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PLANT CLASSIFICATION

Plant classification is the method of organizing plants in an order based on the features they
have in common. The science of classification of plants is known as plant taxonomy. Plant
taxonomy includes finding, identification, description, classification and naming
plants. Classification of plants includes identification and naming of the organisms, it also
ensures that the plants is given correct definition of the organism and establishes an
individual unit in the living world

Plant Classification Chart

Plant Classification Chart

Classification System

Earlier fungi and some members of the Monera and Protists which have cell walls were
included with the Plantae. Now, plants are classified as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes,
gymnosperms and angiosperms.

The earliest classification systems used only morphological characters, they mainly
considered vegetative characters like structure of androecium. This artificial system
of classification separated species that were closely related and considered only few
characteristics. This system gave importance to vegetative and sexual
characteristics, where as vegetative characteristics are affected by the environment.

The natural classification system is based on natural affinities among the organisms,
and also internal features like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and
phytochemistry.

The phylogenetic classification systems is based on evolutionary relationships


between various organisms.
Numerical taxonomy is carried out based on observable characters which are
assigned numbers and codes and are then processed as data.

Cytotaxonomy considers cytological information like chromosome number structure


and behavior.

Chemotaxonomy uses chemical constituents of plants.

Algae

Algae are organisms bearing chlorophyll, they are simple, thalloid, atutotrophic and mostly
aquatic organisms. They are both fresh water and marine organisms. They occur in a variety
of habitats and also in association with fungi as animals. They are of variable sizes, they
may be microscopic like Chlamydomonas and colonial forms like Volvox, few marine forms
like kelps form massive plant bodies. Reproduction in algae is by vegetative, asexual and
sexual methods.

Algae are useful in many ways:

They can fix carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.

They increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment.

They are important as they are primary producers which form basis of the food cycle
of all aquatic organisms.

Bryophytes

The bryophytes include organisms like mosses and liverworts, they are commonly
found growing in moist shaded areas in the hills.
Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom cause they live in soil but
are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.

They occur in damp, humid habitats.

These plants plants lack true roots, stem or leaves or they may possess root-like,
leaf-like or stem-like structures.

These are of little economic importance but some act like food for herbaceous
mammals, birds and other animals.

Pteridophytes

Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns.

They are mostly used for medicinal purposes and soil-binders. They are also grown
as ornamentals.

Pteridophytes are the first plants to possess vascular tissues xylem and phloem.

These are present in cool, damp, shady place and flourish well in sandy-soil
conditions.

The main plant body of the pteridophyte is a sporophytes and it is differentiated into
true root, stem and leaves.

They have well differentiated vascular tissue.


The gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow and hence they are
restricted to narrow geographical regions.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and
they remain exposed both before and after fertilization.

These seeds develop post fertilization and are not covered, hence naked.

The gymnopserms includes medium-sized or tall tress and shrubs.

The leaves may be simple or compound and they can withstand extreme
temperature, humidity and wind.

The gymnosperms are heterosporous and have a sporophyte dominant life cycle
while the gametophytes phase is relatively short.

They have many economic uses, like pine, spruce, fir and cedar are used for lumber.

Some of them are also used as soap, nail polish, varnish, gum, food and perfumes.
Angiosperms

Angiosperms are flowering plants; they have developed structures called flowers.

The seeds of these plants are enclosed by fruits.

These plants occur in a wide range of habitats.

They provide commercially important products like food, fodder, fuel, medicines, etc.

They are majorly divided into two classes - the dicotyledons and the
monocotyledons.

