L thuyt chuyn mn hn 1

Ch-ng 1
C s l thuyt hn in nng chy

1.1 Khi qut chung v hn.

1.1.1 Lch s pht trin ngh hn.
1.1.2 Thc cht c im v cng dng ca hn.
a) Thc cht :
Hn l qu trnh cng ngh ni hai hoc nhiu phn t (chi tit, b phn) thnh mt
khi thng nht bng cch dng ngun nhit nung nng ch cn ni n trng thi lng (hoc
do), sau kim loi t kt tinh (hoc dng lc p) to thnh mi hn.
b) c im v ng dng:
+ Lin kt hn l mt lin kt cng khng tho ri -c.
+ So vi inh tn tit kim (10 20)% khi l-ng kim loi, so vi c tit kim
khong 50%.
+ Hn ch to -c cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp, lin kt cc kim loi c cng
tnh cht hoc khc tnh cht vi nhau.
+ Mi hn c bn v kn cao, p ng yu cu lm vic quan trng ca cc kt
cu quan trng (v tu, bn cha, ni hi,..v.v).
+ C th c kh ha v t ng ha qu trnh hn.
+ Gi thnh ch to kt cu r.
Tuy vy, hn cn c mt s nh-c im : sau khi hn tn ti ng sut v bin dng d-,
xut hin vng nh h-ng nhit lm gim kh nng chu lc ca kt cu.
1.1.3 Phn loi cc ph-ng php hn.
a) Cn c dng nng l-ng s dng, hn -c phn ra cc ph-ng php hn sau
* Cc ph-ng php hn in : dng in nng bin thnh nhit nng (hn in h
quang, hn in tip xc,..v.v).
* Cc ph-ng php hn c hc : s dng c nng lm bin dng kim loi ti khu vc
hn (hn ngui, hn ma st, hn siu m,..v.v).
* Cc ph-ng php hn ha hc : s dng nng l-ng do cc phn ng ha hc to ra
nung nng kim loi mi hn (hn kh, hn ha nhit,..v.v).
* Cc ph-ng php hn kt hp : s dng kt hp cc dng nng l-ng nu trn (hn
cc vt liu c tnh hn kh).
b) Cn c vo trng thi kim loi mi hn ti thi im hn.
* Hn nng chy : bao gm cc ph-ng php hn : hn kh, hn in x, hn h
quang,..v.v Kim loi mi hn trng thi lng trong qu trnh hn.
* Hn p lc : bao gm cc ph-ng php hn : hn siu m, hn n, hn khuch tn, hn
in tr tip xc,..v.v trong qu trnh hn, kim loi mi hn trng thi chy do.
1.2 S to thnh mi hn v t chc kim loi mi hn .

Cc yu t nh h-ng ti s chuyn dch KL lng t in cc vo vng hn

1 Tc dng ca trng lc git kim loi lng.
Kim loi lng d-i tc dng ca trng lc lun c xu h-ng i v vng hn (c tc
dng ln i vi hn bng).
2 Sc cng b mt .
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 2

Sc cng b mt -c to nn do tc dng ca lc phn t. Lc phn t lun c xu

h-ng lm cho b mt cht lng thu nh li, to cho b mt kim loi lng c mt nng l-ng
t do b nht.
Sc cng b mt lm cho cc git kim loi lng c dng hnh cu v gi trng thi
ny trn sut on -ng chuyn vo vng hn, khi vo vng hn s b sc cng b mt ko
vo to thnh mt khi thng nht (c tc dng ln i vi mi hn trong khng gian).
3 Lc t tr-ng.
Lc t tr-ng sinh ra xung quanh in cc khi c dng in chy qua que hn v vt
hn. Lc ny tc dng ln kim loi lng in cc lm gim tit din ngang, trong khi Ih =
const, nn ti ch tht mt dng in J tng ln nhanh chng lm kim loi lng t n
nhit si, ct t phn kim loi lng khi in cc. Mt khc, v din tch vng hn ln
nn c-ng t tr-ng trn b mt vng hn rt nh v mt dng in J nh, do kim
loi lng lun c xu h-ng i v vng hn vi mi v tr hn.
4 p lc kh.
Do nhit h quang cao, cc phn ng ha hc xy ra rt mnh, thuc bc que hn
(thuc hn) nng chy s sinh ra nhiu kh to nn p lc y kim loi lng t in cc vo
vng hn (c tc dng ln i vi mi hn trong khng gian).
1.7 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn in nng chy.
1.7.1 Khi nim v vng hn, mi hn v lin kt hn.
a) Khi nim vng hn.
Vng hn l phn kim loi lng -c to ra trong qu trnh hn d-i tc dng ca
ngun nhit hn.
Vng hn gm hai phn :
+ Phn u (A) : xy ra qu trnh nng chy kim loi c bn v kim loi b sung.
+ Phn ui (B): xy ra qu trnh kt tinh v hnh thnh mi hn (hnh v).
Hnh dng v kch th-c vng hn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: cng sut ca ngun
nhit, ph-ng php v ch hn, tnh cht l nhit ca kim loi vt hn,.v.v...

b) Mi hn :
L phn kim loi lng -c kt tinh trong qu trnh hn, n trng thi lng.Theo tit
din ngang, mi hn phn thnh hai loi : mi hn gip mi v mi hn gc.
Hnh dng mi hn gip mi -c coi l hp l khi h s ngu ca mi hn nm trong
(0,8 4) v n/c = (7
b b
khong : n = 10) .
h c
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 3

c) Lin kt hn .
Lin kt hn -c hiu bao gm mi hn, vng nh h-ng nhit v kim loi c bn.
Cc dng lin kt hn : lin kt hn gc, lin kt hn chng ni, lin kt hn gip mi (hnh
v).

Cc dng lin kt hn c bn khi hn h quang tay.

1.7.2 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nng chy.

1 c im .
Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nng chy rt phc tp, n khc vi qu trnh luyn kim
thng th-ng mt s yu t sau :
+ Nhit ca h quang cao hn nhiu so vi nhit cc l luyn kim thng th-ng v
phn b cc vng ca ct h quang khc nhau.
+ S t-ng tc ha l xy ra mnh gia kim loi lng vi x, vi kh v vi kim loi c
bn.
+ Th tch kim loi lng rt nh v thi gian kim loi tn ti trng thi lng ngn, do
cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong vng hn khng i n trng thi cn bng.
+ Nhit vng hn cao nn to iu kin cho nhiu phn ng ha hc xy ra nh- : s
t-ng tc gia kim loi lng vi x, vi kh ; s xy ha hay hon nguyn kim loi, s phn ly
ca cc hp cht kh (H2 2H ; CO2 CO + O2 ; ..v..v.).
nhn -c mi hn c cht l-ng theo yu cu cn phi to ra xung quanh vng
hn mi tr-ng bo v bo v kim loi lng khi tc dng xu ca khng kh, bng cch
hn bng que thuc bc dy, hn trong mi tr-ng kh bo v, hn d-i lp thuc,..v.v.

2 X hn.
X hn -c to ra t que hn, thuc hn nng chy, n mang tnh phi kim. Trong x
hn c cha cc xit axit : SiO 2, TiO2, P2O5, (x hn axit), hoc xit baz : CaO, MnO,
BaO,..(x hn baz).
X to nn trong qu trnh hn khng ch bo v kim loi mi hn khi tc dng xu
ca khng kh m cn tc dng vi cc nguyn t trong vng hn to iu kin iu chnh
thnh phn ha hc ca mi hn. Do vy tnh cht ca x c nh h-ng ln n cht l-ng
mi hn sau khi hn.
Thc t cho thy, cht l-ng mi hn nhn -c tt nht khi x c nhit nng chy
trong khong 1100 0C 12000C. X cng long, nht cng nh th hot tnh ca n cng
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 4

mnh, to iu kin cho cc phn ng ha hc v cc qu trnh vt l xy ra cng nhanh. Tuy

nhin, m bo ph kn v u b mt mi hn th yu cu x khng -c c tnh chy
long qu cao, iu ny c bit quan trng khi hn v tr hn ng v hn trn.
3 Mi tr-ng kh bo v.
Xung quanh h quang v vng hn c nhiu loi kh gy nh h-ng xu n cht
l-ng mi hn nh- : O 2, N2,.. V vy, nhn -c mi hn c cht l-ng m bo theo
yu cu cn phi c cc bin php bo v kim loi lng vng hn khi tc dng xu ca mi
tr-ng khng kh bng cch :
+ Hn trong mi tr-ng chn khng.
+ Hn bng que thuc bc dy, dy hn c li thuc hoc hn d-i lp thuc. Thuc
hn v thuc bc que hn nng chy s to ra lp x v kh bo v vng hn, ng thi cng
l cht tr dung tt cho qu trnh luyn kim ca mi hn.
+ Hn trong mi tr-ng kh bo v : Ar, He, CO2 , v hn hp ca chng y khng
kh ra khi vng hn, ngn chn tc hi ca n.
4 xy ha kim loi vng hn.
Mc d c nhiu bin php cng ngh nu trn nh-ng khng th ngn nga trit
tc dng ca O 2 ti kim loi vng hn, kt qu l xy ra s ha tan ca xy vo st to ra cc
xit st:
2Fe + O2 = 2FeO + Q
4 Fe + 3O2 = 2Fe2O3 + Q
3Fe + 2O2 = Fe3O 4 + Q
Trong , xit st II (FeO) ha tan vo kim loi lng (cn li vo x), nng c th
t 0,5%, xy ha tan vo st nng c th t ti 0,22%.
Ngoi st ra, trong vng hn cn xy ra s xy ha cc nguyn t khc, ch yu l C,
Si, Mn v xy ra trong cc git kim loi lng trn -ng ti vng hn ; phn ng xy ra ch
yu vi xy nguyn t :
C + O {CO}.
Mn + O (MnO).
Si + O (SiO2).
Trong vng hn, xy ra phn ng vi FeO.
C + FeO Fe + {CO}
Si + FeO Fe + (SiO 2)
Mn + FeO Fe + (MnO)
Do c s xy ha cc nguyn t nn hm l-ng cc nguyn t khc gim: C gim (50
60)%, Mn gim (40 50)%.
* Cc bin php kh xy :
kh xy c th thc hin bng hai cch sau :
- Kh xy bng x hn : khi x hn mang tnh axit, s kh xy s xy ra theo cc phn
ng sau :
FeO + SiO 2 = FeO.SiO 2
2FeO + SiO2 = 2FeO.SiO2
Cc silicat -c to thnh s khng ha tan vo kim loi lng m i vo x, do vy
hm l-ng FeO trong kim loi mi hn s gim ng k.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 5

