0.

03 m/s

Temperature ( OC)

26.50
26.40
26.30
26.20
26.10
26.00
25.90
25.80
25.70
25.60
25.50
25.40
25.30
25.20
25.10
25.00
24.90
24.80
24.70
24.60
24.50

MTV&T Stereo PIV PLIF QD imaging

Advanced Flow Diagnostic Techniques for Thermal-

Thermal-Fluids Studies

Dr. Hui HU
Advanced Flow Diagnostics and Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Iowa State University
2251 Howe Hall, Ames, IA 50011-2271
Email: huhui@iastate.edu
 Advanced Flow Diagnostics and Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory

Development of advanced flow diagnostic techniques and

instrumentation:
Particle-based flow diagnostic techniques:
Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques: 2-D PIV,
Stereoscopic PIV, Dual-plane Stereoscopic PIV.
Molecule-based flow diagnostic techniques:
Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV)
Molecular Tagging Thermometry (MTT)
Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP)
Temperature Sensitive Paint (TSP)

Fundamental studies of complex thermal-flow phenomena:
Renewable Energy, wind energy, wind turbine
aeromechanics.
Bio-inspired flows, bioinspired aerodynamic designs for
micro-air-vehicle (MAV) applications.
Microfluidics, micro-flows and micro-scale heat transfer.
Icing physics, aircraft icing, power line icing and wind 2011 Summer Lab's BBQ Party on 07/09/2011
turbine icing.
Low-speed aerodynamics, laminar boundary layer
separation, transition and flow control.
Wind engineering, flow-structure interactions of built
structures with strong winds.
Vortex flow dynamics, wind tunnel testing and correction
for vortex flows.
Film cooling, trailing edge cooling and thermal
management of gas turbines
 On the Simulation of Free Flight Vortices in Ground Test Facilities
(Funded by AFOSR)
Strong, coherent vortex structures generated by aerodynamic surfaces are of
great importance for both:
Civilian applications:
Hazardous effect on flight safety and airport capacity.
Military applications:
Effects on dynamics of towed vehicles, tail buffeting, and icing arrays.
Blade/vortex interaction on helicopter blades to impact performance
and cause undesirable noise and vibration.
Supported by AFOSR, we are conducting:
Systematic wind tunnel experiments examine the effects of the wind
tunnel confinement on the behavior of wing-tip vortex structures. X/C=4.0
Sophisticated, yet practical CFD simulations coordinate wind tunnel
experiments to generate free-flight solutions for comparison.
Comprehensive theoretical analysis to explore a generalized procedure to
correct wind tunnel test data to account for discrepancies between the
wind tunnel test and free flight environments.

X/C=1.0

Stereo PIV measurement

results
CFD simulation results
(Hu et al. AIAA J. 2011)
 Bio-
Bio-Inspired Aerodynamics Design for Micro-
Micro-Air-
Air-Vehicle Applications
(Funded by NSF-
NSF-OSIE program)
We are conducting explorative studies to try to leverage
the unique feature found in natural flyers such as insects,
birds, bats and other flying mammals as an effective
aerodynamic control method to explore the potential a. streamlined airfoil
applications of such non-traditional, bio-inspired
aerodynamic designs to improve the flight agility and
maneuverability of Micro-Air-vehicles (MAVs)
b. corrugated dragonfly
Our recent paper, "An Experimental Investigation on a airfoil
Bio-Inspired Corrugated Airfoil (AIAA Paper 2009-1087), 2 3 Which one is better for MAVs?
1
was selected to receive 2009 AIAA Best Paper Award. Why???
80 spanwise vorticity
(1000*1/s)
-1.60 -1.20 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80
60
1
40 2
3
Y/C*100

20
15
15 Spanwise
Spanwise vorticity
0 vorticity (1000*1/s)
(1000*1/s) 10
10 0.50
-20
0.50 -0.50
-0.50

