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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS AND CO-ORDINATES


1.1
(1-18)

Introduction ..............................................................................................................1
Exercise 1.1 .............................................................................................................4
1.2 Co-ordinates of a point which divides the Straight Line

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joining two given points in a given ratio .............................................................5
Exercise 1.2 .............................................................................................................8
1.3 The area of a Triangle in terms of the Co-ordinates of
its angular points ...................................................................................................8
Exercise 1.3 ...........................................................................................................11
1.4 Equation of Curve and Locus ............................................................................11
Exercise 1.4 .......................................................................................................... 16
1.5 Proof of geometric results by Co-ordinate geometry ................................... 17
Exercise 1.5 .......................................................................................................... 18
SOLUTIONS ......................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 2 LINES
2.1
(21-152)
Slope of a Line .....................................................................................................20
2.2 General equation of first degree .......................................................................24
2.3 Various forms of equation of straight line .......................................................25
Exercise 2.1 ..........................................................................................................29
2.4 The perpendicular form of the equation of the line .......................................32
2.5 The perpendicular distance of a point from a line .........................................34
Exercise 2.2 ..........................................................................................................36

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2.6 Two sides of a line ...............................................................................................36
Exercise 2.3 ..........................................................................................................42
2.7 Angular bisector ...................................................................................................43
Exercise 2.4 ..........................................................................................................46
2.8 Parametric equation of a line ............................................................................46
Exercise 2.5 ..........................................................................................................49
2.9 Family of lines ......................................................................................................49
Exercise 2.6 ..........................................................................................................53
2.10 Concurrent lines ..................................................................................................53
Exercise 2.7 ..........................................................................................................56
2.11 The number of independent constants in the equation of a line ................56
2.12 Change of frame of reference ...........................................................................57
Exercise 2.8 ..........................................................................................................60
2.13 Pair of lines .......................................................................................................... 61
Exercise 2.9 .......................................................................................................... 66
2.14 Typical questions on pair of lines .................................................................... 66
Exercise 2.10 ....................................................................................................... 69
2.15 Miscellaneous techniques in lines .................................................................. 70
Exercise 2.11 ........................................................................................................ 75
2.16 Locus advanced .................................................................................................. 75
Exercise 2.12 ....................................................................................................... 78
2.17 Various centres .................................................................................................... 78
Exercise 2.13 ....................................................................................................... 82
2.18 Rational points .................................................................................................... 83
Exercise 2.14 ....................................................................................................... 84
Miscellaneous Solved Examples ............................................................................... 85
Miscellaneous Exercises .......................................................................................... 100
Objective Exercises .................................................................................................... 105
Solutions Exercises, Miscellaneous Exercises and Objective Exercises .... 120

CIRCLE
CHAPTER 3 3.1
(153-254)
Equation of a Circle .......................................................................................... 153
Exercise 3.1 ........................................................................................................ 158
3.2 The intersection of a line and a circle ........................................................... 159
Exercise 3.2 ........................................................................................................ 162
3.3 Tangent at a point.............................................................................................. 163
Exercise 3.3 ........................................................................................................ 164
3.4 Chord of contact ................................................................................................ 164

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Exercise 3.4 ........................................................................................................ 166
3.5 Equations of tangents from a given point (x1, y1) to a circle ..................... 166
Exercise 3.5 ........................................................................................................ 169
3.6 The common chord of two circles .................................................................. 170
Exercise 3.6 ........................................................................................................ 171
3.7 The intersection of two circles ........................................................................ 171
Exercise 3.7 ........................................................................................................ 177
3.8 The common tangents of two circles ............................................................ 177
Exercise 3.8 ........................................................................................................ 181
3.9 Some miscellaneous techniques and results in circles .......................... 182
Exercise 3.9 ........................................................................................................ 185
Miscellaneous Solved Examples ............................................................................. 187
Miscellaneous Exercises .......................................................................................... 195
Objective Exercises .................................................................................................... 202
Solutions Exercises, Miscellaneous Exercises and Objective Exercises .... 213
CHAPTER 4 PARABOLA
4.1
(255-324)
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 255
Exercise 4.1 ........................................................................................................ 256
4.2 The standard equation of parabola ............................................................... 256