- Dng nguyn t c i lc vi xy mnh hn st hon nguyn st t xit ha tan

ca n. Cc cht kh xy th-ng l cc nguyn t : C, Si, Mn, Ti,..v.v
+ Cc bon : cc bon i vo vng hn t kim loi c bn, dy hn, thuc hn v thuc
bc que hn. nhit hn, cc bon l cht kh xy mnh hn silic, mangan.
FeO + C = Fe + {CO}.
xit cc bon (CO) khng ha tan vo thp nh-ng nu hm l-ng qu ln th mt phn
CO s nm li trong vng hn gy r kh.
+ Mangan : l cht kh xy mnh, -c -a vo vng hn qua thuc bc, thuc hn,
kim loi c bn v dy hn.
Mn + FeO Fe + (MnO).
Mangan xit thc t khng ha tan vo kim loi m lin kt vi cc xit axit to thnh
cc hp cht nh ni ln thnh x. Ngoi vic kh xy, mangan cn c tc dng kh l-u
hunh v lm tng bn mi hn khi hm l-ng ca n d-i 1%.
+ Silic : l cht kh xy mnh, -c -a vo vng hn t-ng t nh- mangan:
Si + 2 FeO = 2 Fe + (SiO2).
xit silic khng ha tan vo kim loi lng m i vo x ni ln b mt vng hn.
Ngoi tc dng kh xy, silic cn c tc dng lm tng c tnh ca mi hn khi hm l-ng
ca n vo khong (0,2 0,3 )%.
+ Titan : l cht kh xy rt mnh, -c -a vo vng hn t thuc bc, thuc hn
d-i dng fertitan.
Ti + 2FeO = TiO2 + 2Fe.
Thc t xit titan khng hn tan vo st, khi kt hp vi nit to thnh nirit titan (cng
khng ha tan vo st), c tc dng lm nh ht kim loi, do lm tng c tnh ca kim loi
mi hn.
Ngoi cc nguyn t trn, nhm cng l cht kh xy mnh nh-ng t -c s dng v
xit nhm c nhit nng chy khong 2050 0C khng tan vo thp m chuyn vo x vi
tc rt chm, to iu kin cho s xy ha cc bon, d dn n hin t-ng r kh trong
mi hn.
5 Hp kim ha kim loi mi hn .
t -c bn mi hn t-ng -ng kim loi c bn, trong qu trnh hn phi
hp kim ha kim loi mi hn nhm b p cc nguyn t hp kim b mt do tham gia cc
phn ng ha hc hoc -a vo kim loi mi hn cc nguyn t mi khng c trong thnh
phn kim loi c bn nng cao bn mi hn.
Ng-i ta th-ng -a cc nguyn t nh- Cr, Mo, W, V, Ti, .v.v vo mi hn thng
qua dy hn, thuc bc que hn v thuc hn; trong vic hp kim ha kim loi mi hn
bng dy hn l c hiu qu nht.
6 Tp cht x trong mi hn.
Thnh phn tp cht x bao gm cc hp cht ha hc ca xy v nit vi cc nguyn
t kim loi khc nhau, cc fer hp kim,. c nh h-ng xu n cht l-ng mi hn, lm
cho kim loi mi hn khng ng nht. Cc xit : SiO2 , Al2O 3 c trong thuc bc que hn v
thuc hn b kt li tc dng vi cc xit sn c trong mi hn (MnO , FeO,.) to thnh cc
tp cht phc hp d nng chy c kch th-c khc nhau. c bit khi hn thp, trong kim
loi mi hn cha mt l-ng khng nh l-u hunh t vt liu hn to thnh FeS lm tng kh
nng nt nng ca kim loi mi hn.
Tp cht x l cc nitrit (c bit l Fe 2N) lm tng cng nh-ng li lm gim mnh
tnh do ca kim loi mi hn. Tp cht x khng nhng lm gim c tnh ca kim loi mi
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 6

hn m cn c tc dng thc y qu trnh n mn. V vy, khi hn phi ngn nga s xut
hin cc tp cht x bng cch :
+ Lm sch bn g, du m khu vc cn hn.
+ Hn nhiu lp phi v sinh sch x hn lp tr-c.
+ Gim tc ngui ca kim loi p (hn d-i lp thuc, ch hn hp l,..)
+ -a vo v bc que hn thnh phn c kh nng gim nhit nng chy ca cc
xit v to ra cc hp cht d bong khi mi hn sau khi ngui.
7 R kh trong mi hn
R kh l s xut hin trong kim loi mi hn v trn b mt mi hn cc l trng v
bt kh, l s thot kh khng trit khi kim loi mi hn. R kh c th tn ti dng
cu n l hoc dng chui ko di, do mt s nguyn nhn sau :
+ S thot kh t khi kim loi mi hn kt tinh.
+ Vt liu hn (dy hn, que hn, thuc hn,.) b m.
+ B mt chi tit khng -c lm sch tr-c khi hn.
+ Mc kh xy ch-a trit .
+ Hm l-ng FeO trong kim loi mi hn cao.
R kh trong mi hn gy nn hin t-ng tp trung ng sut v c nh h-ng ln n
s ph hy lin kt hn, lm tng cng, gin v gim tnh do ca kim loi p.
8 S kt tinh kim loi mi hn :
S kt tinh ca kim loi mi hn rt khc vi s kt tinh ca kim loi vt c cc im sau:
+ Qu trnh kt tinh xy ra khi c ngun nhit di ng. Tc kt tinh trung bnh ca
mi hn bng tc dch chuyn vng hn.
+ Th tch vng hn nh -c bao bc bi -ng ng nhit v kim loi c bn trng
thi rn xung quanh nn ngui rt nhanh. Vi vt c, s kt tinh ca kim loi xy ra mt
cch lin tc cng vi s gim nhit , cn vi kim loi vng hn xy ra mt cch chu k.
+ T chc kim loi mi hn sau khi kt tinh gn ging t chc ca kim loi c (gm
c 3 lp), nh-ng cht l-ng mi hn cao do -c thc hin bng que hn thuc bc dy, d-i
lp thuc hoc trong mi tr-ng kh bo v.
+ Khi kt tinh, vng nm st vi kim loi c bn (lp ngoi) do ngui nhanh, t chc
kim loi nh mn, lp tip theo v h-ng ta nhit thng gc vi b mt ngoi v ngui chm
nn t chc kim loi c dng hnh tr, cn lp trung tm do h-ng ta nhit khng r rng,
li ngui chm hn nn t chc ht th to, ng thi ln mt s tp cht phi kim (hnh v).
1.7.3 T chc kim loi mi hn vng nh h-ng nhit
1 T chc kim loi mi hn.
Khi hn in nng chy, mi hn to nn c th ch do kim loi c bn nng chy nu
hn bng in cc khng nng chy v khng dng que hn ph hoc do c kim loi in cc
v kim loi vt hn to nn nu dng que hn nng chy hay in cc khng nng chy c
dng que hn ph. V vy thnh phn v t chc kim loi mi hn u khc vi thnh phn v
t chc ca kim loi c bn v kim loi in cc.
Qu trnh kt tinh ca kim loi lng vng hn din ra qua hai giai on :
+ Kt tinh ln mt : kim loi chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi c.
+ Kt tinh ln hai : kim loi trng thi c nh-ng vn c chuyn bin t chc.
Nghin cu t chc th hai l t chc thc ca mi hn, n c ngha rt ln trong
vic xc nh mi quan h ph thuc gia c tnh vi thnh phn ha hc ca mi hn v kim
loi c bn, s tc dng nhit trong qu trnh hn.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 7

- Vi thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp l vt liu c tnh hn tt, c th hn

bng mi ph-ng php m vn nhn -c mi hn c cht l-ng tt, song cht l-ng c khc
nhau ty thuc vo iu kin hn.
- Hn bng que thuc bc mng, t chc kim loi mi hn xu v ccbon ca n chy
nhiu v cc ht kim loi c dng hnh tr, t chc ca n l (+p) phn b khng u trong
mi hn.
- Hn bng que thuc bc dy, t chc trong tr-ng hp ny t-ng i tt. Cc ht c
dng hnh tr, song li nh v peclit phn b u, c tnh tt.
- Hn d-i lp thuc, t chc kim loi tr-ng hp ny rt tt, cc ht peclit c dng
hnh tr nm su trong tit din mi hn, t chc t-ng i ng u, c tnh tt.
2 T chc vng nh h-ng nhit.
Vng nh h-ng nhit l vng kim loi c bn nm st kim loi mi hn, thay i t
chc v tnh cht do tc dng ca ngun nhit hn.
C th chia vng nh h-ng nhit thnh su vng sau :

a) Vng nng chy khng hon ton (vin chy) : c kch th-c rt nh, l vng
chuyn tip gia kim loi vng hn v kim loi c bn, -c gii hn bi -ng ng nhit
lng v c. Vng ny c t chc l stenit v pha lng, kch th-c ht kim loi sau khi hn
kh mn v c c tnh rt cao.
b) Vng qu nhit : kim loi c bn b nung nng t 11000 C n xp x nhit nng
chy. Vng ny xy ra qu trnh kt tinh li (bin i th hnh). T chc ht stenit th to, c
tnh km ( dai va p v do thp, d b gy). C th ni y l vng yu nht ca lin
kt hn.
c) Vng th-ng ha : Kim loi b nung nng t 9000C n 11000C. T chc gm
nhng ht ferit nh v peclit, v th vng ny c c tnh tng hp cao (i khi cao hn kim
loi c bn).
d) Vng kt tinh li khng hon ton : kim loi b nung nng t 7200C 9000C.
Kim loi c s kt tinh li tng phn, t chc l stenit v ferit. Hai dng ht ny khng ng
u, ferit ht to cn stenit ht nh v th c tnh vng ny km hn.
e) Vng kt tinh li hon ton (vng ha gi) : kim loi b nung nng t 5000C7000C.
Kim loi qua bin dng do -c kt tinh li hon ton, t chc kim loi ng u, c tnh
tt.
f) Vng gin xanh : kim loi b nung nng t 100 0C 500 0C. Tnh cht kim loi vng
ny ni chung khng c g thay i, nh-ng nhit 400 0C 5000C xy v nit c kh nng
khuch tn vo, do vy do gim i mt t.
Kch th-c vng nh h-ng nhit ph thuc vo ph-ng php hn, ch hn, thnh
phn ha hc cng nh- tnh cht l nhit ca kim loi. Cng sut ca h quang hoc ngn la
hn kh cng ln th kch th-c vng nh h-ng nhit cng tng. Ng-c li, tng vn tc hn
(gi nguyn cng sut nhit) th kch th-c vng nh h-ng nhit s gim. Vt liu c tnh
dn nhit thp, nhit dung cng cao th kch th-c vng nh h-ng nhit cng gim ( nhit
dung l l-ng nhit cn thit lm tng nhit ca kim loi ln 10C).
1.7.4 Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim.
a. Khi nim :
Tnh hn dng ch mc d hn hay kh hn i vi mt vt liu c bn no ,
n l t hp cc tnh cht ca kim loi hay hp kim cho php nhn -c lin kt hn c cht
l-ng tha mn theo yu cu.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 8

b. Phn loi tnh hn.

- Vt liu c tnh hn tt : bao gm cc loi vt liu cho php hn -c bng nhiu
ph-ng php hn khc nhau, ch hn iu chnh -c trong phm vi rng, khng cn s
dng cc bin php cng ngh phc tp (nh- nung nng s b, nhit luyn sau khi hn,) m
vn m bo nhn -c mi hn c cht l-ng theo yu cu. Thp cc bon thp v phn ln
thp hp kim thp u thuc nhm ny.
- Vt liu c tnh hn tha mn : gm cc loi vt liu ch thch hp vi mt s ph-ng
php hn nht nh, cc thng s ca ch hn ch c th dao ng trong phm vi hp, yu
cu v vt liu hn cht ch hn. Khi hn c th phi s dng mt s bin php cng ngh
nh- : nung nng s b, x l nhit sau khi hn,.v.v nng cao cht l-ng mi hn. Mt s
mc thp hp kim thp, thp cc bon v hp kim trung bnh thuc nhm ny.
- Vt liu c tnh hn hn ch : Yu cu v cng ngh v vt liu hn cht ch hn.
Phi s dng cc bin php x l nhit, hn trong mi tr-ng kh bo v c bit (kh tr,
chn khng,), ch hn nm trong phm vi rt hp. Lin kt hn c khuynh h-ng b nt
v d xut hin cc loi khuyt tt lm gim cht l-ng kt cu hn. Thp cc bon cao v thp
hp kim cao thuc nhm ny.
- Vt liu c tnh hn xu : phi hn bng cc cng ngh phc tp, tn km. T chc
kim loi mi hn xu, d b nt nng v nt ngui, do c tnh v kh nng lm vic thp
hn kim loi c bn. Phn ln cc loi gang v hp kim c bit thuc nhm ny.
c. nh gi tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim .
Cc ch tiu nh gi :
- Hm l-ng ccbon t-ng -ng CE : c tr-ng cho tnh cht ca vt liu, biu hin
tnh hn ca n. i vi thp ccbon thp v thp hp kim thp :
Mn Cr V Mo Ni Cu P
C E C .
6 5 5 4 15 13 2
Trong C, Mn, Cr,.v..v l hm l-ng cc nguyn t hp kim trong thp (%).
Trong cng thc trn, Cu v P ch tnh khi Cu > 0,5% v P > 0,05%.
Nu CE < 0,45% : thp khng cn nung nng s b tr-c khi hn.
Nu C E 0,45% : phi nung nng s b tr-c khi hn. Hm l-ng CE cng ln th
nhit nung nng s b cng cao. Vi thp c chiu dy S = (6-8)mm th ch cn nung nng
s b tr-c khi CE > 0,55%.
- Thng s nh gi nt nng Hcs : vi thp ccbon trung bnh v hp kim trung bnh
c th xc nh bng cng thc :
Si Ni 3
C P S 10
25 100
Hcs
3Mn Cr Mo V
Trong : C, S, P, ..l thnh phn ha hc ca cc nguyn t c trong thp. Khi Hcs
4, thp c khuynh h-ng to nt nng.
- Thng s nh gi nt ngui P L: l thng s biu th s nh h-ng ca cc nguyn t
hp kim ti s hnh thnh nt ngui, cng thc tnh :
H
PL PCM D S
K

%
60 40.104
PCM l thng s biu th s bin dn ca vng nh h-ng nhit.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 9

i vi thp hp kim thp :

Si Mn Cr Cu Ni V Mo
PCM = C 5 B .
30 20 60 10 15
Trong K : h s.
H D : hm l-ng hir c trong kim loi (ml/100g).
Khi P L 0,286 th thp c khuynh h-ng to nt ngui.
- Xc nh nhit nung nng s b TP : Khi thp phi nung nng s b, c th tnh
nhit nung nng s b theo hm l-ng cc bon t-ng -ng ton phn :
C E C C P
X

C X : -ng l-ng ha hc ccbon.

