by
the end of 2015.

Source: Heavy Reading Ethernet Backhaul Tracker, June-2012

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Pseudowire

Advantages:
Reduced Cost Carriers can reduce operational expenses by converging
multiple services over a single network, applying a unified management
scheme.

Efficiency Pseudowire is well-suited for ATM service, having only to

handle cells bearing customer traffic (as compared to partially-populated
TDM traffic), thus freeing valuable spectrum resources.

Ease of Provisioning End-to-end pseudowire provisioning of TDM traffic

does away with the need to perform cross-connections at each network site,
reducing OPEX.

Investment Protection Investment in Ethernet transport equipment is

preserved over the long term, while investment in costly legacy
infrastructure is curtailed.

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Pseudowire

Drawbacks :
High Per-Link CAPEX The cost of pseudowire service is high on a
per-link basis. Savings are realized mainly at the network level.

Additional Overhead Pseudowire encapsulation requires additional

overhead, reducing bandwidth efficiency.

Clock Recovery Problems Increased delay and jitter lower the

reliability of clock recovery mechanisms. The reliability of these
mechanisms is further reduced when employing low-capacity links,
especially as the number of hops in the path grows.

Pseudowire are most efficient when connected to high-capacity

links, with a short path to a clock source.

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TDM Pseudowire is The Way Forward
Aligned with market shift to all-packet

TDM Pseudowire is the future-proof solution

Saving CAPEX and OPEX by converging to a unified packet transport
while maintaining support for legacy TDM services
Cap the investment in legacy TDM equipment

E1
PW

Eth Microwave Access Aggregation & Core

Network
Eth PW

E1

TDM to packet TDM to packet

TDM to packet migration migration
migration

But what about native TDM guaranteed performance?

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 Smart TDM Pseudowire

Enjoy the Advantages

of both Solutions
Native TDM TDM Pseudowire

Unified & Future Proof

Guaranteed Performance Backhaul
No bandwidth waste, Minimal & Fixed Interoperable with new all-packet
Latency, Synchronization accuracy network elements. Cap investment
in legacy TDM technology

Simplicity Packet Backhaul

Simple to manage, to provision and to Better network utilization, scalability
monitor (performance and fault-detection) and QoE using a unified network

The Best of Both Worlds

The Performance and Simplicity of Native TDM with the Benefits of Single Converged Network

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 What is the sweet spot for Pseoudowires?

RNC/
Native2 BSC
1+0

Tail site #1 Native2 PW

PW Native2
1+1
1+0
Packet or TDM
PW based fiber
aggregation
network
Tail site #2 PW or leased lines
Native2
1+1
Hub/Aggregation site
Fiber site

Native2
1+0

n x T1/E1 interface
Chain site FE/GE interface
Tail site #3 MW Radio link

MW IDU integrated
Pseudowire are most efficient when connected to high- switching/XC/nodal capabilities

capacity links, with a short path to a clock source. Channelized STM1/OC3 interface

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2G TDM to all-packet migration alternatives
Native E1 trails (E1 VC")
E1 E1/ch-STM1

E1 Circuit-Emulation (PWE3) service

E1 E1/ch-STM1
PW PW

Abis-over IP Native Ethernet service (EVC)

FE/GE FE/GE

MW radio should optimally support any 2G migration strategy selected by

the operator with zero service disruption
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Radio Optimized Circuit-Emulation (CES/PWE3) solution
Traffic Type Standard PWE Radio Optimized PWE Native TDM

Radio Capacity 2.5 Mbps 2.2 Mbps 2.11 Mbps

Consumption Unique header compression
Per E1 15% LESS capacity Consumption
1 hops 1.43[ms] 1 hops 0.72[ms] 1 hops 0.48[ms]
E1 Latency
2 hops 1.86[ms] 2 hops 0.83[ms] 2 hops 0.78[ms]
(Using 28Mhz, 3 hops 2.29[ms] 3 hops 0.95[ms] 3 hops 1.08[ms]
256QAM) 4 hops 4 hops 4 hops
2.72[ms] 1.05[ms] 1.37[ms]
E1 latency is not guaranteed 50-70% LESS latency Guaranteed latency
Highly dependant on data Guaranteed with
traffic load Frame Cut-Through Innovation

Adaptive clock recovery Native Sync Distribution Native TDM

E1 Synchronization Unpredictable performance Same reliability/performance as
highly dependent on data TDM based synchronization
traffic load
Native to PWE3 Disruptive Seamless migration with Zero
migration service disruption & no cable
changes