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Exercise 4.2 ........................................................................................................ 260
4.3 The intersection of a line and a parabola ..................................................... 260
Exercise 4.3 ........................................................................................................ 264
4.4 The equation of chord of contact .................................................................... 264
Exercise 4.4 ........................................................................................................ 269
4.5 Geometrical properties of a parabola ........................................................... 270
Exercise 4.5 ........................................................................................................ 275
Miscellaneous Solved Examples ............................................................................. 276
Miscellaneous Exercises .......................................................................................... 284
Objective Exercises .................................................................................................... 287
Solutions Exercises, Miscellaneous Exercises and Objective Exercises .... 295

CHAPTER 5 ELLIPSE (325-410)

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5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 325
Exercise 5.1 ....................................................................................................... 332
5.2 Intersection of a line and an ellipse .............................................................. 333
Exercise 5.2 ....................................................................................................... 348
Miscellaneous Solved Examples ............................................................................. 349
Miscellaneous Exercises .......................................................................................... 367
Objective Exercises .................................................................................................... 371
Solutions Exercises, Miscellaneous Exercises and Objective Exercises .... 380

CHAPTER 6 HYPERBOLA
6.1
(411-468)

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 411

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Exercise 6.1 ........................................................................................................ 417
6.2 Some important results ................................................................................... 418
6.3 Conjugate hyperbola ........................................................................................ 419
6.4 Rectangular hyperbola ..................................................................................... 419
6.5 A rectangular hyperbola through feet of the normals
in Ellipse and Hyperbola ................................................................................. 420
Miscellaneous Solved Examples ............................................................................. 422
Miscellaneous Exercises .......................................................................................... 441
Objective Exercises .................................................................................................... 444
Solutions Exercises, Miscellaneous Exercises and Objective Exercises .... 452
CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL TOPICS
7.1
(469-482)

Oblique Axes ...................................................................................................... 469

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Exercise 7.1 ........................................................................................................ 471
7.2 Coaxial circles and limiting points ................................................................. 472
Exercise 7.2 ........................................................................................................ 475
7.3 Polar and Pole ................................................................................................... 475
7.4 Diameter ............................................................................................................. 476
7.5 Polar co-ordinates and its results ................................................................. 478
Exercise 7.3 ........................................................................................................ 481
Solutions ....................................................................................................................... 482

CHAPTER 8 GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE (483-500)

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8.1 General Equation of Second Degree ............................................................ 483
Exercise 8.1 ........................................................................................................ 485
8.2 General definitions of terms used in Conics ............................................... 485
Miscellaneous Exercises .......................................................................................... 497
Answers ........................................................................................................................ 499
C IRCLE 153

EXERCISE 3.7
1. Find the equation of the circle through the points of intersection of the circles x2 + y 2 + 2x + 3y
7 = 0, and x2 + y2 + 3x 2y 1 = 0, and through the point (1, 2).
[Ans. x2 + y2 + 4x 7y + 5 = 0]
2. Find the equation of a circle through the points of intersection of x2 + y 2 4 = 0 and x2 + y 2 2x
4y + 4 = 0 and touching the line x + 2y = 0. [Ans. x2 + y2 x 2y = 0]
3. Prove that the equation to the circle of which the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the ends of a
chord of a segment containing an angle is
( x x1 )( x x 2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y 2 ) cot [( x x1 )( y y2 ) ( x x 2 )( y y1 )] = 0
Hence show that the equation of a circle whose diameter ends are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), is
( x x1 )( x x 2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y2 ) = 0 .
4. Find the equation to the circles which pass through the origin and cut off equal chords a from the
straight lines y = x and y = x. [Ans. x 2 + y 2 2ax = 0; x 2 + y 2 2ay = 0 ]
5. Find the equation to the straight lines joining the origin to the points in which the straight line
y = mx + c cuts the circle x2 + y2 = 2ax + 2by. Hence find the condition that these points may
subtend a right angle at the origin. Find also the condition that the straight line may touch the

circle. [Ans. c = b am; c = b am (1 + m 2 )( a 2 + b 2 ) ]


6. A circle passes through the points (1, 1), (0, 6), and (5, 5). Find the points on this circle the
tangents at which are parallel to the straight line joining the origin to its centre.