C P : -ng l-ng c th nguyn ca ccbon.
360 C X 360 C 40 Mn 40 Cr 20 Ni 28 Mo .
C P 0,005.S . C X .
CE C X (1 0,005S ).
TP 350. C E 0,25
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 10

Ch-ng 2
Hn h quang tay
2.1 Thc cht, c im ca hn h quang tay.
a) Thc cht. Hn h quang tay l mt trong nhng ph-ng php hn nng chy,
dng nng l-ng ca h quang in nung nng lim loi ch cn ni n trng thi chy
sau khi kt tinh s to thnh mi hn ni cc chi tit li thnh mt khi bn vng.
a) c im. Cho n nay hn h quang tay vn -c s dng rt ph bin tt c cc
n-c k c nghng n-c c nn cng nghip pht trin bi tnh ling ng, tin li v
a nng ca n. Ph-ng php ny cho php thc hin cc mi hn mi v tr trong
khng gian. Thit b hn h quang tay d vn hnh, sa cha, bo d-ng v mc u t-
thp nht. V mi chuyn ng c bn u -c thc hin bng tay, nn cht l-ng v
nng sut hn ph thuc hon ton vo trnh tay ngh v kinh nghim ca ng-i th
hn.

2.2 H quang hn v tnh cht ca n.

2.2.1 Khi nim, c im, cu to h quang hn.
* Khi nim :
H quang l hin t-ng phng in mnh v lin tc qua mi tr-ng kh ( b ion
ha) gia hai in cc.
* c im :
Nhit cao v nh sng mnh, c th lm nng chy tt c cc kim loi (nhit
tm ct h quang khong 6000 0C).
Trong khng gian h quang gm cc phn t tch in e, ion m v ion d-ng, trong
electrn ng vai tr quan trng nht v n c in tch m nh nht (e = -1,602.10 -19C), c
khi l-ng rt nh, nh hn khi l-ng nguyn t hir (l nguyn t nh nht m H = 1,66.10-
27
kg) 1840 ln.
* Cu to ca h quang.
Cu to ca h quang gm 3
vng :
vng ant A (cc +), vng catt K
(cc -) v vng ct h quang. UK U C UA
Uh = UA + UK + UC
- Vng katt : l vng sn
sinh ra cc in t. Vng ny c
in p UK, chiu di khong 10-
5
cm. Nhit vng ny khong
32000C, chim 38% tng nhit l-ng
h quang.
- Vng ant : c in p UA,
th tch ln hn vng catt nh-ng
in p ri nh hn, bng (2-4)V Hnh I-2
(hn d-i lp thuc). Vng ny c
nhit 34000C, chim 42% tng
nhit l-ng h quang.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 11

- Vng ct h quang c in p UC. Nhit tm khong 60000C, chim 20% tng

nhit l-ng h quang. Nhit l-ng ca ct h quang lm nhim v nung nng chy que hn
v vt hn ; cung cp nhit l-ng pht x in t.
Nhit A cao hn K, do ng nng ca cc in t electron ln (vn tc vn tc
nh sng) va p mnh vo b mt A sinh ra nhit ln. Khi hn vt mng u cc m vo vt
hn, cc d-ng vo que hn.
Sau khi h quang hnh thnh, mun duy tr h quang chy n nh th phi m bo
chiu di h quang khng i

2.2.2 Cc ph-ng php to h quang v s chy ca h quang.

a) Cc ph-ng php gy h quang.
1. Ph-ng php m thng (m c) - Hnh a
Que hn tip xc trc tip vi vt hn theo ph-ng thng ng (hnh v), sau nhanh
chng nhc ln khi vt hn mt khong t 2 - mm v duy tr mt khong cch c nh
h quang chy n nh.

(1- 4)mm
(1- 4)mm

a) b)
Ph-ng php gy h quang v duy tr h quang
2. Ph-ng php ma st (qut dim) - Hnh b
Nghing que hn mt gc v vch nh ln b mt vt hn, sau nhanh chng nhc
que hn ln cch b mt vt hn t 2 4mm, gi khong cch c nh h quang chy
n nh (hnh v).
Trong hai ph-ng php trn, ph-ng php gy h quang ma st d thao tc hn (d
dng cho ng-i mi hc ngh) nh-ng hay to vt trn b mt vt hn. Ph-ng php gy h
quang thng ng i hi thao tc phi nhanh bi v que hn rt d b dnh vo vt hn, khng
hnh thnh h quang -c
b) S chy ca h quang hn.
Nh- trn ta ni, sau khi cho que hn chm rt nhanh vo vt hn ri -a ln cao
2-4mm th pht sinh ra h quang.
S chy ca h quang ph thuc vo : in th gia hai in cc lc my ch-a lm
vic, c-ng dng in v khong cch gia hai in cc (chiu di h quang). Quan h
gia in th v c-ng dng in gi l c tnh tnh ca h quang. ng vi mt chiu di
h quang ta c c tnh nht nh. in th ca h quang ch yu ph thuc vo c-ng v
chiu di h quang, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo nhiu tu t khc, v d nh- vt liu in cc,
cc loi kh cha trong khong khng gian ca h quang chy v loi dng in v.v...
Khi hn h quang tay, in th ch yu ph thuc vo chiu di h quang. Qua thc
nghin v -c -ng c tnh tnh ca h quang.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 12

Trn ging Uh = f(I), Uh thay i theo ba khong dng in, tc l hnh dng
-ng cong c tnh thay i cng vi s thay i dng in.
l
U h = I.R = I h
F
Khong dng in I 80A, in th
h quang gimkhi dng in tng
ln. Nguyn nhn l lc ny cng
sut h quang cn b, tng dng
in th s tng mt ct h quang v
ng thi tng tnh dn in ca n.
-ng c tnh tnh trong khong
dng in ny l gim dn lin tc.
Do in tng trong khong 80
n 1000 A th in th h quang tr
ln khng i. Lc ny in th h I III
quang ch thay i ph thuc vo II
chiu di h quang. -ng c tnh
tnh ca h quang hu nh- song
song vi trc ca dng in v -c
102 103 Ih
gi l -ng c tnh cng, loi
-ng ny -c dng nhiu trong Hnh I-3
hn h quang tay v h quang rt n
nh.
Nu tng dng in ln trn 1000A th mt dng in trong que hn rt cao. Vt
cc v mt ct h quang khng tng -c na, mc du mt dng in t l vi c-ng
dng in, vt cc khng tng m ch mt dng in tng. Bi th in th tng v -ng
cong c tnh dc ln. Loi -ng c tnh ny dng trong hn t ng d-i lp thuc v hn
kh bo v.
.c) Qu trnh hnh thnh h quang:
Qu trnh hnh thnh h quang xy ra rt ngn (khong 1/10giy), nh-ng n c th
chia lm 4 giai on sau :

a) b) c) d)

Hnh I-1

- Giai on a : Que hn tip xc vi vt hn, ti cc ch nhp nh mt dng in

tng ln rt cao.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 13

- Giai on b : do mt dng in ti ch tip xc tng cao s sinh ra nhit l-ng ln

lm nng chy kim loi v in y khong khng gian gia hai in cc.
- Giai on c : khi nhc que hn ln khi vt hn, do tc dng ca lc t tr-ng, ct h
quang b ko di ra, tit din ngang gim xung.
- Giai on d : Ti ch tht, mt dng in tng cao lm kim loi t n nhit
si v ct t phn kim loi lng i vo vng hn, h quang -c hnh thnh.
Sau khi h quang hnh thnh, do nh h-ng ca nhit h quang s xy ra hin t-ng
pht x nhit in t trn b mt catt, km theo s tng ng k ca in p lm cho hin
t-ng t pht x tng ln v h quang -c duy tr.

2.2.3 Hin t-ng thi lch h quang v bim php khc phc.
H quang hn -c hnh thnh trong mi tr-ng kh gia hai in cc (Mt in cc
c th l vt hn), cho nn coi n nh- l mt dy dn mn v d-i tc dng ca mt s yu t
khc n c th b ko di v dch chuyn khi v tr bnh th-ng ta gi l hin t-ng thi lch
h quang v gy hu qu xu cho qu trnh hn.. Hin t-ng ny th-ng xy ra vi dng mt
chiu, cn vi dng xoay chiu do chiu dng in thay i lin tc nn h quang t b thi
lch.

2.2.3.1 Mt s yu t nh h-ng n hin t-ng th lch h quang

a) nh h-ng ca t tr-ng ring.

Khi hn, xung quanh ct h quang, in cc hn, vt hn . s sinh ra t tr-ng . Nu t
tr-ng xung quanh ct h quang phn b i xng, th n s khng b thi lch (hnh b). Nu
t tr-ng phn b khng i xng th n s b thi lch v pha c t tr-ng yu hn (hnh
a,c) ct h quang thi lch ng-c vi pha ni dy.

b) nh h-ng cavt liu st t.

Khi t gn h quang
mt vt st t gia chng s
sinh ra mt lc in t c tc
dng ko h quang v pha st
t . iu ny kh khn khi
hn gc hay khi hn gn cui
-ng hn.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 14

c) nh h-ng ca gc nghing que hn.

Gc nghing que hn cng nh h-ng n s phn b -ng sc t xung quanh h

quang. Bi vy chn gc nghing que hn thch hp c th thay i ueoc tnh cht phn b
-ng sc t v c th to ra t tr-ng ng u, khc phc hin t-ng thi lch h quang khi
hn .

vh vh

2.2.3.2 Cc bim php khc phc.

khc phc v hn ch nh h-nh ca hin t-ng thi lch h quang chng ta c th
s dng mt trong nhng bim php sau y:
- Thay i cch ni dy vi vt hn to ra t tr-ng i xng
- Chn gc nghing que hn nghing mt cch thch hp.
- Gim chiu di h quang n mc c th (bng cch hn h quang gn).
- Thay dng in hn mt chiu bng dng xoay chiu.
- t thm vt st t gn cui -ng hn.