The characteristics of angiosperm include flowers, seeds which contain endosperm


and the production of fruits which enclose the seeds.

http://biology.tutorvista.com/plant-kingdom/plant-classification.html

Classification of Flowering Plant Families

The table gives the classification of Plant Families according to APG III

CLADE: Unplaced CLADE: Magnoliids CLADE: Monocots CLADE:Commelinids


(A clade in Monocots)
Superorder: Superorder: Order:
Superorder: MAGNOLIANAE LILIANAE Not placed yet
AMBORELLANAE Family:
Order: Order: Dasypogonaceae
Order: Canellales Acorales
Amborallales Families: Family: Order:
Family: Canellaceae Acoraceae Arecales
Amborellaceae Winteraceae Family:
Order: Arecaceae
Superorder: Order: Alismatales
NYMPHAEANAE Piperales Families: Order:
Families: Alismataceae Commelinales
Order: Aristolochiaceae Aponogetonaceae Families:
Nymphaeales Hydnoraceae Araceae Commelinaceae
Families: Lactoridaceae Butomaceae Haemodoraceae
Cabombaceae Piperaceae Cymodoceaceae Hanguanaceae
Hydatellaceae Saururaceae Hydrocharitaceae Philydraceae
Nymphaeaceae Juncaginaceae Pontaderiaceae
Order: Posidoniaceae
Superorder: Laurales Potamogetonaceae Order:
AUSTROBAILEYANAE Families: Ruppiaceae Poales
Atherospermataceae Scheuchzeriaceae Families:
Order: Calycanthaceae Tofieldiaceae Anarthriaceae
Austrobaileyales Gomortegaceae Zosteraceae Bromeliaceae
Families: Hernandiaceae Centrolepidaceae
Austrobaileyaceae Lauraceae Order: Cyperaceae
Schisandraceae Monimiaceae Petrosaviales Ecdeiocoleaceae
Trimeniaceae Siparunaceae Family: Eriocaulaceae
Petrosaviaceae Flagelliariaceae
Order: Order: Joinvilleaceae
Chloranthales Magnoliales Order: Juncaceae
Family: Families: Dioscoreales Mayacaceae
Chloranthaceae Annonaceae Families: Poaceae
Degeneriaceae Burmanniaceae Rapateaceae
Eupomatiaceae Dioscoreaceae Restionaceae
Himantandraceae Nartheciaceae Thurniaceae
Magnoliaceae Typhaceae
Myristicaceae Order: Xyridaceae
Pandanales
Families: Order:
Cyclanthaceae Zingiberales
Pandanaceae Families:
Stemonaceae Cannaceae
Triuridaceae Costaceae
Velloziaceae Heliconiaceae
Lowiaceae
Order: Marantaceae
Liliales Musaceae
Families: Strelitziaceae
Alstroemeriaceae Zingiberaceae
Campynemataceae
Colchicaceae
Corsiaceae
Liliaceae
Melanthiaceae
Petermanniaceae
Philesiaceae
Ripogonaceae
Smilacaceae

Order:
Asparagales
Families:
Amaryllidaceae
Asparagaceae
Asteliaceae
Blandfordiaceae
Boryaceae
Doryanthaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Iridaceae
Ixioliriaceae
Lanariaceae
Orchidaceae
Tecophilaeaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Xeronemataceae

CLADE: Eudicots CLADE: Core Eudicots CLADE: Rosid CLADE: Fabids


s (A clade in
(A clade in Rosids)
Core Eudicots)
Superorder: Superorder: Superorder: Superorder:
CERATOPHYLLANA MYROTHAMNANAE ROSANAE ROSANAE
E
Order: Order: Order:
Order: Gunnerales Vitales Zygophyllales
Ceratophyllales Families: Family: Families:
Family: Gunneraceae Vitaceae Krameriaceae
Ceratophyllaceae Myrothamnaceae Zygophyllaceae

Superorder: Superorder: Order:


RANUNCULANAE Not placed yet Celastrales
Families:
Order: Order: Celastraceae
Ranunculales Not placed yet Lepidobotryacea
Families: Family: e
Berberidaceae Dilleniaceae
Circaeasteraceae Order:
Eupteleaceae Superorder: Oxidales
Lardizabalaceae Not placed yet Families:
Menispermaceae Brunelliaceae
Papaveraceae Order: Cephalotaceae
Ranunculaceae Saxifragales Connaraceae
Families: Cunoniaceae
Order: Altingiaceae Elaeocarpaceae
Not placed yet Aphanopetalaceae Huaceae
Family: Cercidiphyllaceae Oxalidaceae
Sabiaceae Crassulaceae
Daphniphyllaceae Order:
Superorder: Grossulariaceae Malpighiales
PROTEANAE Haloragaceae Families:
Hamamelidaceae Achariaceae
Order: Iteaceae Balanopaceae
Proteales Paeoniaceae Bonnetiaceae
Families: Penthoraceae Calophyllaceae
Nelumbonaceae Peridiscaceae Caryocaraceae
Platanaceae Saxifragaceae Centroplacaceae
Proteaceae Tetracarpaeaceae Chrysobalanacea
e
Superorder: Superorder: Clusiaceae
TROCHODENDRANA BERBERIDOPSIDAN Ctenolophonacea
E AE e
Dichapetalaceae
Order: Order: Elatinaceae
Trochodendrales Berberidopsidales Erythroxylaceae
Family: Families: Euphorbiaceae
Trochodendraceae Aextoxicaceae Euphroniaceae
Berberidopsidaceae Goupiaceae
Superorder:
Humiriaceae
BUXANAE Superorder:
Hypericaceae
SANTALANAE
Order: Irvingiaceae
Buxales Ixonanthaceae
Order:
Families: Lacistemataceae
Santalales
Buxaceae Linaceae
Families:
Haptanthaceae Balanophoraceae Lophopyxidaceae
Loranthaceae Malpighiaceae
Misodendraceae Ochnaceae
Santalaceae Pandaceae
Olacaceae Passifloraceae
Opiliaceae Phyllanthaceae
Schoepfiaceae Picrodendraceae
Podostemaceae
Superorder: Putranjivaceae
CARYOPHYLLANAE Rafflesiaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Order: Salicaceae
Caryophyllales Trigoniaceae
Families: Violaceae
Achatocarpaceae
Aizoaceae Order:
Amaranthaceae Cucurbitales
Anacampserotaceae Families:
Ancistrocladaceae Anisophylleaceae
Asteropeiaceae Begoniaceae
Barbeuiaceae Coriariaceae
Basellaceae Corynocarpaceae
Cactaceae Cucurbitaceae
Caryophyllaceae Datiscaceae
Didiereaceae Tetramelaceae
Dioncophyllaceae
Droseraceae Order:
Drosophyllaceae Fabales
Frankeniaceae Families:
Gisekiaceae Fabaceae
Halophytaceae Polygalaceae
Limeaceae Quillajaceae
Lophiocarpaceae Surianaceae
Molluginaceae
Montiaceae Order:
Nepenthaceae Fagales
Nyctaginaceae Families:
Physenaceae Betulaceae
Phytolaccaceae Casuarinaceae
Plumbaginaceae Fagaceae
Polygonaceae Juglandaceae
Portulacaceae Myricaceae
Rhabdodendraceae Nothofagaceae
Sarcobataceae Ticodendraceae
Simmondsiaceae
Stegnospermataceae Order:
Talinaceae Rosales
Tamaricaceae Families:
Barbeyaceae
Cannabaceae
Dirachmaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Moraceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Ulmaceae
Urticaceae

CLADE: Malvids CLADE: Asterids CLADE: Lamiids CLADE: Campanulid


(A clade in (A clade in (A clade in s
Rosids) Core Eudicots) Asterids) (A clade in
Asterids)
Superorder: Superorder: Superorder: Superorder:
ROSANAE ASTERANAE ASTERANAE ASTERANAE

Order: Order: Orders: Order:


Geraniales Cornales Not placed yet Aquifoliales
Families: Families: Families: Families:
Geraniaceae Cornaceae Boraginaceae Aquifoliaceae
Melianthaceae Curtisiaceae Vahliaceae Cardiopteridaceae
Vivianiaceae Grubbiaceae Icacinaceae Helwingiaceae
Hydrangeaceae Metteniusaceae Phyllonomaceae
Order: Hydrostachyacea Oncothecaceae Stemonuraceae
Myrtales e
Families: Loasaceae Order: Order:
Alzateaceae Garryales Asterales
Combretaceae Order: Families: Families:
Crypteroniaceae Ericales Eucommiaceae Alseuosmiaceae
Lythraceae Families: Garryaceae Argophyllaceae
Melastomataceae Actinidiaceae Asteraceae
Myrtaceae Balsaminaceae Order: Calyceraceae
Onagraceae Clethraceae Gentianales Campanulaceae
Penaeaceae Cyrillaceae Families: Goodeniaceae
Vochysiaceae Diapensiaceae Apocynaceae Menyanthaceae
Order: Ebenaceae Gelsemiaceae Pentaphragmaracea
Crossosomatales Ericaceae Gentianaceae e
Families: Fouquieriaceae Loganiaceae Phellinaceae
Aphloiaceae Lecythidaceae Rubiaceae Rousseaceae
Crossosomataceae Marcgraviaceae Stylidiaceae
Geissolomataceae Mitrastemonacea Order:
Guamatelaceae e Lamiales Order:
Stachyuraceae Pentaphylacacea Families: Escalloniales
Staphyleaceae e Acanthaceae Family:
Strasburgeriaceae Polemoniaceae Bignoniaceae Escalloniaceae
Primulaceae Byblidaceae
Order: Roridulaceae Calceolariaceae Order:
Picramniales Sapotaceae Carlemanniaceae Bruniales
Family: Sarraceniaceae Gesneriaceae Families:
Picramniaceae Sladeniaceae Lamiaceae Bruniaceae
Styracaceae Linderniaceae Columelliaceae
Order: Symplocaceae Lentibulariaceae
Huerteales Tetrameristaceae Martyniaceae Order:
Families: Theaceae Oleaceae Paracryphiales
Dipentodontaceae Orobanchaceae Family:
Gerrardinaceae Paulowniaceae Paracryphiaceae
Tapisciaceae Pediliaceae
Phrymaceae Order:
Order: Plantaginaceae Dipsacales
Brassicales Plocospermatacea Families:
Families: e Adoxaceae
Akaniaceae Schlegeliaceae Caprifoliaceae
Bataceae Scrophulariaceae
Brassicaceae Order:
Stilbaceae
Capparaceae Apiales
Tetrachondraceae
Caricaceae Families:
Thomandersiaceae
Cleomaceae Apiaceae
Verbenaceae
Emblingiaceae Araliaceae
Gyrostemonaceae Order: Griseliniaceae
Koeberliniaceae Solanales Myodocarpaceae
Limnanthaceae Families: Pennantiaceae
Moringaceae Convolvulaceae Pittosporaceae
Pentadiplandracea Hydroleaceae Torricelliaceae
e Montiniaceae
Resedaceae Solanaceae
Salvadoraceae Sphenocleaceae
Setchellanthaceae
Tovariaceae
Tropaeolaceae

Order:
Malvales
Families:
Bixaceae
Cistaceae
Cytinaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Malvaceae
Muntingiaceae
Neuradaceae
Sarcolaenaceae
Sphaerosepalacea
e
Thymelaceae

Order:
Sapindales
Families:
Anacardiaceae
Biebersteiniaceae
Burseraceae
Kirkiaceae
Meliaceae
Nitrariaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Simaroubaceae

http://theseedsite.co.uk/class4.html

Classification of Flowering Plant Families

The table gives the traditional classification of Plant Families into their Orders and
Superorders,
in the Subclasses Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae, in the Class Gymnospermae

SUBCLASS: DICOTYLEDONAE

SUPERORDER: SUPERORDER: SUPERORDER: SUPERORDER:


Magnoliidae Hamamelidae Caryophyllidae Dilleniidae
Order: Order: Order: Order:
Magnoliales Trochodendrales Caryophyllales Dilleniales
Families: Family: Families: Families:
Magnoliaceae Trochodendraceae Cactaceae Dilleniaceae
Winteraceae Aizoaceae Paeoniaceae
Himantandraceae Order: Caryophyllaceae Crossosomataceae
Cannellaceae Hamamelidales Nyctaginaceae
Annonaceae Families: Amaranthaceae Order:
Myristicaceae Cercidiphyllaceae Phytolaccaceae Theales
Degeneriaceae Platanaceae Chenopodiaceae Families:
Hamamelidaceae Didiereaceae Theaceae
Order: Portulacaceae Ochnaceae
Illiciales Order: Basellaceae Dipterocarpaceae
Families: Eucommiales Clusiaceae
Illiciaceae Family: Order: Elatinaceae
Schisandraceae Eucommiaceae Batales Quiinaceae
Family: Marcgraviaceae
Order: Order: Batidaceae
Laurales Leitneriales Order:
Families: Family: Order: Malvales
Austrobaileyaceae Leitneriaceae Polygonales Families:
Lactoridaceae Family: Scytopetalaceae
Eupomatiaceae Order: Polygonaceae Elaeocarpaceae
Gomortegaceae Myricales Tiliaceae
Monimiaceae Family: Order: Sterculiaceae
Calycanthaceae Myricaceae Plumbaginales Bombacaceae
Chloranthaceae Family: Malvaceae
Lauraceae Order: Plumbaginaceae Sphaerosepalacea
Hernandiaceae Fagales e
Families: Sarcolaenaceae
Order: Betulaceae
Piperales Fagaceae Order:
Families: Balanopaceae Urticales
Piperaceae Families:
Saururaceae Order: Ulmaceae
Peperomiaceae Casuarinales Moraceae
Family: Urticaceae
Order: Casuarinaceae
Aristolochiales Order:
Families: Lecythidales
Aristolochiaceae Family:
Nepenthaceae Lecythidaceae
Order: Order:
Nymphaeales Violales
Families: Families:
Ceratophyllaceae Violaceae
Nymphaeaceae Flacourtiaceae
Lacistemataceae
Order: Passifloraceae
Ranunculales Turneraceae
Families: Malesherbiaceae
Berberidaceae Fouquieriaceae
Ranunculaceae Caricaceae
Lardizabalaceae Bixaceae
Menispermaceae Cochlospermaceae
Cistaceae
Order: Tamaricaceae
Papaverales Ancistrocladaceae
Families: Frankeniaceae
Papaveraceae Achariaceae
Fumariaceae Begoniaceae
Loasaceae
Order: Datiscaceae
Sarraceniales Cucurbitaceae
Family:
Sarraceniaceae Order:
Salicales
Family:
Salicaceae

Order:
Capparales
Families:
Capparaceae
Tovariaceae
Brassicaceae
Resedaceae
Moringaceae

Order:
Ericales
Families:
Clethraceae
Grubbiaceae
Cyrillaceae
Ericaceae
Epacridaceae
Empetraceae
Pyrolaceae