Provide all the advantages of CES/PWE3 while maintaining

22 Native TDM grade efficiency, latency and sync
 E1 Circuit Emulation Structured mode (CESoPSN)
Compression of idle 64kbps (DS0) time slots in E1 frame

0 1 2 30 31

Packet MW
PW
0 1 2 30 31 E1
Network
FibeAir IP-10
BTS
1 2 30

2 31 0 1 2 30 31
0 1 2 30 31
PW 30 31
0 1 2
E1 FibeAir IP-10
BTS

0 1 2 30 31
PW
0 1 2
FibeAir IP-10 N x E1 or
Ch-STM1 BSC
PW
E1
FibeAir IP-10
BTS

Circuit Emulation
Services (CESoPSN)

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End-to-End Solution
Pseudowire can start at tail or nodal sites
Channelized STM-1 Pseudowire is available
Aggregates 63 x E1 PW
Solution is provisioned and monitored by the NMS

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 Migration with Hybrid backhaul

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5
 Guidelines For Risk Free Migration

Course of Action:
7-step road map

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 Risk Free Migration - Step 1:
Replace IDU/ODU
Course of Action: 7-step road map

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 MW radio technology for MBH evolution

TDM Native2 Packet Radio

Legacy SDH/PDH Advanced Hybrid Full IP Network

2G backhaul Best IP Migration Flexible, Scalable,

Much more than SDH (80E1s) Unified Network

Independent Microwave is an advantage,

Rather than depending on single vendor

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Risk Free Migration Step 2: Integrated Platform
Course of Action: 7-step road map
2. Create a Microwave cloud with built-in network functions by using
migration-ready microwave equipment with self contained TDM cross
connect and Ethernet switching.

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Integrated Networking Functionality Added Value

Network SDH SDH

Cost Network
Integrated TDM Cross-Connect
Microwave Cost
Microwave

Microwave
SDH/SONET With integrated
Multiplexer TDM Cross-connect
SDH/SONET Microwave
Multiplexer
$ With integrated
$
TDM Cross-connect
SDH/SONET SDH/SONET
Multiplexer Multiplexer
SDH/SONET Super PDH
$

$
155Mbps or FIBER
75x E1/84T1
FIBER
Site Site
63x E1/84T1
SDH/SONET Microwave
Multiplexer $ With integrated $
TDM Cross-connect
SDH/SONET Microwave
Multiplexer With integrated
TDM Cross-connect

Introducing Networking Functionality into the Microwave

equipment can help reduce the total cost of the network
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Networking Functionality Added Value
Reduce Network Solution Costs

The same applies to Ethernet Networking Functionality

Routing
TCO Routing
TCO
$ Integrated Carrier Ethernet Switch
Microwave Microwave Radio
$
Microwave

Handle Networking functionality, originally allocated to the Router

equipment, directly on the microwave system. This can reduce the
number of routers needed across the network

Integrating Carrier Ethernet Switching into the Microwave

equipment can help reduce total network costs

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Risk Free Migration Step 3: Validate TDM first
Course of Action: 7-step road map

3. Make sure that legacy TDM trails revenue generating services are
operating before adding Ethernet services. During the early phase of
migration it is more likely to add capacity and services using a few
more E1/T1s

Access Aggregation

Carrier Ethernet Services

N x services

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Risk Free Migration Step 4: Plan Network QoS
Course of Action: 7-step road map

4. Plan services in a way that maximizes the utilization of the radio, i.e.,
multiple services with different availability and priority profiles

Example of QoS mapping in Examples of QoS re-marking in Transport

Examples RAN Traffic
Transport Modules Equipment preserving QoS consistency
VLAN
3G - UMTS Name Class Type VLAN Priority
Priority
Network Sync (e.g. 1588v2) Network Control 7
Mobility & Signaling traffic High-1 6

Conversation Class (Real Time) Expedited 5 High Priority 5

Streaming Class (Real Time) High-2 4

Interactive Class (non Real Time) Low-1 3

Assured 3
Assured 2
Background class (non Real Time) Low-2 1
Best Effort 1
Best Effort 0

illustrates QoS mapping and remarking guidelines as an example of transport equipment preserving QoS consistency end-to-end.