2.2.4 Phn loi hn h quang hn

a) Phn loi theo dng in.
Phn loi theo dng in, hn h quang tay -c chia ra :
1/ Hn bng dng in xoay chiu AC (Alternating Current).
+ u im : thit b n gin, d ch to, d bo qun sa cha, gi thnh thp, thun
tin ni gn l-i in v h quang t b thi lch.
+ Nh-c im : Kh gy h quang v h quang chy khng n nh, do cht l-ng
mi hn khng t -c yu cu cao, khng dng -c vi tt c cc loi que hn.
2/ Hn bng dng in mt chiu DC (Direct Current).
+ u im : d gy h quang v h quang chy n nh, tin li ni xa l-i in,
cht l-ng mi hn t -c cao.
+ Nh-c im : tn hao nhiu nng l-ng (do dng my pht, chnh l-u), h quang
hay b thi lch.
Do c nhng -u nh-c im trn m hin nay c hai ph-ng php ny cng tn ti v
b tr cho nhau.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 15

b) Phn loi theo cch ni dy.

1/ Ni trc tip
Ni trc tip l ni mt cc ca ngun in hn vi que hn, cn cc kia ni vi vt
hn. Khi hn bng dng mt chiu, ni trc tip -c phn ra : ni thun v ni nghch.
+ Ni thun: l ni cc d-ng ca ngun vi vt hn, cc m vi que hn.
+ Ni nghch: l ni cc d-ng ca ngun vi que hn, cc m vi vt hn. Khi hn vt mng
dng ph-ng php ni nghch v hn vt dy ni thun.

a) Ni trc tip b) Ni gin tip c) Ni hn hp

2/ Ni gin tip : l ni hai cc ca ngun in vi que hn cn vt hn khng ni cc. H

quang chy gia hai que hn, do vy c th iu chnh -c l-ng nhit ca vng hn khi hn
bng cch thay i chiu di ct h quang (hnh v). Cch ni dy ny dng khi hn cc vt
mng, hn thp c nhit nng chy thp bng in cc khng nng chy.
3/ Ni hn hp
Dng khi hn h quang tay bng dng ba pha. Hai cc ca ngun in ni vi que hn
cn cc kia ni vi vt hn. u im l nhit tp trung cao, nng sut hn cao. Th-ng p
dng khi hn vt dy, cc kim loi v hp kim nng chy cao.
c) Phn loi theo in cc
1/ Hn bng in cc nng chy (que hn, dy hn) : mi hn do kim loi in cc v kim
loi vt hn to nn.
2/ Hn bng in cc khng nng chy (Vonfram, in cc than).
Mi hn to nn c th ch do kim loi vt hn nng chy (nu khng dng que hn
ph), hoc do c kim loi que hn v vt hn to nn khi hn bng in cc nng chy hoc
khng nng chy c dng que hn ph. H quang c th chy trc tip gia que hn v vt
hn hoc chy gin tip gia que hn v que hn bmg ngun in hai pha hoc ba pha.
2.3 Chun b phi v kh thut khai trin mt s mt hnh hc c bn.
Cng vic chun b phi tr-c khi hn bao ngm:
- Khai trin phi.
- Ct v to hnh.
- Chun b mp hn
- Hn nh v g lp.
- Lm sch.
2.3.1 K thut khai trin mt s hnh hc c bN
Khai trin phi l"tri" chi tit t dng hnh khng gian ra hnh phng, sau tnh
ton, xc ng cc yu t cng ngh nh-: l-ng d- gia cng, dung sairi ct ra phi c kch
th-c cn thit l cc phi hn .
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 16

2.3.1.1 Cc php dng hnh c bn.

2.3.1.1 Khai trin mt s mt hnh hc c bn.
1. Khai trin hnh tr trn.

Khai trin hnh tr trn

c:
dt - -ng knh trong
D n - -ng knh ngoi.
t - chiu dy vt liu.
H - Chiu cao hnh tr
Xc ng:
dtb- -ng knh trung
bnh
dtb = dt + D n - t
L chiu di tm vt liu
khai trin
L = .dtb
Khai trin ca hnh tr l
hnh ch nht c kch
th-c LxH

2. Khai trin hnh nn.

Khai trin hnh nn c:

D - -ng knh y
H- chiu cao
Xc nh R v :
2

R= D
2 H
2

Hoc R= r
cos
r
= x360 0
R
Da vo R,dng -c
hnh khai trin.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 17

c) Khai trin hnh nn ct u.

Khai trin hnh nn ct u c
cc thng s sau:
D = -ng knh y ln
D1 = -ng knh y nh
H = chiu cao
* Cc b-c tin hnh:
B-c 1
- V hnh chiu ng th hin
y ln D v y nh D1.
- V hnh chiu bng th
hin chiu cao H.
- Ko di hai -ng sinh
tm tm quay hnh khai trin.
B-c 3
Xc nh bn knh ln R, bn
knh nh e v gc m .
- Xc nh e
Ta c: b = ( D D1)/2

tg = b/H; r 1 = D1/2

e = r1 /sin
C2 = H2 + b2
T hnh v ta c:
R=c+e
= r/R x 360o
Bit:
B-cvo
* Da 4 3 thng s R,e v . Dng hnh khai trin nh- hnh
4. Khai trin khuu vung gc.
Bit -ng knh hai ng khuu bng nhau v bng d
* Cc b-c khai trin:
B-c 1:
D-ng -ng knh ng v -ng trn -ng knh dca ng. Chia na -ng trn thnh 6
phn bng nhau, nh ss t 1 7. Dng cc -ng chiu sang hnh chiu ng ct giao
tuyn ti cc im 1o 7 o t-ng ng.
B-c 2:
Khai trin ng A (ng B lm t-ng t )
Chiu di khai trin bng d -c chia thnh 12 phn bng nhau nh s t gia ra.T cc
im 1o 7 o chiu xung hnh khai trin ,-c cc im 1 7.
B-c 3:
Ni cc im 1 7 theo -ng cong ta -c 1/2 hnh khai trin. ly i xng ta -c c
hnh khai trin.
Ch-ng II : Vt liu hn.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 18

2.1 Vt liu hn h quang tay.

2.1.1 Cu to v yu cu ca que hn.
a. Cu to

Que hn gm hai phn chnh :

- Li que : l nhng on dy kim loi
c -ng knh t 1,6 6mm, chiu di 10-15 1
L = (250 450)mm. -ng knh que
250 - 450
hn quy -c gi theo -ng knh ca
li que (TCVN 89).

- V thuc : gm hn hp cc ha cht , khong cht, cc fer hp kim v cht kt dnh.

b. Yu cu :
- i vi v thuc bc :
+ To ra mi tr-ng ion ha tt d gy h quang v h quang chy n nh (dng
cc nguyn t kim loi kim v kim th).
+ To kh bo v tt vng hn (thnh phn c: tinh bt xenlul, cm thch,..).
+ To lp x bo v trn ton b b mt mi hn v d bong khi ngui (th-ng dng
cc xit : TiO 2, MnO, SiO2, hunh thch CaF2, )
+ C tc dng kh xy v hp kim ha kim loi mi hn (thuc bc cha cc nguyn
t : C, Si, Mn,..).
+ m bo thuc bc bm chc ln li que (th-ng dng n-c thy tinh, extrin).
+Nhit nng chy ca thuc phi ln hn nhit nng chy ca li que khi hn
n to thnh phu kim loi lng.
- Xt tng th, que hn phi t cc yu cu sau :
+ m bo yu cu v c tnh ca kim loi mi hn.
+ C tnh cng ngh tt : d gy h quang v h quang chy n nh ; nng chy u,
khng vn cc; kim loi mi hn t b khuyt tt ;..v.v..
2.1.2 Thnh phn li que hn :
- Ccbon : kh xy t-ng i tt to thnh CO2 , hm l-ng C 0,18%.
- Mangan : l cht kh xy rt tt, kh -c tc dng ca l-u hunh, lm gim kh nng nt
nng v hp kim ha nng cao bn mi hn. Trong li que hn Mn = (0,4-0,6)% , c
tr-ng hp ln ti 0,8% hoc 1,1%.
- Silic : Kh xy mnh hn Mn, song to thnh SiO2 (c nhit nng chy cao), lm x
qunh hn; do d gy ra r x. Mt khc n cn lm cho ccbon khng b xy ha nhit
cao v khi ng c ccbon mi b xy ha to thnh kh CO kh thot ra ngoi gy r
kh, ngoi ra n cn lm tng s bn te kim loi vng hn. Hm l-ng Si 0,03%.
- Crm : khi hn, Cr b xy ha to thnh Cr 2O3 c nhit nng chy cao nn nm li trong
vng hn gy r x. Hm l-ng Cr 0,3%.
- Niken : khng gy nh h-ng n qu trnh hn (b ln trong kim loi que hn), hm l-ng
Ni 0,3%.
- S, P : c hi n qu trnh hn, hm l-ng nh hn 0,03%.
2.1.3 Thnh phn thuc bc que hn.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 19

Thnh phn thuc bc que hn gm nhiu nhm vt liu khc nhau, c th chia thnh
cc nhm sau :
a. Nhm vt liu to kh :
To ra cc kh bo v kim loi vng hn khi tc dng ca khng kh. Cc cht th-ng
dng : cht hu c (tinh bt, xenlul, extrin,) hoc cc mui CaCO 3 , MgCO3 ,.v.v
b. Nhm vt liu to x :
To nn lp x ph trn b mt mi hn c tc dng bo v kim loi lng khi tc dng
ca xy, nit v tinh luyn mi hn. Th-ng dng nht l qung mangan, lmit, SiO2,
fenspat, cao lanh,v.v. x c hot tnh v chy long tt, ng-i ta cho thm vo thuc
bc hunh thch, qung titan.
c. Nhm vt liu kh xy :
Gm cc fer hp kim (FeO.Si ,FeO.Mn , FeO.Ti , FeO.Al ,). Nhng nguyn t hp
kim ca cc fer ny c i lc vi xy mnh hn st (hon nguyn st) to thnh cc xit
khng ha tan vo st m i vo x.
d. Nhm vt liu hp kim ha :
B sung cc nguyn t hp kim iu chnh thnh phn ha hc mi hn. Nhm vt
liu th-ng dng l cc fer hp kim hoc cc kim loi : Cr, Ni, Mn,
e. Nhm vt liu n nh h quang :
Dng cc nguyn t c in th ion ha thp (kim loi kim v kim th : Ca, Na, K )
hoc cc cht khc : phn, K 2CO3, n-c thy tinh,
f. Nhm vt liu xmentit ha :
C tc dng bo m bn thuc bc sau khi kh, th-ng dng nht l n-c thy
tinh, extrin.
g. Nhm vt liu to hnh :
Lm tng thm tnh do ca thuc bc bm chc ln li que, dng ph bin l :
bentnit, cao lanh, extrin,.v.v
nng cao nng sut hn, ng-i ta th-ng cho vo thuc bc mt l-ng bt st
khong d-i 60% khi l-ng thuc bc.
2.1.4 Phn loi que hn.
a). Theo cng dng, que hn -c chia thnh cc nhm sau :
- Que hn hn thp cc bon v thp hp kim kt cu.
- Que hn hn thp hp kim chu nhit.
- Que hn thp hp kim cao v c tnh cht c bit.
- Que hn p.
- Que hn gang,
b). Theo chiu dy lp thuc bc, quy -c :
D
- Que hn thuc bc mng : 1,2 .
d
D
- Que hn thuc bc trung bnh : 1,2 < 1,45 .
d
D
- Que hn thuc bc dy : 1,45 < 1,8 .
d
D
- Que hn thuc bc c bit dy : > 1,8 .
d
c). Theo tnh cht ca thuc bc c :
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 20

- Que hn loi v thuc h axit (A) : thnh phn gm xit st, xit mangan, xit silic,
fer mangan,. Loi ny c tc chy ln, cho php hn bng dng mt chiu v xoay
chiu, hn -c mi v tr trong khng gian., nh-ng c khuynh h-ng nt nng nn t dng
hn thp c hm l-ng l-u hunh v cc bon cao.
- Que hn loi v thuc h baz (B) : thnh phn gm c : CaCO3, MgCO3, hunh
thch, fer mangan, fer silic,.. Loi ny khi hn to ra kh bo v l CO v CO2, ch -c
s dng vi dng mt chiu ni nghch, mi hn t b nt kt tinh nh-ng hay gy r kh. C
th s dng hn cc loi thp c bn cao, cc kt cu hn quan trng.
- Que hn loi v thuc h hu c (O hoc C) : thnh phn cha nhiu tinh bt,
xenlul
to kh bo v vng hn. Loi que ny c tc ng c vng hn nhanh nn s dng
hn ri, hn vi dng xoay chiu hoc mt chiu.
- Que hn loi v bc h rutin (R) : thnh phn gm TiO2, CaCO3, MgCO 3, grafit, fer
hp kim, Khi hn h quang chy n nh, mi hn hnh thnh tt, t bn te nh-ng d d r
kh v nt kt tinh trong mi hn. Hn -c vi dng xoay chiu v mt chiu.
2.1 5 Mt s tiu chun v k hiu que hn.
2.1.5.1 K hiu que hn theo tiu chun Vit Nam.
a) Que hn thp C v thp hp kim thp, TCVN 3734 89.
Trong k hiu, gm 4 thnh phn nh- sau :

N 46 -3 R
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) : Mt ch ci in hoa ch que hn thp C v thp hp kim thp N.