Y/C*100
-1.50
5
Y/C*100

Shadow Region -1.50 -2.50

5 -2.50
-40 10.0 m/s -3.50
-3.50
AOA = 12deg., -4.50
-5.50
0
-4.50
-5.50
0
-60
-40 -20 0 20 40
X/C*100
60 80 100 120
Re=58,000
-5
spanwise vorticity
-5
80 (1000*1/s)
-1.60 -1.20 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50 X/C*100
X/C*100
60
15
15
Velocity
40 Velocity (m/s)
(m/s) 10
10 10.0
Y/C*100

10.0 8.0
20 8.0

Y/C*100
6.0
Y/C*100

6.0 5 4.0
5 4.0 2.0
0 2.0 0.0
0.0
0
0
-20
Shadow Region
10.0 m/s -5
-40
-5

0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50 X/C*100
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 X/C*100
X/C*100

AOA = 12.0 deg. , Re=50,000 Murphy and Hu (2010), Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 49, No.2, pp531-546
 Bio-
Bio-Inspired Aerodynamics Design for Micro-
Micro-Air-
Air-Vehicle Applications
(Funded by NSF-
NSF-OISE program)
0.50
1.50
1.25
0.40 FM10
1.00 FM03
FM02
0.75

Drag Coeffeicent
FM01

Lift Coeffeicent
0.50 0.30 Rigid

0.25
FM10 0.20
0 FM03
FM02
-0.25 FM01
Rigid 0.10
Bat -0.50
-0.75
-1.00 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Angle of Attack (degree) Angle of Attack (degree)

Rigid 60
Airfoil
60

40
40
Membrane
Airfoil with
20
1 Rib 20
Y (mm)

Y (mm)
0 0

Membrane Rigid Thin Airfoil

Shadow Region
cross section
Airfoil with -20
Shadow Region -20 10 m/s
before deformation
actual cross section
10 m/s of membrane skin
2 Ribs Spanwise
vorticity Spanwise
(1/s*1000) -2.75 -2.25 -1.75 -1.25 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 vorticity
-40 (1/s)*1000 -2.75 -2.25 -1.75 -1.25 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 1.25

-40
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100
Membrane X (mm) X (mm)
Airfoil with
3 Ribs Rigid Thin Airfoil Flexible membrane Airfoil
at AOA=14.0 degrees Re=70,000 at AOA=14.0 degrees
Membrane
Airfoil with (Tamai, Murphy and Hu, AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp1767-1778, 2008
10 Ribs
 Piezoelectric flapping Wings for insect-
insect-sized MAV Applications
Funded by NSF-
NSF-IREE program
Piezoelectric actuator

c =12.7mm

Dragonfly flapping @ 30 ~ 100 Hz

Piezoelectric actuatorbased flapping Mechanism

Compact in size, Simple structure
Much higher flapping frequency , f= 60~200Hz 12.5mm
<Z>*C/U <Z>*C/U
<Z>*C/U
4 U 4 U -4.50 -3.50 -2.50 -1.50 -0.50 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50 4.50 4 U -4.50 -3.50 -2.50 -1.50 -0.50 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50 4.50
-4.50 -3.50 -2.50 -1.50 -0.50 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50 4.50

2 2 2

Y/C
Y/C
Y/C

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2

0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
X/C X/C X/C
h = A/C = 1.3; k =3.5, Str = 0.30, Re=1,400, J = 0.69
(Clemons, Igarashi and Hu, 2011, Experiments in Fluids)
Thermal Management and Cooling Effectiveness Evaluation for Gas Turbine Blades
(Funded by GE Global Research Center)
Streamwise
4
Streamwise
Velocity
4 Velocity
(m/s) 1.00 2.50 4.00 5.50 7.00 8.50 10.00 11.50 13.00 14.50 16.00
(m/s) 1.00 2.50 4.00 5.50 7.00 8.50 10.00 11.50 13.00 14.50 16.00