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Enhanced QoS
CIR + EIR support
Per VLAN/VLAN+CoS
MEF-22 compliant

QoS Bandwidth Radio

Classifier Profile
link

Multi-Layer (L2-4) Hierarchical scheduling

Classifier
Intelligent congestion
management (WRED)
4 priorities
WFQ within the same priority
Shaping per queue and per port
8 Queues
CIR + EIR support
Per queue statistics
(transmitted/dropped)

Enables differentiated services with strict SLA while

maximizing network resources utilization
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 Capacity is not enough
TCP protocol limitations

TCP uses packet loss as indication for congestion

Radio link congestion causes synchronized packet loss on all the flows
TCP flows sharing bottleneck receive loss indications at around the same time so
decrease rates at around the same time
Results in periods where link bandwidth significantly underutilized Only 75%
utilization
200Mbps Radio links actual utilization is limited to 150Mbps

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 WRED overview
Stopping Synchronization

Weighted Random Early Detection

track length of queue
when queue starts to fill up, begin dropping
packets randomly with increased probability
Randomness breaks the rate synchronization
Utilization increases to almost 100%

WRED can improve radio link utilization by up to 25%

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Frame Cut-Through
Unique - Delay and delay-variation control for sensitive services
Lower priority frames do not effect High priority even if started to be transmitted.
Transmission of Lower priority frames is resumed after the cut-through with no capacity loss or re-
transmission required

Radio link

Optimally address the delay and delay-variation requirements

Achieves up to 70% reduction in frame delay vs. competitive solution!
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Frame Cut-Through
Unique - Delay and delay-variation control for sensitive services
Lower priority frames do not effect High priority even if started to be transmitted.
Transmission of Lower priority frames is resumed after the cut-through with no capacity loss or re-
transmission required

Latency Optimized
Radio link

address the delay and delay-variation requirements

Optimally
Achieves up to 70% reduction in frame delay vs. competitive
solution! Proprietary and Confidential
Frame Cut-Through
Benefits

Immunity to head-of-line blocking effects

Key for transporting high-priority, delay-sensitive traffic
Reduced delay-variation & maximum-delay over the link
Reduced end-to-end delay for TDM PWE3 services
Improved QoE for VoIP and other streaming applications
Expedited delivery of critical control frames

With Frame Cut-Through

Probability

Without Frame Cut- Through

Max Delay Max Delay

Propagation Delay

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Risk Free Migration Step 5: More Capacity
Enhanced Compression Techniques

Multi-Layer Header Compression

Payload compression

Header Payload Header Payload

Compressed Compressed
CH CH
Payload Payload

Compressed Compressed
CH CH
Payload Payload

CH = Compressed Header

Up to 150% more capacity

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 Advanced Multi Layer Header Compression
Multi Layer Header Compression
Performs compression of L2 L4 headers
between 2 ends of the same link
Up to 300% additional capacity!
Header
Compression
20% Multi-Layer (L2-4)
Compression
Does not impact traffic or add latency

230Mbps

High
Modulation
194Mbps

256QAM @ 28MHz*

*Class 6A, ITU G.8261 Network Model 2 traffic distribution

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No Header Compression

L1 header (PHY)
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG)
L1 Suppression only 12B

L1 header (IFG & Preamble fields) are 8B Preabmle

suppressed (20 bytes)

MAC DA
All L2-L4 header fields are not compressed 6B

L2 header (MAC)
6B MAC SA

2B 0x8A88 (opt)
Suppressed header
4B 2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
6B MAC DA 2B C-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x0800/0x86DD
6B MAC SA

2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
C-Vlan (opt)
L3/L4 headers
2B
2B 0x0800/0x86DD
(optional)
L3/L4 headers 0 to 1500B
&
(optional) Payload
0 to 1468B
&
Payload

4B CRC

MAC
4B
CRC

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MAC (L2) header compression

L1 header (PHY)
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG)
Legacy mode 12B

8B Preabmle

L1 header (IFG & Preamble fields) are

suppressed (20 bytes) MAC DA
6B

L2 header (MAC)
MAC SA/DA fields (12 bytes) are compressed 6B MAC SA
2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
4B Suppressed header
2B C-Vlan (opt)
1B Flow ID 2B 0x0800/0x86DD
2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
2B C-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x0800/0x86DD

L3/L4 headers L3/L4 headers

(optional) 0 to 1500B
(optional)
0 to 1468B
& &
Payload Payload

4B CRC

MAC
4B
CRC

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Multi-Layer Header Compression