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7. Find the equation to the circle cutting orthogonally the three circles
x2 + y2 2x + 3y 7 = 0, x2 + y2 + 5x 5y + 9 = 0, and x2 + y2 + 7x 9y + 29 = 0
8. Find the equation to the circle cutting orthogonally the three circles
x2 + y2 = a2, (x c)2 + y2 = a2, and x2 + (y b)2 = a2. [Ans. x2 + y2 cx by + a2 = 0]
9. If Ax + By + C = 0 be a tangent to the circle S = 0 prove that it will also be a tangent to the circle
S + (Ax + By + C) = 0.
10. Find the equations of the circles with radius 13 & which touch the line 2x 3y + 1 + 0 at (1, 1).
Ans. [x2 + y2 6x + 4y = 0, x2 + y2 + 2x 8y + 4 = 0]
11. Consider all circles through (2, 0) and ( 2, 0). Prove that every such circle is orthogonal to the
circle x2 + y2 5x + 4 = 0.
12. If the equation of two circles whose radii are a and a' be S = 0 and S' = 0, then prove that the

S S'
circles = 0 will intersect at right angle.
a a'
13. Two circles are drawn through the points (a, 5a) and (4a, a) to touch the axis of y. Prove that they
40
intersect at an angle tan1 .
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14. Prove that, if OP, OQ are the tangents from (0, 0) to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, the
equation of the circle OPQ is x2 + y2 + gx + fy = 0.

3.8 THE COMMON TANGENTS OF TWO CIRCLES :


Let C1 and C2 be two circles whose radii are r1 and r2 respectively. For definiteness. Let r1 > r2 and let
d be the distance between the centres C1 and C2. Five different casea arise
(i) C2 completely within C1 .
154 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY

C1 C2
D
A B

In this case C1D > C1B (The line joining centres C1 and C2 cuts C2 at A and B
r1 > C1C2 + C2B r1 > d + r1 d < r1 r2
In this case the two circles cannot have any common tangents.
More generally this condition can be written as d < | r1 r2 |.
(ii) C2 touches C1 internally.

C1 C2

(iii)
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We can easily show that d = r1 r2.
In this case ther is one common tangent whose equation is S S' = 0.
C1 and C2 touch externally.
It is easy to show that in this case d = r1 + r2

T1

M T2
C1
P
C2

In this case there are three common tangents. The tangent S S' = 0 is called transverse common
tangent. There will be two direct common tangents T1T2 and T'1 T'2 (Not shown in the figure)
Note that length of transverse common tangent = 0

The length of direct common tangent = T1T2 = C 2 M = C1C 22 ( C1 M) 2 = d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2


The equation of common tangent T1T2 can be obtained by finding the co-ordinate of the point P
C IRCLE 155

PC1 C1T1 r1
which is the pint of intersection of T1T2 and C1C2 (produced). Note that PC = C T = r
2 2 2 2
By external division formula P can be determined after which the common tangent T1T2 can be
found by using the method described in 3.5.
(iv) The circles cut in two real and distinct points.

C1 C2

It is easy to observe by inspection that the necessary and sufficient condition for this case is
r1 r2 < d < r1 + r2
There will be two direct common tangents only. The length and the equation of tangents can be
found as in the last case.
(v) C2 lies outside C1 completely.
The necessary and sufficient condition for this case is d > r1 + r2

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The direct common tangents can be obtained by the method described in case (iii), the length of

direct common tangent = d 2 ( r1 r2 ) 2


Now observe the following figure for length and equation of the transverse common tangents.

M
T1
T2

C1 C2
P
T2
T 1

Let one of the transverse common tangent meet C1 at T1 and C2 at T2 and T1T2 is intersected by
C1C2 at P. Then
PC1 C1T1 r
= = 1
PC 2 C 2 T2 r2
from which P can be determined easily if C1 and C2 are given. The length T1T2 = C2M where M
be the foot of the perpendicular from C2 to C1T1 produced.

Now C2M = ( C1C 2 ) 2 ( C1M ) 2 = d 2 ( C1T1 + T1M ) 2 = d 2 ( r1 + r2 ) 2


156 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Example 23: Determine the number of common tangents to the two circles
C1 : x2 + y2 = 25, C2 : x2 + y2 4x + 6y 4 = 0 and find their lengths.
Solution : The centres are (0, 0), (2, 3) and radii are 5 and 3.
d= 13 , r1 = 5, r2 = 3
We can note that r1 r2 < d < r1 + r2
The circles intersect at two distinct real points.
There are two direct common tangents.