3 3

Y/H
2

Y/H
Slot Lip
Slot Lip

1 1
Cooling
Cooling Stream
Stream

0 0
Protected Wall Protected Wall

0 2 4 X/H 6 8 10 0 2 4 X/H 6 8 10

Adiabatic
Cooling
Effectiveness 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
3

0
Z/H

-1

-2

-3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X/H
 Characterization of next Generation Fuel Nozzles/Atomizers
(Funded by Goodrich Engine Component Divison and GIVF program)

Gas turbines
20 Radial velocity
m/s -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
5 m/s

-20

Y (mm)
-40

Combustor -60

-80

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

X (mm)

20 Radial Velocity
m/s -4.8 -4 -3.2 -2.4 -1.6 -0.8 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 4.8
5 m/s

-20

Y (mm)
-40

-60

-80
PIV measurements of an Air blast fuel injector/ atomizer
(Hu et al. 20111) -60 -40 -20 0
X (mm)
20 40 60 80
Characterization of Wind Turbine Wakes in Atmospheric Boundary layer Winds
(Funded by NSF-
NSF-CBET and IAWIND program)

Wake vortex structures at different phase angles Reconstructed 3-D wake vortex
structures

(Z. Yang, P. Sarkar and H. Hu, Journal of Visualization, 2011)

 Wake Interferences among Multiple Wind Turbines Over Complex Terrains
(Funded by NSF-
NSF-Renewable-
Renewable-Energy program)

1 Streamwise TSR=2.5
Incomin velocity (m/s) 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5
g
airflow 0.5
9 8 7
0

Y/D
6 5 4 -0.5
Streamwise velocity in the
wake (D is the diameter of the
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
rotor)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
X/D
3 2 1 1
Velocity deficit (m/s)
(U-U incoming)
TSR=2.5
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0

0.5
Off-shore wind farm
0

Y/D
-0.5 Streamwise Velocity deficit in the
wake
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
X/D

On-shore wind farm Wind flow Wind turbine array Y

Z X

Hill#1

Hill#2
 Icing Physics and Wind Turbine De/Anti-
De/Anti-Icing
(Funded by NSF-
NSF-CBET)
Wind turbine icing represents the
most significant threat to the
integrity of wind turbines in cold
weather.
We are conducting a comprehensive
study to quantify important micro-
physical processes pertinent to wind
turbine icing phenomena for safer
and more efficient operation of wind
turbines in atmospheric icing
conditions.

t = 0.5 s ~250 t = 5.0 s t = 20.0 s Liquid t = 35.0 s

m water
Solid
ice

Test Plate, Tw = -2.0OC Test Plate, Tw = -2.0OC Test Plate, Tw = -2.0OC Test Plate, Tw = -2.0OC
Video was taken at f=0.5hz.
Re-play speed is f=3hz Instantaneous phosphorescence images
Temperature Temperature Temperature
O
( C)
O
( C) O Temperature
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 ( C) O
( C)
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0
400 400 400 400
t = 0.5 s t = 5.0 s t = 20.0 s t = 35.0 s
Y (m)

Y (m)

Y (m)

Y (m)
200 200 200 200

0 0 0 0
O O O
Test Plate (TW =-2.0 C) Test Plate (TW =-2.0 C) Test Plate (TW =-2.0 C) Test Plate (TW =-2.0 OC)
-400 -200 0 200 400 -400 -200 0 200 400 -400 -200 0 200 400 -400 -200 0 200 400
X (m) X (m) X (m) X (m)

Measured temperate distributions

Unsteady heat transfer and phase changing process inside small icing water droplets
(Jin and Hu, 2009, Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 80, No.6, 2009)
Transient Behavior of Wind Driven Water Film/Rivulet Flows for Icing Physics Study
(Funded by NASA-
NASA-AEST program)

(Hu et al. 2011, Experiments in Fluids)