L1 header (PHY)
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG)
L2 - L4 12B

8B
Preabmle
L1 header (IFG & Preamble fields) are
suppressed (20 bytes)
MAC DA
Using advanced traffic acceleration techniques 6B

L2 header (MAC)
up to 68 bytes from the L2-4 header of any IP 6B MAC SA
frame are compressed 2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
2B C-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x0800/0x86DD

L3 header
4B Suppressed header 24/40B IPv4/6
Compressed header
& Flow ID

L4 header
8/28B UDP/TCP

0 to 1468B Payload

0 to 1468B Payload
4B CRC

MAC
4B
CRC
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Risk Free Migration Step 5: More Capacity
Enhanced Ethernet header compression mechanism

Improved Ethernet throughput over the radio link by up to 150%

No affect on user traffic

Ethernet Ethernet throughput increase by header compression

Frame size
(bytes) L1 suppression only MAC Multi-Layer*

64 27% 45% 150%

96 18% 29% 84%
128 14% 22% 55%
256 7% 11% 23%
512 3.5% 5% 10%
1518 1% 2% 3.6%
* Multi-Layer header compression results are for standard IPv4 packets

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 Risk Free Migration Step 5: More Capacity
3GPP Mobile backhaul Traffic Model 1

VI.2.2.1.1 Network Traffic Model 1

According to 3GPP, the access traffic is composed by conversational (voice), streaming
(audio-video), interactive (e.g., http) and background (sms, e-mail). It is known that in wireless
network, 80% to 90% of the traffic is conversational, with the average call lasting from 1 minute to
2 minutes. To be able to model this traffic, 80% of the packets should be fixed small-size constant
bit rate packets, and 20% of packets with a mix of medium and maximum size packets.
The packet size profile is:
80% of the load must be minimum size packets (64 octets);
15% of the load must be maximum size packets (1518 octets);
5% of the load must be medium size packets (576 octets).
Maximum size packets will occur in bursts lasting between 0.1 s and 3 s.

The above model represents a common distribution of packet size in

a real mobile backhaul network.
Smaller packets dominate the distribution (no big file transfers)

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3GPP Traffic Model 1 28MHz

BW [Mhz] Modulation Profile Radio Throughput Eth Capacity L2 Header Comp. Eth Capacity Mutilayer Header
(Mbps) Comp. + Payload Comp

64B 3GPP Traffic 64B 3GPP Traffic

Model1 Model1
28 QPSK 0 41 58 54 109 85
28 8 PSK 1 55 78 73 147 114
28 16 QAM 2 78 111 105 209 163
28 32 QAM 3 105 151 142 284 221
28 64 QAM 4 130 188 176 353 275
28 128 QAM 5 158 229 215 431 336
28 256 QAM 6 176 255 240 479 374
28 256 QAM 7 186 268 253 505 394

More capacity using the same spectrum means

More end users get a better quality of experience
At lower network OPEX

Up to 100% more capacity

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Risk Free Migration Step 5: More Capacity
3GPP Mobile backhaul Traffic Model 2

VI.2.2.1.2 Network Traffic Model 2

Bigger packets compared with the Network Traffic Model 1 compose the network that handles
more data traffic. To be able to model this traffic, 60% of the packets must be maximum size, and
40% of packets with a mix of minimum and medium size packets.
The packet size profile is:
60% of the load must be maximum size packets (1518 octets);
30% of the load must be minimum size packets (64 octets);
10% of the load must be medium size packets (576 octets).
Maximum size packets will occur in bursts lasting between 0.1 s and 3 s.

The above model represents a common distribution of packet size in

BWA to businesses.
Larger packets dominate this application (passing of large files
between business sites).

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3GPP Traffic Model 2 28Mhz

BW [Mhz] Modulation Profile Radio Throughput Eth Capacity L2 Header Comp. Eth Capacity Mutilayer Header
(Mbps) Comp. + Payload Comp

64B 3GPP Traffic 64B 3GPP Traffic

Model2 Model2
28 QPSK 0 41 58 48 113 55
28 8 PSK 1 55 78 64 152 74
28 16 QAM 2 78 111 92 220 106
28 32 QAM 3 105 151 124 295 144
28 64 QAM 4 130 188 155 365 179
28 128 QAM 5 158 229 189 447 218
28 256 QAM 6 176 255 210 495 242
28 256 QAM 7 186 268 221 529 256

More capacity using the same spectrum means

More end users get a better quality of experience
At lower network OPEX
Up to 40% more capacity

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Risk Free Migration Step 5: More Capacity
ETSI Spectral Efficiency Classes

As the maximum transmission rate in a given bandwidth depends on

system spectral efficiency, different equipment classes are defined:

5B class: 6A class:

USED Blocked! USED Blocked!