(2) : Hai ch s tip theo ch gii hn bn ko ti thiu (46 KG/mm2, tra bng tm -c
dn di, gii hn va p, gc un).
(3) : Mt ch s tip theo ch loi dng in hn (1,3,5,7 : hn vi dng xoay chiu
hoc mt chiu; 2,4,6,8 : hn vi dng mt chiu).
Vi que axit (DC cc m), que baz (DC cc d-ng), que hu c (DC cc m v
d-ng), vi que rutin (DC cc m v AC).
(4) : Mt hoc hai ch ci in hoa ch loi v thuc bc ( R : rutin).
b). Que hn thp chu nhit
Trong k hiu gm cc thnh phn sau :

Hn CrXX MoXX VXX . -XXX X

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

(1) : K hiu que hn thp chu nhit H n

(2), (3) , (4) : Hm l-ng Cr, Mo, V tnh theo phn nghn .
(5) : Cc nguyn t hp kim khc v hm l-ng ca n (nu c).
(6) : Nhit lm vic ln nht ca kim loi mi hn ( 0C).
(7) : Loi thuc bc que hn (A, B, C, R, RR,)
V d : Hn Cr06 Mo12 V04 450 R : que hn thp chu nhit, lm vic nhit ti
a l 4500C, loi thuc bc h rutin, thnh phn ha hc kim loi mi hn: 0,6%Cr, 1,2% Mo
v 0,4% V.
c). Que hn thp bn nhit v khng g.
Trong k hiu gm cc thnh phn sau :
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 21

Hb CrXX NiXX MnX . -XXX X

X
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

(1) : K hiu que hn thp bn nhit v khng g Hb

(2), (3) , (4) : Hm l-ng Cr, Ni, Mn tnh theo phn trm .
(5) : Cc nguyn t hp kim khc v hm l-ng ca n (nu c).
Nu khng c ch s km theo th hm l-ng nguyn t xp x bng 1%
(6) : Nhit lm vic n nh ca kim loi mi hn (0C).
(7) : Loi thuc bc que hn (A, B, C, R, RR,)
V d : Hn Cr18 Ni8 Mn 600B : que hn thp bn nhit v khng g, hm l-ng cc
nguyn t trong kim loi p: 18%Cr, 8% Ni v 1% Mn. Nhit lm vic n nh 600 0C,
loi thuc bc h bz (B).
d). Que hn thp hp kim c bn cao.
K hiu gm cc thnh phn sau :

Hc XX CrXX MnXX WX -XXX X

X
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

(1) : Ch ci in hoa ch que hn thp hp kim c bn cao Hc .

(2) : Hai ch s ch gii hn bn ko ti thiu (KG/mm 2).
(3), (4), (5), (6) : Hai ch s ch hm l-ng Cr, Mn, W, v cc nguyn t khc (nu c)
tnh theo %.
(7) : Ba ch s biu th nhit lm vic n nh ca mi hn (0C).
(8) : Mt hoc hai ch ci in hoa ch loi v thuc bc.
2.1.5.2 K hiu que hn theo tiu chun quc t ISO.
a). Que hn thp C v thp hp kim thp ISO 2560.
Cu trc k hiu gm tm loi thng tin khc nhau, trong bn loi phn u bt
buc phi -a ra.

E 51 3 RR 150 1 1 H
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

(1) : Mt ch ci in hoa ch que hn h quang tay E.

(2) : Hai ch s 43 hoc 51 ch gii hn bn ko ca kim loi mi hn (510
610 )MPa , 1Pa = 1N/m 2.
(3) : Mt ch s ch gin di t-ng i (%) v nhit thp nht khi dai va p
KCV = 28 J/cm 2 (tra bng s 3 ta -c = 20%, KCV = 28 J/cm2 t -c nhit T = -
200C ).
(4) : Mt hoc hai ch ci ch loi thuc bc que hn RR : rutin v dy.
(5) : Ba ch s biu th hiu sut p ca que hn (Kc = 145 155%). Kc = G/Gc , ch
ghi khi Kc 105%.
(6) : Mt ch s tip theo ch v tr mi hn trong khng gian.
1 : Hn mi v tr .
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 22

2 : Hn mi v tr, tr v tr hn ri.
3 : Hn v tr phng, ngang v leo.
4 : Hn v tr phng (gip mi v gc).
5 : Nh- 3 v ng t trn xung.
(7) : Mt ch s ch loi ngun in, cc tnh v in p khng ti.

Bng 1
Ch s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cc tnh ngun + +/- - + +/- - + +/- - +
U0 (V). - 50 50 50 70 70 70 90 90 90

(8) : Ch ci H ch hm l-ng H2 nh hn 15 cm3/100g kim loi p.

b). Que hn thp hp kim chu nhit theo ISO 3580.

Cu trc k hiu gm cc thnh phn sau :

E 5Cr Mo V B 2 0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

(1) : E que hn h quang tay.

(2), (3), (4) : Mt ch s biu th hm l-ng Cr trong kim loi p (nu khng c ch
s th hm l-ng nguyn t sp x bng 1 % : 5% Cr, 1% Mo, 1% V).
(5) : Mt hoc hai ch ci in hoa ch loi thuc bc que hn ( B : baz).
(6) Mt ch s ch v tr mi hn trong khng gian (2: hn mi v tr, tr v tr hn
ri)
(7) : Mt ch s ch loi dng in, cc tnh v i p khng ti U o (tra bng).
c). Que hn thp khng g v thp hp kim cao ISO 3581.
Cc nguyn t hp kim ch yu trong thp khng g v thp hp kim cao l Cr, Ni,
Mo. Do vy, n gin ha trong k hiu ng-i ta khng ghi c th tn nguyn t m ch
ghi hm l-ng % cc nguyn t . V d :

E 19 12 2 .. R 120 1 6
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

(1) : Que hn h quang tay E.

(2) : Hai ch s ch hm l-ng Cr, tra bng Cr = (1720)%.
(3) : Mt n hai ch s ch hm l-ng Ni, tra bng Ni = (1114)%.
(4) : Mt ch s ch hm l-ng Mo = 2%.
(5) : Ch s ch hm l-ng cc nguyn t khc (v d 3Nb, tc l Nb = 3%).
(6) : Mt n hai ch ci ch h thuc bc , rutin (R).
(7) : Ba ch s ch hiu sut p, K c = 120%.
(8) : Mt ch s ch v tr mi hn trong khng gian (1: hn -c mi v tr, thch
hp vi dng hn mt chiu ni nghch).
(9) : Mt ch s ch loi dng in, cc tnh v in p khng ti Uo.
Thp hay kim loi p c hm l-ng C < 0,04% -c ghi thm ch L ngay sau hm
l-ng % cc nguyn t (v d : 19.12.2.L)
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 23

Cc k hiu khc : loi v thuc bc, hiu sut p,.v.v ging nh- trong ISO 2560.
2.1.5.3 K hiu que hn theo tiu chun Hoa k AWS.
a). Que hn thp cc bon theo AWS A.5.1.
Cu trc k hiu c cc thnh phn sau :

E 70 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) : K hiu bt u bng ch ci E biu th l que hn.

(2) : Hai ch s 60 hoc 70 ch gii hn bn ko ti thiu ca kim loi p
(Ksi).
k = 70Ksi (1Ksi = 6,9.106 Pa = 6,9 MPa = 0,703 KG/mm2).
(3) : Mt ch s ch v tr mi hn trong khng gian :
1 : Hn mi v tr.
2 : Hn v tr bng v ngang.
3 : Hn mi v tr, hn v rt hn ri.
T hp ca s (3) v (4) ch loi thuc bc que hn, loi dng in, cc tnh, hiu sut
p. (bng 2-5, tr.65 sch Gio trnh CNH) 14 : loi thuc bc l RR, v tr hn bng,
leo, trn, ngang (F, V, OH, H ), loi dng in DC (+/-) v AC.
b). Que hn h quang tay thp cc bon thp theo AWS A5.5.
Cch k hiu t-ng t nh- tiu chun AWS A5.1. Bt u bng ch E ch que hn
h quang tay, hai hoc ba ch s tip theo ch gi-i hn bn ko ti thiu ca kim loi mi
hn (Ksi), ch s tip theo ch v tr hn. T hp hai ch s cui trong k hiu ch yu cu v
dng in hn, cc tnh, loi v bc,.. Phn cui c thm k t A 1,,B1 biu th hm
l-ng trung bnh ca cc nguyn t hp kim c trong kim loi p.
V d: E70XX A1 : que hn thp C Mo (loi 0,5 Mo). XX th-ng l 10, 11, 15,
16, 18, 20, 27, ty theo loi v thuc bc (tiu chun AWS A5.1).
Thnh phn ha hc ca kim loi mi hn : 0,12% C, (0,6 1,0)% Mn, (0,4 0,8)%
Si, (0,4 0,65)% Mo. Gii hn bn ko 480MPa, gii hn chy 390MPa, dn di 22
25%.
c). Que hn thp khng g v thp Cr Ni theo AWS A5.4.
Tiu chun ny c ti 38 loi que hn vi hm l-ng Cr trong kim loi mi hn t 4,0
n 32% v Ni c th n 37%. K hiu bt u bng ch E ch que hn, tip theo t hp
cc ch s v cc k t ch thnh phn ha hc ca kim loi mi hn, hai ch s 15 hoc 16
dng k hiu v tr mi hn trong khng gian, loi dng in, cc tnh ca dng DC (bng
2.10 v 2.11- tr.69, 70 sch Gio trnh CNH).
V d : E307 : que hn thp khng g v thp Cr Ni, gii hn bn ko ca kim loi
mi hn l 85 Ksi (590 MPa), gin di 30%. Thnh phn ha hc ca kim loi mi hn : C
= (0,04 0,14)%, Cr = (18 21,5)%, Ni = (9 10,7)%, Mo = (0,5 1,5)%
2.1.6. Chn que hn h quang tay .
C th cn c vo cc yu t ch yu sau y chn que hn :
- Que hn phi cho php to ra -c kim loi mi hn c tnh cht t-ng -ng vi
kim loi c bn.
- Thch hp vi ngun in v my hn (ngun DC hay AC, cc tnh ca ngun.).
- Kiu lin kt v cc yu cu v mi ni ( ngu, kiu vt mp, s lp hn,).
- Ph hp vi cc yu cu v cht l-ng mi hn (iu kin lm vic ca kt cu)
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 24

- C nng sut hn cao nht (h s p cao).

2.2 Vt liu dng trong hn t ng v bn t ng.
2.2.1 Dy hn .
Dy hn c tc dng b sung kim loi cho mi hn, ng thi ng vai tr in cc
dn in, gy h quang v duy tr s chy h quang. Dy hn -c ch to t cc kim loi
hay hp kim c do cao. Tr-ng hp kim loi mi hn cn c cng cao th kim loi p
(kim loi que hn) cng cn c tnh do thp (C < 0,12%), v nu hm l-ng C ln d lm
gim tnh do v tng kh nng nt ca kim loi mi hn. -ng knh ca dy hn t ng
d-i lp thuc t 1,6 6 mm, hn h quang bn t ng t 0,8 2,4 mm.