Order:
Diapensales
Family:
Diapensiaceae

Order:
Ebenales
Families:
Sapotaceae
Ebenaceae
Styracaceae

Order:
Primulales
Families:
Primulaceae
Myrsinaceae

SUPERORDER: SUPERORDER: SUPERORDER: Alismatida


Rosidae Asteridae e
Order: Order: Order:
Rosales Gentianales Alismatales
Families: Families: Families:
Cunoniaceae Loganiaceae Butomaceae
Pittosporaceae Gentianaceae Limnocharitaceae
Droseraceae Apocynaceae Alismataceae
Brunelliaceae Asclepiadaceae
Eucryphiaceae Oleaceae Order:
Bruniaceae Hydrocharitales
Rosaceae Order: Family:
Crassulaceae Polemoniales Hydrocharitaceae
Cephalotaceae Families:
Chrosobalanaceae Nolanaceae Order:
Solanaceae Najadales
Order: Convolvulaceae Families:
Fabales Menyanthaceae Aponogetonaceae
Families: Lennoaceae Scheuchzeriaceae
Papilionaceae Polemoniaceae Juncaginaceae
Caesalpiniaceae Ehretiaceae Lilaeaceae
Mimosaceae Hydrophyllaceae Najadaceae
Boraginaceae Potamogetonaceae
Order: Zannichelliaceae
Podostemales Order: Ruppiaceae
Family: Lamiales Zosteraceae
Podostemaceae Families: Posidoniaceae
Verbenaceae Cymodoceaceae
Order: Lamiaceae
Haloragales Tetrachondraceae Order:
Families: Callitrichaceae Triuridales
Theligonaceae Phrymaceae Family:
Haloragaceae Triuridaceae
Hippuridaceae Order:
Plantaginales
Order: Family:
Myrtales Plantaginaceae
Families:
Sonneratiaceae Order:
Trapaceae Scrophulariales
Lythraceae Families:
Rhizophoraceae Columelliaceae
Penaeaceae Myoporaceae
Thymelaeaceae Scrophulariaceae
Myrtaceae Globulariaceae
Punicaceae Gesneriaceae
Onagraceae Orobanchaceae
Oliniaceae Bignoniaceae
Melastomataceae Acanthaceae
Combretaceae Pedaliaceae
Hydrostachydaceae
Order: Martyniaceae
Cornales Lentibulariaceae
Families:
Nyssaceae Order:
Garryaceae Campanulales
Alangiaceae Families:
Cornaceae Campanulaceae
Lobeliaceae
Order: Stylidiaceae
Proteales Brunoniaceae
Families: Goodeniaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Protaceae Order:
Rubiales
Order: Family:
Santales Rubiaceae
Families:
Santalaceae Order:
Medusandraceae Dipsacales
Olacaceae Families:
Loranthaceae Adoxaceae
Misodendraceae Caprifoliaceae
Cynomoriaceae Valerianaceae
Balanophoraceae Dipsacaceae
Calyceraceae
Order:
Rafflesiales Order:
Families: Asterales
Rafflesiaceae Family:
Hydnoraceae Asteraceae

Order:
Celastrales
Families:
Geissolomataceae
Celastraceae
Stackhousiaceae
Salvadoraceae
Corynocarpaceae
Icacinaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Dichapetalaceae

Order:
Euphorbiales
Families:
Buxaceae
Pandaceae
Euphorbiaceae

Order:
Rhamnales
Families:
Rhamnaceae
Vitaceae

Order:
Sapindales
Families:
Staphyleaceae
Melianthaceae
Connaraceae
Sapindaceae
Sabiaceae
Julianiaceae
Hippocastanaceae
Aceraceae
Burseraceae
Anacardiaceae
Simaroubaceae
Coriariaceae
Meliaceae
Cneoraceae
Rutaceae
Zygophyllaceae

Order:
Juglandales
Family:
Juglandaceae

Order:
Geraniales
Families:
Houmiriaceae
Linaceae
Geraniaceae
Oxalidaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Limnanthaceae
Balsaminaceae
Tropaeolaceae

Order:
Polygalales
Families:
Malphighiaceae
Trigoniaceae
Tremandraceae
Vochysiaceae
Polygalaceae
Krameriaceae

Order:
Umbellales
Families:
Araliaceae
Apiaceae

SUPERORDER: Commelinida SUPERORDER: Arecidae SUPERORDER: Liliidae


e
Order: Order: Order:
Commelinales Arecales Liliales
Families: Family: Families:
Xyridaceae Arecaceae Pontederiaceae
Rapateaceae Philydraceae
Mayacaceae Order: Iridaceae
Commelinaceae Cyclanthales Liliaceae
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Order: Cyclanthaceae Agavaceae
Eriocaulales Xanthorrhoeaceae
Family: Order: Velloziaceae
Eriocaulaceae Pandanales Haemodoraceae
Family: Taccaceae
Order: Pandanaceae Stemonaceae
Restionales Smilacaceae
Families: Order: Dioscoreaceae
Flagellariaceae Arales
Centrolepidaceae Families: Order:
Restionaceae Lemnaceae Orchidales
Araceae Families:
Order: Burmanniaceae
Poales Orchidaceae
Family:
Poaceae

Order:
Juncales
Families:
Juncaceae
Thurniaceae

Order:
Cyperales
Family:
Cyperaceae

Order:
Typhales
Families:
Typhaceae
Sparganiaceae

Order:
Bromeliales
Family:
Bromeliaceae

Order:
Zingiberales
Families:
Musaceae
Strelitziaceae
Zingiberaceae
Cannaceae
Marantaceae

http://theseedsite.co.uk/class2.html

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