Their lengths = d 2 ( r1 r2 ) 2 = 13 (5 3 ) 2 = 3 units

Example 24: Find all the common tangents to the circles C1 : x2 + y2 + 22x 4y 100 = 0 and
C2 : x2 + y2 22x + 4y + 100 = 0. Find their lengths also.
Solution : (C1 and C2 will also denote the centre of the two circles)

15 L
5
C1
(11,2) C2 P
(-11,2)
M

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S
Note that centre of C1 is (11, 2) and its radius is 15.
The centre of C2 is (11, 2) and its radius is 5.
Let the common tangent meet circle C1 at N and C2 at L.
Produce NL so that it intersects the line joining C1 and C2 at P.
Since the triangle PNC1 and PLC2 are similar
C1P r1 15
= = =3
C2 P r2 5
Since P lies externally. The co-ordinates of P are
15 11 5( 11) 15 ( 2) 5 2
, i. e. P is (22, 4)
15 5 15 5
Any line through (22, 4) may be taken as y + 4 = m (x 22) or y m x + 4 + 22m = 0

S L

C C
P
(-11,2) (11,2)

N M
C IRCLE 157
Since it is a tangent to C2, we must have from centre of C2 = radius of C2

2 11m + 4 + 22m 7 3
= 5 m = ,
1 m 2 24 4

7 3
The direct common tangents are y + 4 = ( x 22) and y + 4 = ( x 22)
24 4
Or 7 x 24 y = 250 and 3 x + 4 y = 50 (*)
Again for transverse common tangents,
we note that common tangent NL is intersected by C1 C2 at P and
C1P r1 15
= =
PC 2 r2 5

15 11 + 5( 11) 15 ( 2) + 5 2 11
P is , i.e. P is , 1
15 + 5 15 + 5 2

11 11
Now any line through , 1 may be taken as y + 1 = m x
2 2

24 4
As before we get m = or
7 3

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24 11 4 11
Transverse common tangents are y + 1 = x and y + 1 = x
7 2 3 2
or 24 x + 7 y = 125 or 4 x 3 y = 25 (**)
NOTE : If we take one of the common tangents from (*) and solve it with C1 and C2, we get the
point of contact of common tangents with C 1 and C 2. The distance between the points of contact
will be the length of the direct common tangent. But the lengths can be found without finding
these points and without finding the equation of common tangents. Indeed length of the direct

common tangents = d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2 = ( 11 11) 2 + (2 + 2 ) 2 (15 5 ) 2 = 400 = 20

The length of the transverse common tangent = d 2 (r1 + r2 ) 2 = 10 .

EXERCISE 3.8

1. Find the common tangents of the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and (x 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 4.


[Ans. 4x 3y 5 = 0, 3x + 4y 5 = 0]
2. Find the equations of the straight lines which touch both the circles x2 + y 2 = 4 and (x 4)2 + y 2
= 1. [Ans. 3x 7 y 8 = 0 , and x 15 y 8 = 0 ]
3. Find the equations of the common tangents to the circles x2 + y2 2x 6y + 9 = 0, x2 + y2 + 6x
2y + 1 = 0. Ans. [x = 0, y = 4, 3x + 4y = 10, 3y = 4x]
4. A line AB is divided at C such that AC = 3CB. Circles are described on AC and CB, as diameter
and a common tangent meets AB produced at D. Show that the radius of the smaller circle is BD.
5. Find the common tangents of x 2 + y 2 4x 2y + 4 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 2 y 4 = 0 .
[Ans. x = 1, y = 2, 3x + 4y = 5 and 4x 3y 10 = 0 ]
158 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY
6. Show that the common tangents of the circle x2 + y2 + 2x = 0 and x2 + y2 6x = 0 form an
equilateral triangle.
7. Prove that the equation of two given circles can always be put in the form x2 + y 2 + ax + b = 0,
x2 + y2 + a'x + b = 0, and that one of the circles will be within the other if aa' and b are both
positive.
8. Find the length of the common chord of the circles
x 2 + y 2 2ax 4ay 4a 2 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 3ax + 4ay = 0
Find also the euqations of the common tangents and show that the length of each is 4a.