Bng2:Kch th-c v khi l-ng cc cun dy hn.

Khi l-ng ca cun dy (kg)
-ng knh -ng knh trong
Thp ccbon Thp hp
dy (mm) cun dy (mm) Thp hp kim
thp kim cao
0,3 - 0,5 150 - 300 2 2 1,5
0,8 200 350 5 5 3
1 1,2 200 400 20 15 10
1,4 300 600 25 15 10
1,6 2,0 300 600 30 20 15
2,5 3,0 400 600 - - -
4 10 500 750 40 30 20
12 600 - 800 - - -

* Cc loi dy hn
a. Dy hn dng trong mi tr-ng kh bo v :
Khi hn trong mi tr-ng kh bo v, nhng c tnh ca qu trnh cng ngh hn ph
thuc rt nhiu vo cht l-ng ca dy. Hn trong mi tr-ng kh bo v th-ng s dng dy
c -ng knh t 0,8-2mm. m bo s n nh ca qu trnh hn cng nh- cht l-ng
ca lin kt hn i hi b mt dy hn phi sch, do dy hn th-ng -c bc lp m
ng. Lp m ng c tc dng nng cao cht l-ng b mt v kh nng chng g, ng thi
nng cao tnh n nh ca qu trnh hn.
b. Dy hn dng hn d-i lp thuc.
Cht l-ng ca lin kt hn d-i lp thuc ph thuc ch yu vo cht l-ng ca dy
hn v thuc hn. Vic la chn dy hn v thuc hn cn c vo tnh cht vt liu, cc yu
cu i vi mi hn (c tnh v iu kin lm vic ca mi hn).
Dy hn dng hn thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp khi hn d-i lp thuc l cc loi
CB-08; CB-08A, hoc dy hn mangan nh- CB-08; CB-102,.v.v. Hm l-ng C 0,12%,
nu hm l-ng ccbon cao d lm gim tnh do v tng kh nng nt nng kim loi mi hn.
-ng knh dy hn t 1,6 5mm.
c. Dy hn bt.
Cn c vo tit din ngang, dy hn c hai loi : dy hn trn (c) v dy hn bt.
Dy hn bt l mt ng kim loi, bn trong c cu to phc tp, -c in y cc vt liu
cn thit dng bt. Hn hp trong dy hn va lm nhim v dng b sung kim loi , hp
kim ha , ng thi n cn c tc dng bo v kim loi lng khi tc dng ca khng kh v
n nh h quang. T s gia khi l-ng bt vi khi l-ng v kim loi dao ng trong
khong 10 40%. Cc loi tit din dy hn bt nh- hnh v :
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 25

Cn c theo tnh cht cng vic hn, dy hn bt -c dng d-i hai hnh thc sau :
- Vi chc nng t bo v : dng trong hn h quang h.
- Vi chc nng -c bo v bng mi tr-ng b sung khc : hn trong mi tr-ng kh
bo v CO 2.
Bng 3 : Tnh cht c hc ca kim loi hn bng dy hn bt.
Tnh cht c hc
Mc dy
B (kG/mm ) 2
(%) ak (kG/mm2).
- AH1 50 21 10
- AHM - 1 42 18 8
B -1 49 22 12
BC - 3 53 21 12
- AH3 56 28 20
- AH7 52 28 18
- AH11 56 26 19
- AH9 54 29 17
- AH8 53 28 16
- AH10 54 28 16

2.2.2 Thuc hn.

Thuc hn l mt loi vt cht gm nhiu thnh phn dng bt c kch th-c xc
nh, t 0,25 4 mm.
a) Yu cu chung :Thuc bc que hn hay thuc hn t ng, bn t ng phi c mt
s c tnh c bn sau :
- C kh nng ion ha mnh d gy h quang.
- Bo v kim loi lng mi hn khng tc dng vi xy v nit ca khng kh xung
quanh m bo c tnh mi hn.
- To x tt, x ph u b mt mi hn gi nhit v bo v kim loi mi hn khi
tc dng ca khng kh v phi d bong khi mi hn khi ngui.
- C tc dng hp kim ha kim loi mi hn, nng cao c tnh mi hn.
- C cht kt dnh tt m bo bn sau khi bc thuc vo l que hay to ht
thuc hn t ng.
i vi thuc bc que hn , yu cu nhit nng chy ca thuc phi cao hn li.
i vi thuc hn t ng th yu cu thuc c nhit chy thp hn kim loi hn gim
hao ph nhit, gim hao ph dy hn (v b chy v bn te) v tng h s p.
b). Phn loi thuc hn :
- Theo cng dng, thuc hn t ng v bn t ng c ba loi :
+ Thuc hn thp ccbon thp v thp hp kim thp.
+ Thuc hn thp hp kim cao.
+ Thuc hn kim loi v hp kim mu.
- Theo thnh phn ca x : thuc hn c tnh axit v thuc hn c tnh baz.
- Theo hm l-ng Mn : thuc hn c hm l-ng Mn cao, trn 30 % (dng hn thp
ccbon v thp hp kim thp), thuc hn c hm l-ng Mn trung bnh (t 15 30 %) v
thuc hn c hm l-ng Mn thp (d-i 15 %).
- Theo ph-ng php ch to : thuc hn nng chy v thuc hn khng nng chy.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 26

+ Thuc hn khng nng chy : l mt hn hp c hc ca cc vt liu t nhin, cc

fer hp kim v cc silicat nhn to. Thuc hn ny t -c dng v sn xut phc tp, thnh
phn ha hc ca thuc khng u, bn ht thuc thp, d b v khi hn.
+ Thuc hn nng chy : thnh phn ca n khng cha cc tp cht kh xy v hp
kim ha dng fer hp kim m dng xit ca cc nguyn t . Thuc hn nng chy
hin nay -c dng nhiu hn v qu trnh sn xut n gin hn, bn ht thuc cao hn
v thnh phn ha hc ca thuc u hn.
c). Chn thuc hn : Khi hn thp ccbon thp bng dy hn thp t ccbon phi dng
thuc hn axit c hm l-ng Mn cao. Ng-c li, khi hn cc thp hp kim bng dy hn thp
hp kim trung bnh hoc cao nu dng thuc hn axit c hm l-ng Mn cao th trong qu
trnh hn s lm tng hm l-ng xy trong vng hn ln (do s hon nguyn ca Si v Mn),
ng thi st v mt l-ng ln cc nguyn t hp kim khc b xy ha. Do vy, khi hn thp
hp kim cao tt nht l dng thuc hn c tnh baz, trong thnh phn khng c Mn v c
hm l-ng Si nh.
2.2.3 . Cc loi vt liu khc.
a.Kh bo v
- Nhm kh tr (Ar, He) :
+ Kh Ar : l mt loi kh khng mu, khng mi v nng hn khng kh khong 25%.
Argon -c sn xut ra dng lng v dng kh, theo OCT, kh Ar phn lm ba loi :
Kh Ar loi I (99,99 %) dng hn cc kim loi c hot tnh cao (Titan, Nibi,
Zinicni) v cc hp kim ca chng.
Kh Ar loi II (99,98 %) dng hn cc hp kim nhm, mangan v cc kim loi hay
hp kim khc t nhy cm vi xy v nit, hn bng in cc khng nng chy
Kh Ar loi III (99,95 %) dng hn cc thp chng n mn.
+ Kh He : khng mu, khng mi, c t trng nh hn Ar khong 10 ln.
Kh He -c phn lm hai loi : loi c tinh khit cao (hm l-ng cc tp cht
khng ln hn 0,02%) v loi hli k thut (hm l-ng tp cht nh hn 0,2 %). Kh heli nh
hn Ar khong 10 ln nn khi hn, l-ng hli tiu hao ln hn l-ng Ar t 1,5 3 ln.
- Nhm kh hot tnh (CO2) : dng trong hn bn t ng bng in cc nng chy.
gim l-ng kim loi bn te khi hn v to iu kin tt cho vic hnh thnh mi hn, ng-i
ta s dng hn hp kh CO 2 vi (2 5)% O 2 (gim -c 30 40% l-ng kim loi mt mt do
bn te). Ngoi ra, tit kim ng-i ta dng hn hp 75% Ar + 25% CO2 hay Ar + CO 2 +
O 2,..v..v..
- Nit (N): loi ny t -c s dng, ch -c dng khi hn ng.
b. in cc khng nng chy.
* in cc than dn in km : c in tr sut ln gp 4 ln in tr sut ca grafit,
n th-ng -c bc ng bn ngoi tng bn khi hn vi dng ln.
* in cc grafit : ch to t than c tng thm l-ng grafit (bng cch nhit
0
2500 C). Khi hn bng in cc than v grafit, h quang chy n nh (ngay c khi Ih = 3-5A
v Lhqti 50mm). in cc mn chm, d thao tc, c th hn -c nhng chi tit c chiu
dy nh (1-3mm) vi tc rt ln (50 70m/h).
* in cc Vonfram : d gy h quang v h quang chy n nh. N -c s dng
rng ri hn nhiu loi thp vi chiu dy khc nhau v lun cho cht l-ng mi hn cao.

Ch-ng III : K thut hn h quang tay.

L thuyt chuyn mn hn 27

3.1 Khi nim, c im hn h quang tay.

3.1.1. Khi nim.
Hn h quang tay l ph-ng php hn trong tt c cc thao tc gy h quang, dch
chuyn que hn duy tr h quang v bo m b rng mi hn cng nh- hn ht chiu
di mi hnv..v. u do ng-i th hn thc hin
(1) : Li que hn. 3 1
5 4
(2) : Vt hn.
(3) : V thuc bc que hn.
(4) : H quang. 2
(5) : Kim loi mi hn.
(6) : Vng hn.
(7) : Kh bo v.
6 7

S hn h quang tay bng que thuc bc

3.1.2 c im hn h quang tay.
Do tt c cc thao tc trong qu trnh hn u do ng-i th hn thc hin nn hn h
quang tay c mt s c im c bn sau:
- C th hn -c cc mi hn mi v tr khng gian khc nhau.
- Nng sut hn thp do hn ch bi c-ng dng in hn.
- Hnh dng v kch th-c mi hn khng u do tc hn khng n nh.
- Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca mi hn khng u do phn kim loi tham gia
vo s hnh thnh mi hn thay i (cc phn ng ha hc xy ra khi hn).
- Chiu rng vng nh h-ng nhit t-ng i ln v ngun nhit c nhit cao v tc
hn li nh.
- iu kin lm vic ca ng-i th hn khng tt do nh h-ng ca nh sng h quang
v tc hn li nh.
3.2 Phn loi mi hn theo v tr khng gian.
3.2.1 Theo tiu chun Nga (Lin X).
Theo OCT, v tr mi hn trong khng gian -c phn lm ba v tr :
a). Hn bng (sp) : Cc mi hn phn b trn cc mt phng nm trong gc t O0 600.
b). Hn ng: Cc mi hn phn b trn cc mt phng nm trong gc t 60 0 1200.
Nu mi hn v tr ny c ph-ng song song vi mt phng nm ngang th gi l mi hn
ngang.
c). Hn trn : Cc mi hn phn b trn cc mt phng nm trong gc t 1200 180 0.
Trong tt c cc v tr hn trn, hn bng l v tr hn thun li nht, cn hn bng l v
tr kh thc hin nht.

Leo,ngang

Bng
(sp)
Trn

Cc v tr hn trong khng gian.

L thuyt chuyn mn hn 28

3.2.2. Theo tiu chun ISO.

Theo tiu chun ISO, phn ra 8 th hn sau :

PA : Hn th hn bng.
PB : Hn th hn nm. PG PA PB
PC : Hn th hn ngang.
PD : Hn th hn nga nm.
PE : Hn th hn trn. HLo-45 PC
PF : Hn th hn leo.
PD
HLo 45 : Hn th nghing 450 .
PF PE
PG : Hn th hn ri.