 Flow-
Flow-Structure interaction around Buildings in Tornado-
Tornado-like Winds
(Funded by NOAA)
With the support from NOAA, we are conducting comprehensive studies to
quantify damaging surface winds generated by tornadoes, microburst and gust
fronts with the purpose of mitigating damage and improving public safety.
The ultimate purpose and broader impact of the investigations is to reduce loss of
life and injury, economic loss that results from damages to the infrastructure
and disruption to business, and to support improved decision making
capabilities by better, faster and more accurate prediction of wind damage
potential to built environment

A tornado like vortex

150
R/R00.00 150
R/R01.00 150
Wind Speed
R/R04.00
Wind Speed Wind Speed
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s)
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

100 100 100

Y (mm)
Y (mm)

Y (mm)
50 50

The world largest moving

50

Gable-roof Gable-roof Gable-roof

Tornado/Microburst Simulator Building Model Building Model Building Model

Dtornado = 0. 5m ~ 1.5 m 0
Ground Floor
0
Ground Floor
0

-50
Ground Floor
0 50 100
-50 0 50 100 -50 0 50 100
X (mm) X (mm) X (mm)

Side view
Wind Speed Wind Speed Wind Speed
100 100 (m/s) 100
(m/s) 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 (m/s) 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

50 50 50

Y (mm)
Y (mm)

Y (mm)
0 0 0

-50 -50 -50

-100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100

X (mm) X (mm) X (mm)

Top view
Flow around a building model in tornado like-wind
(Yang, Sarkar and Hu, Journal of Fluid and Structures, 2011)
Reconstructed 3-
3-D Flow Structures around a High-
High-rise Building
Building Model
(Funded by NOAA)
NOAA)

A Tornado rips through downtown

Fort Worth, TX, high-rises on R/Ro 0.0 R/Ro 1.0
March 28, 2000

R/Ro 2.3 R/Ro4.5 Reconstructed 3-D Flow Structures

CAREER: Development of a Molecule-
Molecule-based Diagnostic Technique to Study Micro-
Micro-scale
Heat Transfer . . . ( Funded by NSF-
NSF-CAREER Program)
Wall 150
2.5 44

100
2.0 40

electroosmotic flow velocity (mm/s)

In-channel fluid temperature (oC)

300m

Spatial Location (m)

50
1.5 36
Velocity
EOF velocity
0
Temperature
1.0 32
Fluid temperature
Wall -50

0.5 28
-100
Electroosmotic flow in
0 24
microchannels J de Mello
-150
0 1 2 3 4 5 Turn on the electric field
Temperature 30
o 32 34 36 38 40 -0.5 20
( C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Velocity(mm/s)
time(second)

Molecular tagging Velocimetry and Thermometry (MTV&T) technique to quantify the transient behavior
of an electrokinetically-driven flow (Hu et al., Meas. Sci. and Tech., Vol.21, No.8, 2010)

Conductivity
A B
A B 500V 800V 1000V 1200V 1600V
Siemens Quicklab for clinical
V V
routine diagnostics V V
B
A
A
B
300m
Electr
ic
field,
E

Mixing Enhancement using electro-kinetic instability (Jin & Hu, J. Visualization, Vol. 13, No.3, 2010)
 An Experimental Study of Insulin Occlusion in CSII Therapy
(Funded by NSF-
NSF-IREE)
We are conducting a comprehensive study to elucidate underlying physics
for a better understanding of the microphysical process associated with
the insulin delivery in CSII therapy in order to provide a better guidance for
troubleshooting of insulin occlusion in CSII therapy.

Microchannel wall

300m

0.5 Microchannel wall

Velocity
0.4 (mm/s) V elocity
0.10 0.50 0.90 1.30 1.70 2.10 2.50 2.90 3.30 0.4 (mm/s)
0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00
Channel Wall
0.3 M icrochannel W all
Y (mm)

0.3

0.2 Y (mm)

0.2

0.1
0.1

0
Channel Wall
0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 M icrochannel W all

X (mm)
(Hu et al. Experiments in Fluids, 2011) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
X (m m)
0.5 0.6 0.7