14
[Ans. 8a , x = 4a, 63x + 16y + 100a=0]
65
3.9 SOME MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS IN CIRCLES:
Equation of Circumcircle : The equation of circumcircle of a triangle the equation of whose sides are
given can always be found by an elementary method of solving for vertices. At an advanced level this
can be found as follows.
If the sides of a triangle ABC are BC : L1 = 0, CA : L2 = 0, AB : L3 = 0. Then equation of any second
degree curve containing the points A, B, C must be of the form
L1L2 + L2L3 + L3L1 = 0
If this represents a circle we must have coeff. of x2 = coeff. of y2
and coeff. of xy = 0
These equations will determine and .
Condition for Concyclic points : The lines ax + by + c = 0, a'x + b'y + c' = 0 will meet the co-ordinate

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axes in concyclic points only when aa' = bb'.

A A

This can be proved in several ways. One such way (which will determine the equation of circle also
through four points) is to consider a conic section through the four points A, B, A', B' which must be of
the form
(ax + by + c) (a'x + b'y + c') + xy = 0
If this represents a circle we must have
coeff. of x2 = coeff. of y2
coeff. of xy = 0
aa ' = bb' and ab'+ ba' =
Circles touching given lines : Problems of finding circles touching given lines or touching two lines
and passing through a given point lead to complex situations which should be handled properly.
Remember,
(i) In general there are four circles touching three given lines (one inscribed circle and three escribed
circles).
C IRCLE 159
(ii) In general there are two circles touching two lines and passing through a given point.
(iii) The equation | | = | | = | | gives rise to four distinct possibilities
= = ; = = ; = = ; = = ;
(the other combinations are equivalent to these four cases only)
Example 25: Find the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the lines y = x, y = 2x, y = 3x
+ 2.
Solution : The equation of the circumcircle must be of the type for some and .
( y x )( y 2x) + ( y 2x)( y 3x 2) + ( y 3x 2)( y x) = 0
We must have,
Coeff. of x2 = Coeff. of y2
Coeff. of xy = 0
2 + 6 + 3 = 1 + + 3 5 4 = 0
1
On solving we easily get = , = 1
5
Thus the required circle is
1
( y x )( y 2x) + ( y 2x)( y 3x 2) 1( y 3x 2)( y x) = 0
5
Or 5( y x)( y 2x ) + ( y 2x)( y 3x 2) 5( y 3x 2)( y x) = 0
Or x2 + y2 6x + 8y = 0

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which is the required circumcircle.
Example 26: For what values of m are do the lines 2x 3y + 6 = 0 and mx + 2y + 12 = 0 cut the axes in
concyclic points. Find the equation of circle passing through these points.
Solution : The equation of the circle through the four points which are the intersection of these lines with
coordinate axis must be of the form
( 2x 3y + 6)( mx + 2y + 12) + xy = 0
for some suitable m and .
Choosing and such that
Coeff. of x2 = Coeff. of y2
Coeff. of xy = 0
We get 2m = 6
4 3m + = 0
We easily get m = 3, = 13
Thus the circle through four points is
( 2x 3y + 6)( 3x + 2y + 12) 13xy = 0

OR x 2 + y 2 x + 4y 18 = 0

Example 27: Find all circles touching the lines x 2y 3 = 0, 2x y + 5 = 0, 4x + 2y 1 = 0.


Solution : Let (h, k) be the centre of one of the circles touching three given lines, then the perpendicular
distance of (h, k) from all the sides must be equal (equal to radius)

h 2k 3 2h k + 5 4h + 2k 1 4h + 2k 1
= = | h 2k 3 |=| 2h k + 5 |=
5 5 20 2

| |=| |=| |
160 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Case (i) = =
In this case we get
4h + 2k 1
h 2k 3 = 2h k + 5 =
2
43 11
On solving we get h = ,k=
4 4

43 11
Thus centre of one of the circles touching three lines is , the corresponding radius
4 4

43 11
2 3
4 4 77
= =
5 4 5

Equation of one of the circles touching three lines is


2 2 2
43 11 77
x + + y =

4 4 4 5
Case (ii) Taking = =

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4h + 2k 1
We get h 2k 3 = 2h k + 5 =
2
9 55
On solving we get h = , k =
8 8