3.2.3. Theo tiu chun Hoa k AWS.

Tiu chun ca Hoa k phn ra cc loi mi hn gc, gip mi tm v lin kt hn ng
4 v tr hn : Hn bng F (Flat), hn ngang H (Horizontal), hn ng V (Vertical) v hn
trn OH (Overhead).
3.3. Cc loi lin kt hn v mi hn.
3.3.1. Mi hn gip mi.
Mi hn gip mi -c c tr-ng bng cc kch th-c : chiu rng b, chiu su chy h
(hn mt lp h chnh l chiu su ngu ca mi hn) v chiu cao ca mi hn c (chiu cao
phn nh) :

b
c

Hnh dng mi hn gip mi -c coi l hp l khi h s ngu v h s hnh dng mi

(0,8 4) v n/c = ( 7
b b
hn nm trong khong : n = 10) .
h c
Loi lin kt hn ny n gin, d ch to v chu ti trng tt, tit kim kim loi,.
nn -c dng ph bin trong thc t.
3.3.2 Mi hn chng.
bn ca lin kt hn chng thp, tn nhiu kim loi nn trong thc t t s dng
ch to kt cu mi m ch yu dng sa cha cc chi tit my, cc kt cu c.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 29

3.3.3 Mi hn gc.
Loi lin kt hn ny -c s dng rng ri trong ch to cc kt cu mi. Ty theo
chiu dy ca chi tit m c th vt mp hoc khng vt mp. Tit din ngang mi hn
th-ng l tam gic vung cn, c cnh l k. Ty theo iu kin hn m b mt mi hn c th
li, phng hoc lm.

3.3.4 Mi hn gc ch T.
y l loi lin kt hn c bn cao, nht l i vi cc kt cu chu ti trng tnh.
Ty thuc vo chiu dy chi tit m c th vt mp thnh ng hoc khng vt mp.

Ngoi cc loi lin kt hn c bn trn ra, trong thc t khi hn cc vt hn c chiu

dy mng ng-i ta cn dng loi lin kt hn kiu tn inh.
3.4 Ch hn h quang tay.
3.4.1 Ch hn mi hn gip mi.
T hp tt c cc thng s c bn ca qu trnh hn m bo nhn -c mi hn c
hnh dng, kch th-c v cht l-ng theo yu cu -c gi l ch hn.
a. -ng knh que hn .
-ng knh que hn l thng s ch yu nht ca ch hn, v n c tnh cht quyt
nh n nhiu thng s khc. Khi hn gip mi mt lp, -ng knh que hn tnh theo cng
thc :
s
d= 1 (mm)
2
Trong : d l -ng knh que hn (mm).
s l chiu dy vt hn (mm).
Ngoi ra c th tra bng chn -ng knh que hn theo chiu dy vt hn :
Bng 4
s (mm) 1,5 2 3 4-5 6-8 9-12 13-15 16-20 20
d (mm) 1 2 3 3-4 4 4-5 5 5-6 6-10

Trong sn xut t dng que hn c d > 6 mm. V d ln th Ih ln gy nh h-ng xu ti

sc khe ng-i th hn. Do vy, khi chiu dy vt hn ln phi tin hnh hn nhiu lp. Khi
hn nhiu lp, lp 1 nn chn que hn c d 4 mm d t su vo mp hn, m bo
ngu ; lp tip theo chn que hn c d > 4 mm.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 30

b. C-ng dng in hn.

C-ng dng in hn nh h-ng rt ln n hnh dng, kch th-c ca mi hn
cng nh- cht l-ng ca lin kt hn v nng sut hn. C-ng dng in hn c th tnh
theo mt trong ba cng thc sau :
I h = k.d (A) (d = 4 5 mm )
1,5
I h = k1. d (A) (d < 4 mm)
I h = (+ .d).d (A) (d 5 mm).
Trong : Ih l c-ng dng in hn (A).
d l -ng knh que hn (mm).
k, k 1, , l cc h s thc nghim. k = (35 50), k 1 = (20 25), = 20, = 6.
Cc cng thc trn ch p dng cho mi hn v tr hn bng, cn hn v tr hn khc
sau khi tnh ton phi tin hnh hiu chnh nh- sau :
- Chi tit c chiu dy s < 1,5d hoc hn v tr hn leo th gim Ih i (10 15)%.
- Chi tit c chiu dy s > 3d hoc hn lin kt ch T th I h tng ln (10 15)%.
- Hn v tr hn ngang, hn trn gim I h i (15 20)%.
c. in p hn
in p hn t l thun vi chiu di ct h quang v thay i trong phm vi rt hp.
Cng thc tnh :
Uh = a + b.Lhq (V).
Trong : Uh l in p hn (V).
a l tng in p ri trn A v K, a = (15 20)V.
b :tng in p ri trn mt n v chiu di h quang, b = 15,7V/cm.
Lhq : chiu di ct h quang (cm). Que thuc bc baz Lhq1/2 d,
cc loi thuc bc khc Lhqd.
Hn h quang tay, Uh = (20 26)V.
d. S lp hn.
Trong sn xut t dng que c d > 6 mm , nn vi chi tit c chiu dy ln phi tin
hnh hn nhiu lp. Mun tnh -c s lp hn phi xc nh -c din tch tit din ngang
ca ton kim loi p, cng thc tnh :
F - F1
n= +1
Fn
Trong : F l din tch tit din ngang ca ton b kim loi p .
F 1 : din tch tit din ngang kim loi p ln 1 .
F n : din tch tit din ngang ca kim loi p lp tip theo.
Cng thc kinh nghim : F 1 = (6 8)d1, quy nh F1 35 mm2.
F 2 = (8 12)d2 , quy nh Fn 45 mm 2.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 31

V d : Xc nh din tch tit din ngang ca ton kim loi p i vi lin kt hn

gip mi vt mp ch V nh- hnh v :

F = F1 + 2F2 + F3 .
Trong : F1 = a.S.
2F2 = (S /2 F3

p)2.tg .
2
2
F3 = .b.c
3

b = a + 2(S p).tg . F1 F2
e. Tc hn.
Tc hn ph thuc vo din tch tit din ngang ca kim loi p. Nu tc hn
qu ln dn n hin t-ng hn khng ngu. Ng-c li, tc hn nh th khi l-ng kim
loi c bn v que hn nng chy qu ln, c th chy ra pha tr-c ph ln mp hn ch-a
-c nung nng gy nn li kt dnh.
L
Cng thc tnh : V h = (cm/s).
to
Trong : L l chiu di mi hn (cm).
t0 : thi gian h quang chy (s).
Ta c : G = . Ih. t0 v G = .F .L
L .I .I
suy ra : d h Vh d h (cm/s).
to .Fd .Fd .3600
+ Hn h quang tay : = (7 11)g/A.h.
+ Hn t ng : = (11 15)g/A.h.
g. Nng l-ng -ng.
Nng l-ng -ng l t s gia cng sut nhit hu ch ca h quang q v tc hn
V h , n nh gi l-ng nhit truyn vo kim loi c bn trn mt n v chiu di.
q
Cng thc tnh : qd (calo/cm) hoc (calo/mm).
Vh
0, 24.U h .I h..Fd 0,24Uh ...Fd
Ta c : qd qd .
d .Ih d
- Hn h quang tay thp C thp : = 9 g/A.h , = 7,8 g/cm3, Uh = 25V, = 0,75.
Thay vo cng thc trn ta -c : q = 15.000.F (cal/cm) hay q = 150.F (cal/mm)
- Hn t ng : Uh = 36 V, = 13 g/A.h, = 0,85 q = 150.F (cal/mm).
Nu q ln (vng nh h-ng nhit ln) s gy bin dng cong vnh nhiu v ng-c li.
h. Chiu su hn .
Chiu su hn t-ng i nh, v vy khi tnh ton ch hn ng-i ta t tnh n i
l-ng ny.
h = (0,3 0,5).r
r : l khong cch t tm ngun t n -ng ng nhit, r = 0,0112. qd
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 32

3.4.2 Ch hn mi hn gc.
Gi tr cc thng s tnh t-ng t nh- hn gip mi, ch c hai thng s l -ng knh
que hn v s lp hn -c tnh nh- sau :
a. -ng knh que hn .
k
Cng thc tnh : d 2 (mm).
2
Trong : k l cnh mi hn, th-ng ly k s (mm).
C th xc nh -ng knh que hn theo bng sau :
Bng 5
k (mm) 2 3 4 5 6-8
d (mm) 1,6-2 2,5-3 3-4 4 4-5
Ch : Cng thc trn p dng cho mi hn gc mt lp.
b. S lp hn.
Khi hn mt lp, cnh mi hn t -c k 8 mm, do khi yu cu k > 8 mm phi
tin hnh hn nhiu lp. Mun tnh -c s lp hn phi tnh -c din tch tit din ngang
kim loi p :
k2 k2
Cng thc tnh : Fd f . k y .
2 2
ky : h s k n phn li mi hn
v khe h hn. ky ph thuc vo cnh mi
hn, c th chn theo bng sau :
Bng 6
k (mm) 3-4 5-6 7-10 12-20 > 20
ky 1,5 1,35 1,25 1,15 1,1

n gin, ta c th tnh F bng cch tra th (tra chiu dy vt hn v lin kt

hn H.45a tr.120 CNH), bn cnh tra -c s lp hn n trn th (H.45b tr.120
CNH).
3.5 K thut hn h quang tay.
3.5.1 Cc chuyn ng c bn ca que hn.
Trong qu trnh hn, que hn thc hin ba chuyn ng nh- hnh v sau:

(3) (1)

(2)

Cc chuyn ng c bn ca que hn khi hn.

+ Chuyn ng (1) dc theo trc que hn duy tr h quang chy n nh.

+ Chuyn ng (2) dc theo trc mi hn hn ht chiu di mi hn.
+ Chuyn ng (3) dao ng ngang m bo b rng mi hn.
3.5.2 Cc dao ng ngang ca que hn.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 33

Khi hn, que hn khng c dao ng ngang (3) th mi hn t -c c b rng b =

(0,8 1,5)b. B rng ny ch ph hp vi lin kt hn gip mi khng vt mp hoc lp 1 ca
mi hn nhiu lp.
Khi hn mi hn gip mi vt mp, b rng mi hn th-ng yu cu bng (3 5)d.
t -c yu cu ny i hi que hn phi c dao ng ngang.
* Cc kiu dao ng ngang que hn :
Kiu 1, 2, 3 th-ng dng nhiu nht. Kiu 4 dng khi cn nung nng phn gia mi
hn nhiu. Kiu 5 v 6 dng khi cn nung nng phn mp mi hn nhiu hn.
3.5.3. Bt u, kt thc v s ni lin mi hn.
a. Bt u mi hn : l phn bt u mi hn. Phn ny th-ng nh cao v c ngu
km hn v mi bt u hn nhit vt hn thp, nhit h quang ch-a th lm vt hn nng
chy ngay -c, do vy c-ng chu lc phn ny km. khc phc hin t-ng ny, khi
bt u hn phi ko di h quang ra mt cht, tin hnh d nhit vt hn, sau mi rt
ngn h quang tin hnh hn bnh th-ng.
b. Kt thc mi hn : Thc hin khi hn xong mt mi hn. Thng th-ng cui mi hn
hay b lm do ngt h quang t ngt. Ti ch lm ny th-ng gy tp trung ng sut dn n
hin t-ng nt chn chim, l nguyn nhn ph hng lin kt hn. Khc phc hin t-ng ny,
khi n cui -ng hn que hn ng-ng khng chuyn ng, p ngn h quang mt cht ri t
t ngt h quang. Khi hn cc tm mng khng dng cch ny m phi tin hnh hn chm
ngt lp y rnh h quang.
c. S ni lin mi hn : Thc hin khi hn ht que hn m ch-a ht chiu di mi hn.
C 4 kiu ni nh- sau :
(1) : Phn u mi hn sau ni vi phn cui mi hn tr-c.
(2) : Phn cui ca hai mi hn ni vi nhau.
(3) : Phn cui ca mi hn sau ni vi phn u mi hn tr-c.
(4) : Phn u hai mi hn ni vi nhau.
Ch ni mi hn th-ng b cao, ngt qung v rng hp khng u, Khc phc
hin t-ng ny khi hn phi thc hin ng thao tc ni que nh- sau : Mi h quang trc tip
vo vng hn hoc ch ch-a hn, sau ko di h quang v lc nh u que hn nhit
lm nng chy ton b vng hn c. Khi qua ht vng hn mi tin hnh dao ng bnh
th-ng (hnh v).