Optional Expansion
Blocked!

Green indicates channels that may be used by another system or for expansion of existing system

While 5B class block the opposite pole (yellow) of the same channel
for expansion (XPIC) use only, 6A class block out THREE other usable
adjacent channels (red)

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28MHz (ETSI) supported scripts
28MHz Ethernet capacity with Ethernet capacity with
Max MAC header compression Multi-Layer header
High Capacity ACM
Modulation # (Mbps) compression (Mbps)
Point
of E1s 1518 512 64 1518 512 64
class 5B (ACCP) bytes Bytes Bytes bytes bytes Bytes
1 QPSK 17 40 42 58 41 44 109
2 8 PSK 23 54 56 78 55 59 147

USED 3 16 QAM 33 78 81 111 79 85 209

Optional
Expansion
4 32 QAM 44 105 109 151 107 115 284
5 64 QAM 55 131 136 188 134 143 353
6 128 QAM 68 160 165 229 163 175 431
7 256 QAM 76 178 184 255 181 195 479
8 256 QAM 80 188 194 268 191 205 505
+ 4-5% additional
capacity
Ethernet capacity with Ethernet capacity with
Max MAC header compression Multi-Layer header
28MHz ACM
Modulation # (Mbps) compression (Mbps)
Point
Ultra High Capacity of E1s 1518 512 64 1518 512 64
bytes Bytes Bytes bytes bytes Bytes
class 6A (ACAP) 1 QPSK 17 42 43 60 43 46 113
2 8 PSK 24 57 58 81 57 62 152
3 16 QAM 34 82 85 117 83 89 220
4 32 QAM 46 110 113 157 112 120 295
Blocked! USED Blocked!
Blocked!
5 64 QAM 57 136 140 194 138 148 365
6 128 QAM 70 166 172 238 169 182 447
7 256 QAM 78 184 190 263 187 201 495
8 256 QAM 83 197 203 281 200 215 529

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Asymmetric Bandwidth
Operator Benefits

Allocate more bandwidth to downstream traffic without having to

reserve additional channels or larger part of the spectrum
Significant Opex & Capex savings

Downstream

Upstream

Asymmetric channel within FDD frequency plan Aggregation

BTS/NB/eNB Network

Aggregation / Hub site

50% More Downstream Capacity - at no extra cost!

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 Doubling Ring Capacity
ABR (Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery)

Conventional Protection ABR Protection

(Based on SNCP 1+1) (Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery)

More bandwidth
for broadband
Standard Double for free!

capacity capacity

Double the ring capacity - at no extra cost!

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53
 Risk Free Migration Step 6: Network Sync
Course of Action: 7-step road map

6. While synchronization in pure 3GPP networks is still an issue, during

the migration phase it can be overcome with native E1/T1 support.
Towards LTE, radio should also offer Synchronous Ethernet and very
low jitter to support IEEE1588V2 for complete migration

GE/FE
GE
E1
E1/DS1
STM1/OC3
STM1/OC3

GE/FE

E1

STM1/OC3

Any interface as Native sync distribution over radio Any interface as sync Input
sync output links E1/DS1
E1/DS1 Any link configuration STM1/OC3
STM1/OC3 Any network topology GE (SyncE) R3 hardware only
GE/FE (SyncE)

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Synchronization Solution

Synchronization using native E1/DS1 trails

Dont disconnect the last E1/DS1 yet

Unique PTP optimized transport LTE-ready!

Support IEEE-1588, NTP, etc.
Guaranteed ultra-low PDV (<20 sec)
Unique support ACM and narrow channels

SyncE
SyncE input and output (G.8262)
End-to-End Synchronization distribution for nodal configurations
PRC grade (G.811) performance for pipe (regenerator)
applications

Provides optimal and flexible solution for each operators

network and migration strategy
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Meeting Latency requirements
Advanced delay & delay-variation optimization techniques

IEEE-1588/NTP
Ultra-low delay variation
control frames (<20sec)
PTP optimized transport

Controlled delay / delay-variation

Control, PWE3, (< 120sec* / 40sec*) Latency
Flow VoIP Optimized
Frame-cut through
Classifier Radio link
Low delay
Browsing, Streaming, (<210sec*)
Peer-to-peer, etc.
Enhanced QoS capabilities

* Values for 200Mbps radio link

Improve QoE by providing highly optimized delay & delay-variation performance

for each application and service type

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Risk Free Migration Step 7: Shift to Ethernet
Course of Action: 7-step road map

7. Gradually shift traffic to the Ethernet segment and reallocate capacity

over the air to serve packet transport. Retire E1/T1s completely when
voice and data services are stable over the end to end packet network.