9 110
3
8 8 143
=
and radius = 5 8 5

2 2 2
9 55 143
Second such circle is x + + y =

8 8 8 5
We similarly determine the two other circles.
Example 28: Find the equations of the circles tangent to the lines 3x + 4y 35 = 0 and 4x + 3y + 14 = 0
and passing through ( 1, 5).
Solution : Let (h, k) be centre of a circle which touch both the lines and which passes through the point
(1, 5) then (h, k) must satisfy the equation of angular bisector of the given lines bisecting the
angle containing the point (1, 5). Now we note that origin and (1, 5) are contained in the same
angle formed by the two given lines (both origin and (1, 5) are on the same side of both the
lines) Therefore (h, k) must satisfy the equation of angular bisector bisecting the angle contain-
3h 4k + 35 4h + 3k + 14
ing origin. i. e. =+ or h + k = 3 (i)
5 5
The equation of required circle must be of the form
C IRCLE 161

2
4h + 3k + 14
( x h ) 2 + ( y k) 2 = (ii)
5
(Q radius = distance of (h, k) from one of the lines)
Since circle (ii) pass through the point (1, 5), we must have
2
4h + 3k + 14
( 1 h) 2 + ( 5 k) 2 = (iii)
5
On putting k = 3 h in (iii), we get 49h 2 + 104h 404 = 0
202 349
h = 2, whence corresponding values of k are 1 and .
49 49
4 2 + 3 1 + 14
When h = 2 and k = 1 radius = =5
5
202 349 185
Again when h = and k = then radius =
49 49 49
2 2 2
202 349 185
Thus required circles are ( x 2) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 25 and x + + y = .
49 49 49

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EXERCISE 3.9

1. Find the equations of the circles passing through the point (1, 0) and tangent to the lines 2x + y
2 2
9 22
+ 2 = 0, 2x + y 18 = 0. Ans. [(x 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 20, x + y = 20 ]
5 5

2. Find the equations of the circle passing through the origin and tangent to the two intersecting
lines x + 2y 9 = 0, 2x y + 2 = 0.

2 2
22 31 289
Ans. [(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 5, x + y+ = ]
5 5 5

3. Find a circle tangent to lines 2x + y 5 = 0, 2x + y + 15 = 0 if (2, 1) is its point of contact with


one of the lines. Ans. [(x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 20]
4. Find the equations of the circle with centre on the line 2x + y = 0 and tangent to the lines 4x 3y +
10 = 0, 4x 3y 30 = 0. Ans. [(x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16]
5. Find the equations of the circles tangent to the three lines 4x 3y 10 = 0, 3x 4y 5 = 0 and
3x 4y 15 = 0.
6. How many circles touch all the lines x 2y 3 = 0, 2x y + 5 = 0, 4x + 2y 1 = 0. Find the circle
2 2 2
43 11 77
Ans. [Four, x + + y ]
4 4 5
of maximum radius touching them.
4
162 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY
7. Prove that the points of intersection of the two circles

x 2 + y 2 2cy a 2 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 2bx + a 2 = 0 , the centres of the two circles and the origin
are on a circle.
8. Show that the centres of the inscribed circle and of the three escribed circles in order, of the
traingle whose sides are 4y + 3x = 0, 12y 5x = 0 and y 15 = 0 are the points (1, 8), (24, 3),
(40, 5) and (15, 120).
9. Prove that the equation of the circle circumscribing the traingle formed by the lines x + y = 6,
2x + y = 4, and x + 2y = 5 is x2 + y2 17x 19y + 50 = 0.
10. Find the equation of the circumcircle and of the inscribed circle of the triangle formed by the
three lines given by xy (3x + 4y 12) = 0, and show that their radical axis is 2x + y + 1 = 0.
11. Prove that the equation of a circle circumscribing the triangle formed by the lines
L1 = x cos + y sin p = 0, L2 = x cos + y sin q = 0, L3 = x cos + y sin r = 0 is

L1 1 cos sin
L21 cos sin = 0
.
L31 cos sin

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C IRCLE 163

MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED EXAMPLES


Example 1 : A circle touches the line y = x at P such that OP = 4 2 . The circle contains ( 10, 2) in its
interior and the length of its chord on the line x + y = 0 is 6 2 . Determine the equation of the
circle. [1990]
Solution : Let y = x cuts circle at A and B and M is the mid point of AB. Then if C be the centre of the
circle CPOM must be a rectangle.
( CMO = 90, CPO = 90, (y = x) (y = x))
CM = OP = 4 2

radius CA= CM 2 + MA 2 = ( 4 2 ) 2 + (3 2 ) 2 = 5 2
If C be (h, k) then from (h, k) on y = x must be equal to radius
kh
= 5 2 k h = 10 (i)
2
Again from (h, k) on y = x must be equal to 4 2

k+h
= 4 2 k + h = 8 (ii)
2

D SHA C
A

M
B
P'
O

P
B'

