DYNAMICS

(BDA 20103)
LECTURE 1
Chapter 1: KINEMATICS OF
PARTICLES
1.1 Rectilinear motion
CHAPTER OVERVIEW

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Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Find the kinematic quantities (position, displacement, velocity, and
acceleration) of a particle traveling along a straight path.

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 An Overview of Mechanics

Mechanics: The study of how bodies

react to forces acting on them.

Statics: The study of Dynamics:

bodies in equilibrium. 1. Kinematics concerned with
the geometric aspects of motion
2. Kinetics - concerned with
the forces causing the motion

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 Dynamics
Dynamics consists two distinct parts: kinematics
and kinetics.

Kinematics deals with the study of motion

without reference to the force which cause
motions
Kinetics relate the action of forces on bodies
to their resulting motions

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 Kinematics: Motion only

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 Kinetics: Interaction force - motion

Force

Path of motion because of the

force

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 Particle and rigid body
A particle is a point mass. This means the mass
is concentrated at a single point and the particle
has neither dimensions (height, width, etc) nor
orientation (angular position)

Under certain conditions a physical body can be

modeled as a particle; for example,
a.when considering translation of a body, or
b. when all forces acting on a body pass
through the centre of mass, or
c. when the dimensions of a body are very
much smaller than those of its path of motion
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 When a body can be replaced by a particle

Replace by a particle (no rotation involved)

The body motion cannot be replaced by a particle

(rotation involved)

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 Translation - Rotation

Translation Combination Translation

and Rotation

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 Kinematic of a particle : Translation
straight, curve and circular paths

There is no
orientation of
the body

Straight Curve path Circular

path path

Can be
simplified as
particle
Straight Curve path Circular
path path

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 RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
(Section 12.2)

A particle travels along a straight-line path

defined by the coordinate axis s.

The position of the particle at any instant,

relative to the origin, O, is defined by the
position vector r, or the scalar s. Scalar s
can be positive or negative. Typical units
for r and s are meters (m) or feet (ft).

The displacement of the particle is defined

as its change in position.
Vector form: r = r - r Scalar form: s = s - s
The total distance traveled by the particle, sT, is a positive scalar that
represents the total length of the path over which the particle travels.
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 VELOCITY
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle. It is a
vector quantity (it has both magnitude and direction). The magnitude of the
velocity is called speed, with units of m/s or ft/s.

The average velocity of a particle during a

time interval t is
vavg = r/t
The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative of position.
v = dr/dt

Speed is the magnitude of velocity: v = ds/dt

Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time:

(vsp)avg = sT/ t
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 ACCELERATION

Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a

vector quantity. Typical units are m/s2 or ft/s2.

The instantaneous acceleration is the time

derivative of velocity.

Vector form: a = dv/dt

Scalar form: a = dv/dt = d2s/dt2

Acceleration can be positive (speed

increasing) or negative (speed decreasing).

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 Particle is slowing down, its speed is decreasing=>
decelerating=> v = v v will be negative.

Consequently, a will also be negative, therefore it will act to

the left, in the opposite sense to v

If velocity is constant, acceleration is zero

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 SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION

Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.

v = ds/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds

Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.

Velocity: Position:
v t v s s t

dv = a dt or v dv = a ds ds = v dt
vo o vo so so o

Note that so and vo represent the initial position and

velocity of the particle at t = 0.

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 CONSTANT ACCELERATION

The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case
when acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful
equations. A common example of constant acceleration is gravity;
i.e., a body freely falling toward earth. In this case, ac = g = 9.81
m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2 downward. These equations are:
v t
Velocity as a
dv = ac dt
vo o
yields v = vo + act
Function of Time

s t
Position as a
ds = v dt yields s = s o + v ot + (1/2)a ct 2 Function of Time
so o
v s
Velocity as a
v dv = ac ds yields v2 = (vo )2 + 2ac(s - so) Function of Position
vo so 17
EXAMPLE 12.1

The car moves in a straight line such that for a

short time its velocity is defined by v = (0.9t2 +
0.6t) m/s where t is in sec. Determine it position
and acceleration when t = 3s. When t = 0, s = 0.

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EXAMPLE 12.1

Solution:
Coordinate System. The position coordinate
extends from the fixed origin O to the car,
positive to the right.
Position. Since v = f(t), the cars position can
be determined from v = ds/dt, since this equation
relates v, s and t. Noting that s = 0 when t = 0, we
have
ds

v
dt

0 . 9t 2

0.6t
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EXAMPLE 12.1

s t

0 0

ds 0.9t 2 0.6t dt
s t

s 0.3t 0.3t
0
3 2
0
3 2
s 0.3t 0.3t

When t = 3s,
s = 10.8m

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EXAMPLE 12.1

Acceleration. Knowing v = f(t), the acceleration

is determined from a = dv/dt, since this equation
relates a, v and t.

dv d
a
dt dt

0.9t 2 0.6t

1.8t 0.6

When t = 3s,
a = 6m/s2

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 QUIZ.
1. The distance the particle travels is a vector quantity.
True
False

2. Some objects can be considered as particles provided motion of the body is

characterized by motion of its mass center and any rotation of the body can be
neglected.
True
False

3. If the acceleration is zero, the particle cannot move.

True
False

4. Kinematics is concerned with the forces that cause the motion.

True
False

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 Rectilinear motion
at constant velocity
s t

ds vdt
s0 t0

s s0 v (t t0 )

s s0 + v (t t0 )

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 Velocity at constant acceleration

v t

dv adt v v 0 a t t0
v0 t0

v v 0 + a t t0

v s
1 2
v dv a ds 2

v v0 2 a s s0
v0 s0

v 2 v0 2 + 2a s s0

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 Distance at constant acceleration

s t s t

ds vdt ds ( v 0 + a t t 0 )dt
s0 t0 s0 t0

t t
s s0 v0 dt a t t0 dt
t0 t0
t t t
v0 dt a tdt at0 dt
t0 t0 t0

1

s s0 v0 (t t0 ) a t 2 t0 2 at0 t t0
2
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 Practical situation

0
Usually a particle start moving when v v0 + a t t 0
the time is set to 0 and the distance
goes from 0 v v0 + a t
0
v 2 v0 2 + 2a s s0

v 2 v0 2 + 2 a s
0 1 0 0 0
2 2

s s0 v0 (t t0 ) a t t0 at0 t t0
2
at t and distance s
t0 0 and s0 0 1
s v0 (t ) a t 2
2

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 Problem 1
A car starts from rest and reaches a speed
of 20m/s after traveling 125m along a
straight road. Determine its constant
acceleration and the time of travel.

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 See U again in.Lecture 2.

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