Ethernet Backhaul enables to avoid pre-demand investments

by offering a Better aligns backhaul cost structure with bandwidth growth demand

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 Backhaul Migration
Additional Considerations
Additional Considerations

QoS aware ACM (Adaptive Coding and Modulation):

By using ACM to drop some of the data under fading conditions and
allow the constant flow of high priority bits at all time, the radio capacity
can be maximized at no extra cost

Statistical Multiplexing:
Unlike TDM based transport technologies, moving to Ethernet gives
operators the benefit of using statistical multiplexing. This feature is
especially important in Aggregation backhaul applications and will help
to further optimize traffic management over the network, reduce
congestion and help operators get more out of their networking
investment

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Oversubscription

Oversubscription is one of the major mechanisms to deal with the

unpredicted characteristics of the Ethernet traffic and implement
statistical multiplexing.

Capacity TDM-based Transport Ethernet-based Transport

No statistical multiplexing Statistical multiplexing frees up capacity

Time

Wasted capacity Freed capacity

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LTE Backhaul Traffic Estimation
Considering the total user traffic that LTE base stations can handle both
during the busy hours and in the quiet times. To this, we add other
components of backhaul traffic including signaling, transport overheads and
the new X2 interface. This provides us with figures for the total backhaul
traffic per eNodeB (an LTE base station), representing the provisioning
needed in the last mile of the transport network.

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NGMN Oversubscription Policies (A):
NGMN recommendations on Backhaul capacity
The data oriented policy:
Provisioning for N cells = max (N x busy time mean, Peak) Mbps

The conservative policy:

AGG Capacity = Peak + (N-1)*AVG

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Oversubscription policy B:
Ethernet Traffic Oversubscription (Statistical Multiplexing)

Link bandwidth is calculated using the following formula:

ABs = [( ABe) + OJ] / Fn
Where:
ABs = Bandwidth of the output branch
ABe = Bandwidth of the input branch Nodes B 3G BW Backhaul
Oversubscription
Factor
OJ = Bandwidth of the local node B
Fn = oversubscription factor (see Table-2, right column)

The oversubscription (Statistical

Multiplexing) factor to use
depends on the number of input
branches

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Oversubscription policy C:

Aggregation factor for 3G traffic in the last mile will differ depending
on how many sites are collected. The rule for the 3G traffic and 2G+3G
traffic in case of SDR/ IP Node B is the following one:

Aggregation level 1 2 3 4

Aggregation factor 0% 30% 35% 40%

Example: For third range sites, the aggregation factor is 35%, if there
is 6 E1 (IMA on 6 E1) to collect on site D, 6 E1 to collect on site C and
6 E1 to collect on site B, the quantity of traffic to be transported from
B to A is about (6+6+6)*2 Mbit/s*(1-0.35) = 23.4 Mbps.

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Additional Considerations

Native Ethernet mode:

Only relevant when using a native Ethernet radio - true high capacity
can be achieved by alleviating the need to map traffic with its associated
overheads and delays (e.g. Pseudowire)

An integrated Carrier Grade Ethernet switch as part of the Radio link:

An additional switch at the site may come in handy to increase port
count, for demarcation purposes, up sale additional services and for
traffic management

OAM (Operation Administration & Management)

OAM mechanisms like 802.1ag and Y.1731 should be part of the
solution in order to make the Ethernet carrier class

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Best Modulation Schemes and ACM

8 modulations with robust coding (QPSK 256QAM)

Best in Class ACM
Adaptive Transmit Power for higher system gain
Hitless and Errorless
Flexible prioritization of TDM and Ethernet traffic
Integrated advanced QoS engine with Ethernet/IP/MPLS support
Unique guaranteed performance (with ACM) 3G/4G sync solution
XPIC & Multi-Radio capabilities for radio carriers aggregation

More capacity with higher availability

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Thank You