In all, there are four possibilities in which equations (i) and (ii) can exist
k h k + h Solution
ANALYSIS
+ 10 + 8 h = 1, k = 9 The circle is (x + 1)2 + (y 9)2 = (5 2 )2 this
doesnt contain ( 10, 2) in its interior
+ 10 8 h = 9, k = 1 The circle is (x + 9)2 + (y + 1)2= (5 2 )2 and
which satisfies all given conditions.
10 + 8 h = 9, k = 1 The circle does not contain (10, 2)
10 8 h = 1, k = 9 The circle does not contain (10, 2)
Thus the only circle satisfying the condition of the problem is (x + 9)2 + (y + 1)2 = (5 2 )2
164 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Example 2 : Prove that the two circles through (0, a), (0, a) which touch the lines y = m x + c will cut
orthogonally if c2 = a2 (2 + m2).
Solution : All circles through (0, a) and (0, a) may be taken as

x y 1
( x 0)( x 0) + ( y + a )( y a) + 0 a 1 = 0
0 a 1

Or x 2 + y 2 + 2a x a 2 = 0 (i)
Choose two values of for two circles represented by (i), then
x2 + y2 + 2a1x a2 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2a2x a2 = 0
Since these circles are orthogonal 2gg' + 2ff ' = c + c '
2 (a 1) (a 2) = a2 a2 1 2 = 1

Now since circles (i) (centre ( a, 0) radius = a 2 2 + a 2 ) touch y m x c = 0,


| a m c |
we must have = a 2 2 + a 2
1+ m 2

On squaring and arranging this becomes a2 2 + 2a mc + (a 2 + m2 a2 c2) = 0


The roots of this equation must be 1 and 2 and 1 2

a 2 + m2a 2 c 2

D SHA
= Product of the roots =
a2

a 2 + m2a 2 c 2
But 1 2 = 1 = 1 c 2 a 2 (2 + m2 ) = 0
a2
Which is what we intended to prove.

Example 3 : C1 and C2 be two concentric circles. The radius of C2 being twice that of C1. From a point P on
C2 tangents PA and PB are drawn to C1. Prove that the centroid of the triangle PAB lies on C1.
Solution : Let the equations of C1 and C2 be
x2 + y2 = a2, x2 + y2 = 4a 2
P

A B

C2

C1

From any point P (2a cos, 2a sin) tangents PA and PB are drawn then AB will be chord of
contact whose equation must be
C IRCLE 165
x. 2a cos + y. 2a sin = a2 or
x cos + y sin = a / 2 (i)
If A be (x1, y1) and B be (x2, y2) then x1, x2 must be roots of

2
a
x cos
2 2 = a2
x +
sin (since A, B be points of intersection of AB and C1)

a2
2
x2 a cos x + 4 a sin = 0 x1 + x 2 = a cos
2


We similarly get y1 + y2 = a sin (on eliminating x term)
Therefore the co-ordinates of centroid G of triangle PAB

2a cos + x1 + x 2 2a sin + y1 + y 2
= , = (a cos , a sin )
3 3
Which obviously lies on C1.

Example 4 : Let a circle be given by 2x (x a) + y (2y b) = 0 (a 0). Suppose it is possible to draw two

D SHA
b
distinct chords from a, on the circle such that each is bisected by x axis. Show that the
2
condition for this is a2 > 2b 2.

b
Solution : Let (, ) be the other ends of the chord drawn from P a , then as it is bisected by a point on
2
x-axis we have

b
+
0= 2 = b
2 2

b
Since , lies on the circle, we have
2
166 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY

b
2 ( a ) ( 2b) = 0 or 2 2 2a + b 2 = 0
2
For two distinct such chords this should yield two distinct real roots

4a 2 8b 2 > 0 or a 2 > 2b 2 .
Example 5 : Show that the circle circumscribing the triangle whose sides are
x cos + y sin = a sec + b sin
x cos + y sin = a sec + b sin
x cos + y sin = a sec + b sin
passes through the point (0, b).
Solution : The equation of a conic circumscribing the triangle must be of the form