h quang di. h quang

trung bnh

K thut ni tip -ng hn.

i vi kiu ni th 2 v 3 phi ch khi que hn n phn u hoc phn cui mi
hn th nng h quang ln mt cht, hn tip mt on ngn, cui cng ko di h quang
n t tt.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 34

3.5.4 K thut hn cc v tr khc nhau.

a. Hn bng gip mi khng vt cnh:
Hn bng l v tr hn thun li nht, d thao tc, vic hnh thnh mi hn tt, cht
l-ng mi hn -c m bo (kim loi lng d-i tc dng ca trng lc theo ph-ng thng
ng vo vng hn, x v kh d ni ln) v nng sut hn cao (v c th thc hin vi que c
-ng knh ln v c-ng dng in hn ln).
Khi chi tit c chiu dy s < 6 mm th khng cn vt cnh.
s = (1 2)mm : gp mp.
s = (3 5)mm :
Gc que hn nh- hnh v. 600-850 900
Que hn c th khng dao ng hoc
c th s dng cc kiu dao ng :
zch zc v bn nguyt.
b. Hn bng gip mi c vt cnh.
Vt hn c s > 6mm , khi hn phi vt mp v mi hn hon thin sau nhiu lp hn.
s = (6 8 ) mm : vt mp ch V
s = (8 12)mm : vt mp ch X, K.
s > 12mm : vt mp ch U,

Khi hn lp 1 th-ng chn que c -ng knh d < 4mm (que hn th-ng khng c dao
ng ngang), lp 2 tr i dng que c -ng knh d 4mm.
Th t thc hin -ng hn nhiu lp theo hai ph-ng n sau :

a) b).

V phn gia v phn trn mi hn kh bo m -c b rng mi hn b = 14mm khi

hn mt ln nn ng-i ta th-ng tin hnh hn theo ph-ng n b. Mt khc, hn theo ph-ng
n b kim loi mi hn m bo ngu tt hn.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 35

c. Hn mi hn ch T.
i vi loi mi hn ny th-ng sinh ra cc khuyt tt nh- : hn khng ngu, chy
cnh, hn mt cnh,v.v. Khc phc hin t-ng ny, ngoi vic la chn ch hn thch
hp, phi cn c vo chiu dy ca hai tm iu chnh gc que hn chon hp l (hnh
v).

Tm vch c chiu dy s = (4 12)mm tin hnh vt mp mt pha, nu s > 12mm vt

mp hai pha v tin hnh hnh nhiu lp, gc que hn thay i theo tng lp hn (hnh
v).

Lp IV

Lp I 3
4

Lp II Lp III

gim bt khuyt tt sinh ra khi hn v nng cao nng sut qu trnh hn, nu vt
hn c th xoay -c th nn xoay v v tr hn bng hn (hnh v).
Que hn i thng hoc dao ng
zch zc, bn nguyt vi bin nh v
h quang ngn. Loi mi hn ny chu
ti trng va p tt nn khi ch to kt
cu ng-i ta th-ng dng kiu lin kt
hn ny.
d. Hn mi hn chng,
Loi lin kt hn ny khng tn cng chun b nh-ng tn hao nhiu kim loi, do vy
th-ng dng trong sa cha cc chi tit c, t dng trong ch to cc kt cu mi. Thao tc
thc hin mi hn ny t-ng t nh- hn lin kt gc ch T.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 36

e. Hn mi hn c chiu di ln.
Vi cc mi hn c chiu di L < 500mm, thc hin hn t u ny n u kia.
vh

Vi mi hn c L = (500 1000)mm, tin hnh hn t gia ra hai u. Ch khng

-c hn t hai u vo gia v s gy tp trung ng sut.

vh1 vh2

Vi mi hn c L > 1000 mm, dng ph-ng php phn on nghch hn, mi on

di (150-250)mm. H-ng hn ng-c vi h-ng hn chung.

Vh
vh2 vh1

Vi nhng chi tit c chiu dy ln, mi hn di, phi tin hnh hn nhiu lp. Tin
hnh hn hon thin tng khc mt theo kiu phn on bc thang hoc phn on h dc.

f. Hn ng.
Hn ng thao tc t-ng i kh khn v kim loi lng d-i tc dng ca trng lc
lun c xu h-ng ri xung d-i. Hn ng c hai kiu : hn t trn xung (hn ri) v hn
t d-i ln (hn leo).
Khi hn t trn xung, kim loi lng d b chy trn xung pha d-i, ngu km
nn th-ng dng hn cc vt mng. Ng-c li, hn t d-i ln iu kin truyn nhit tt hn
nn th-ng dng hn cc vt dy.
to iu kin tt cho vic hnh thnh mi hn, khi hn ng c th p dng mt s
ph-ng php sau :
- Lun gi chiu di h quang ngn nhm rt ngn khong cch git kim loi lng vo
vng hn.
- S dng que hn c d 4mm v Ih gim so vi hn bng t (10 15)% gim th tch
vng hn xung.
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 37

- Cn c vo dng lin kt hn m chn cch -a que hn cho ph hp. Bin dao ng

ngang que hn khng -c qu ln, nm trong khong (1,5 2)d.
g. Hn ngang.
Hn ngang thao tc kh hn hn ng v kim loi lng d b chy s xung pha d-i,
do yu cu ng-i th hn phi c tay ngh cao. Gc que hn nh- hnh v.
Khi hn, ty thuc vo dng lin kt hn m que hn c th khng dao ng ngang
hoc dao ng bn nguyt, vng trn lch vi phm vi hp v h quang lun lun ngn.
C-ng dng in hn gim so vi hn bng t (15 20)%.
Khi hn cc vt dy ch cn vt mp tm trn hoc c vt c hai tm th tm trn vt
gc 40 0 tm d-i vt 200 khi hn mp tm d-i c tc dng kim loi lng khi chy x
xung d-i.
h. Hn trn.
Hn trn l v tr hn kh thc hin nht trong tt c cc v tr hn, d-i tc dng ca
trng lc, kim loi lng rt d chy ra khi vng hn lm cho mi hn kh hnh thnh. V
vy, nn dng que c -ng knh d < 4mm vi lp thuc bc dy v thuc bc nng chy
chm hn li to thnh phu kim loi lng.
Gc que hn nh- hnh v.
Khi hn lun duy tr h quang ngn
v Ih gim (15 20)% so vi hn vh
bng. C-ng dng in phi chn 900
cho thch hp, khng -c nh qu,
nu nh qu th khng th t -c
su nng chy tt m cn lm cho
h quang chy khng n nh. 150-200
k. Hn mi hn vng.
Khi ch to cc ni hi, bnh cha c dng hnh tr, hn cc ng phi thc hin
hn cc mi hn vng. Cc mi hn vng th-ng yu cu cht l-ng cao nn vi chi tit c
chiu dy s 12mm tin hnh hn nhiu lp kim loi mi hn -c tinh luyn v t -c
cht l-ng cao. S lp hn c th chn theo bng sau :

Bng 8
S (mm) 4 5 6 9 10 12 13 15
n (khng nh hn) 2 3 4 5

S im hn nh chn theo -ng knh trong ca chi tit sao cho ph hp (bng 16
tr.13 sch CNH).
Hn mi hn vng c th thc hin theo hai cch sau :
- Chi tit quay : cng vic hn thun li hn, mi hn hnh thnh tt hn (mi hn
-c thc hin v tr hn bng).
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 38

n n n

- Chi tit ng yn : i hi tay ngh ca ng-i th hn phi cao, v mi hn -c thc

hin tt c cc v tr khng gian. Khi hn, tin hnh hn hai na p vo nhau (hnh v).
Chi tit c chiu dy ln, vt mp ch V (gc vt 600 ), hn lp lt kim loi khng
b chy vo trong, sau hn tip cc lp sau.
3.6. Bin php nng cao nng sut khi hn.
3.6.1 Gim thi gian hon thnh mi hn.
Thi gian hon thnh mi hn (thi gian hn) -c tnh theo cng thc :
T h = t0 + t p.
Trong : t 0 l thi gian h quang chy (h).
tp : thi gian ph (thi gian thay que, chnh dng).
t
Hoc c th tnh theo cng thc : th 0 , trong m l h s ph thuc iu kin sn
m
xut. Sn xut tt m = 0,5 0,6 ; sn xut trung bnh m = 0,4 0,5.
Mun gim thi gian hn bng cch gim thi gian ph, do vy phi t chc tt sn
xut v trang b y trang thit b bo h lao ng nhm to iu kin lm vic thun li
cho ng-i th hn.
3.6.2. Hn bng in cc t (hn bng h quang nhng).
S dng que hn c thuc bc dy hay
c bit dy (D/d 1,5). Khi hn, h quang
chytrong phu thuc bc nn gim -c s mt
mt
3.6.3.kim
Hn loi
bng do bnhn.
b que te. C-ng dng in
trong tr-ng hp ny
Thc cht chnbng
ca hn ln hn
mt (20 40)%
b que hn so
l
vi hn bnh th-ng, do vy tc hn tng
chp 2, 3 hay 4 que hn li thnh mt b hn,
ln
hn(60
nh70)%.
chng ch kp vo km hn. Tr-ng
hp ny cho php tng Ih ln kh ln, nng sut
hn cao hn khi hn bnh th-ng khong 30%.
3.6.4 Hn bng h quang ba pha.
Dng que hn thuc bc c hai li que. Khi
hn, h quang chy ng thi do nng sut hn
tng ln 2 2,5 ln, tit kim 20 25% nng
l-ng in. Tuy vy, cng vic ch to que hn
kh v ch thch hp hn v tr hn sp.
Ngoi cc bin php nu trn, ng-i ta cn thm bt st vo thnh phn v thuc ca
que hn ( = 16 18 g/A.h , nng sut tng ln 1,8 2 ln so vi hn bng que bnh th-ng)
L thuyt chuyn mn hn 39

hoc s dng cc bin php : hn bng in cc nm, hn bng in cc nghing, tng

nng sut hn.

2.3 My hn in
Yu cu chung i vi ngun in hn h quang tay. Cho bit c im cc
ngun in hn h quang tay.
Ngun in hn h quang tay cn phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y:
1) in th khng ti ca my phi cao hn in th khi lm vic, ng thi khng gy
nguy him khi s dng (U 0< 80V).
V d:
+ i vi dng mt chiu : U20 =35V-55V ; U h =20V-35V
+ i vi dng xoay chiu : U20 =55V-85V; Uh =25V-45V.
2) Khi hn th-ng xy ra hin t-ng ngn mch, nc ny c-ng dng in rt ln;
dng in ln khng nhng lm nng chy nhanh que hn v vt hn m cn ph hnh
my. Do trong qu trnh hn khng cho php dng in ngn mch I qu ln .
Th-ng ch cho php
i = (1,3 - 1,4) ih
3) My hn h quang tay phi c -ng c tnh ngoi dc ngha l I tng th U gim
v ng-c li.
4) My hn phi c c cu iu chnh dng hn, thch hp hn vi nhiu ch khc
nhau.
+ h quang chy lin tc, n nh th dng in v in p phi lch pha nhau c
nghi l dng v p khng cng gi tr 0 ti mt thi im.