( x cos + y sin a sec b sin )( x cos + y sin a sec b sin )


+ ( x cos + y sin a sec b sin )( x cos + y sin a sec b sin )
+ ( x cos + y sin a sec b sin )( x cos + y sin a sec b sin ) = 0 (i)

Since this represents a circle


coeff. of x2 = coeff. of y2 (ii)
coeff. of xy = 0 (iii)
(ii) cos cos + (cos cos ) + (cos cos ) = sin sin + (sin sin ) + (sin sin )

D SHA
cos( + ) + cos( + ) + cos( + ) = 0 (iv)

(iii) sin( + ) + sin( + ) + sin( + ) = 0 (v)


Solving (iv) and (v) for and , we get

1
= =
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )

sin( ) sin( )
= , =
sin( ) sin( )
Now the circle (i) will pass through (0, b) if
( a sec) ( a sec) + ( a sec) ( a sec) + ( a sec) ( a sec) = 0
Which is equivalent to cos + cos + cos = 0 (vii)

sin( ) sin( )
To prove (vii) it is sufficient to show cos + sin( ) cos + sin( ) cos = 0

Which is indeed true in the light of C - D formulas.


Example 6: Two rods of length a and b slide along the axes in a manner that their ends are always concyclic.
Prove that locus of centre of the circle passing through these ends is the curve
4 (x2 y 2) = a2 b 2.
Solution: Let the centre of the variable circle be (, ) and its equation be
x2 + y2 2x 2y + = 0 where is a parameter. Then

AA' = Chord length intercepted on x-axis = 2 g 2 c = 2 2


C IRCLE 167

B'

B
a
A A'

But AA ' = Length of the rod = a

2 2 = a , similarly 2 = b
2

The required locus must be eliminant of these equations.


On squaring and subtracting, we easily get
4( 2 2 ) = a 2 b2

D SHA
On changing to (x, y) the locus is
4 (x2 y 2) = a2 b 2.
Example 7 : Let S x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be a given circle. Find the locus of foot of the drawn
from origin upon any chord of S = 0 which subtend a right angle at the origin. [1988]
Solution : Let AB be any arbitrary chord subtending 90 at origin whose equation is
y=mx+d (i)
Then equation of OA and OB can be obtained by homogenizing equation of S with the help of (i)
Thus equation of OA and OB is
2
y mx y mx y mx
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 (ii)
d d d

M
90

Since OA OB (given) in equation (ii), coeff. of x2 + coeff. of y2 = 0


168 TEXT B OOK OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY

2gm cm 2 2f c
1 + +1 + + =0 (iii)
d 2 d d2
d
Now equation of line to AB and passing through origin must be

1
y= x (iv)
m
Since the point M whose locus is to be determined is point of intersection of OM and AB the
required locus must be eliminant of (i), (iv) and (iii). On solving (i) and (iv) for m and d,

x x2 + y2
we get m = and d =
y y

on putting m and d in (iii), we get

2
x x y cy2
1 2g + c + 1 + 2f + =0
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y 2 ( x 2 + y2 ) 2

c
which simplifies to x + y + gx + fy + = 0 (on multiplying by (x2 + y2)2).
2 2
2
Example 8 : A ray is drawn from origin to cut the given circle x2 + y2 = 2ax (a > 0) at B. From B equal

D SHA
segments BM and BN of constant length b are laid of in either direction. As the ray revolves the
points M and N describe a curve (limacon of Pascal). Find its equation.
Solution : Let y = mx be any ray OB drawn from O then for B

2a 2am
we solve y = mx and x2 + y2 2ax = 0. We easily get x = , y=
1+ m 2
1 + m2
Let us now put equation of OB in parametric from with respect to point B (since M and N are
situated at a distance b from B).

2am 2a
Indeed equation of OB is y = m x
1+ m 2
1 + m2

2a 2am
x y
or 1+ m 2
= 1+ m 2
1 / 1 + m2 m / 1 + m2

For the points M and N we can equate to b and the squared result will be satisfied by both M
2
2a b2
and N. Taking first expression equal to b and on squaring, we get x =

1+, m 2 1 + m2

But M and N satisfy the simple relation y = mx (since they lie on OB).

y
Therefore on putting m = , we get a pure relation between abscissa and co-ordinates of M
x

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