Week8b Introductionto

SeismicMethods
Example MarineSeismics
SeismicDataAcquisitionSystems
Example ReflectionSeismics

Landfill
 Distance (m)
Example
R fl i
Reflection
Seismics
ms
Time in m
SeismicDataProcessing
SeismicDataProcessingAGC
Commonmidpoint(CMP)Method
A recording processing method where each source is recorded at a number of
geophone locations and each geophone location is used to record from a
number of source locations. After correcting these data for statics, normal
move out,
out and DMO since dipping reflections do not involve a common
reflecting point, they are combined stacked to provide a commonmidpoint
section that approximates the traces that would be recorded by a coincident
source and receiver at each location, but with improved discrimination against
noise. The objective is to attenuate random effects and events whose
dependence on offset is different from that of primary reflections.
 SeismicDataAcquisitionGeometry
Common Midpoint Geometry Land Marine
Commonmidpointmethod

(a)Insixfoldshootingwith24geophonegroupsandthesourcepointmovedtwogroupintervalsbetweensuccessiveshots;thesame
subsurfaceissampledsixtimes(A23,B21,C19,D17,E15,F13).(b)Areflectorthatdipsdoesnothaveacommonreflectingpointand
commonmidpointstackingresultsinreflectionpointsmearingunlessDMOprocessingormigrationprecedesstacking.(c)Toachievea
commonreflectionpointinthecaseofdiprequiresunequalsurfacespacing.(d)Acommonsourcegatherisacollectionoftraces havingthe
samesource;
Commonmidpointmethod

e)commonreceivergather;(f)commonoffsetgather.(g)Iftherearehorizontalvelocityvariations,prestack migrationisrequiredto
formacommonimagingpointgather.CompareFigureC13.Alldiagramsassumeconstantvelocity.
Aprocessingflowchartforseismicdata
DataProcessing
Stack
From Shot
Record

Zero Offset
Reflection
response

To CMP Stacking Velocity Analysis and Stack

record
StackingVelocityAnalysis
Stacking
Velocity
Analysis
DataProcessing StretchMute
StackingVelocityAnalysis
ConstantVelocityStacks
Velocity
way reflection ttime in ms
Two-w
ExampleStackingVelocityAnalysis
Vrms
Example WheretoDrill
Example Interpretation
Migration
Example
p
Migration

Input
Input
Example
Example
Migration

Output
Output
3DSeismics
3DSeismics

C lE
Coal Exploration
l ti
SeismicDataExample
FresnelZone
Theportionofareflectorfromwhichreflectedenergycanreachadetectorwithinone
halfwavelengthofthefirstreflectedenergy.ThecentralfirstFresnelzoneiselliptical
circularforzerooffsetdataforahorizontalreflector;successiveFresnelzonesareannular
ringsofsuccessivelylargerradii;
g y g

MostoftheenergyreflectedfromthefirstFresnelzoneinterferesconstructivelybutthe
outerportiondoesnotcontributemuch,andtheeffectivesizeoftheFresnelzoneis
smallerbyaboutafactorof2 BecausethesizeoftheFresnelzoneisfrequency
smallerbyaboutafactorof2.BecausethesizeoftheFresnelzoneisfrequency
dependent,thedominantfrequencyisoftenusedwhereaspectrumoffrequenciesis
involved.

ThefirstFresnelzoneonly,theportionofaplanereflectormainlyeffectiveingenerating
areflectionsince,foraharmonicwave,theeffectsofsuccessivezonesgenerallycancel
eachother.AnomogramfordeterminingtheradiusofthefirstFresnelzoneisshownin
FigureF26.SeeSheriffandGeldart1995,152.

AFresnellenshasalternatezonesblackedoutsothatonlyconstructivezonespasslight.
FresnelZone

((a)) For coincident source and receiver at S,, the first Fresnel zone radius is R1
(perpendicular to h). The second Fresnel zone is the annular ring. Higherorder
zones (not shown) are also annular rings. The dominant wavelength is . Another way
of thinking of this is that a reflecting point in the subsurface influences a similar
Fresnelzone region
g on the surface.
(b) The buildup of energy integrating outward from the reflecting point.
(c) Migration collapses the Fresnel zone to a much smaller area, but 2D migration
collapses it in only one direction.
FresnelZone
Nomogram
A straight
g line connecting g
twoway traveltime and
the frequency intersects
the central line at the
same p point as a straight
g
line connecting the
velocity and the radius of
the zone. For example, a
20 Hz reflection at 2.0 s
and a velocity of 3.0 km/s
has a Fresnel zone radius
of 470 m.
 SeismicSources
Vibroseis
b ose s

Airgun
Example ReflectionSeismics
Example ReflectionSeismics
SeismicArrays
AmplitudevariationwithangleOffsetAVA/AVO
The variation in the amplitude of a seismic reflection with angle of incidence or source
geophone distance. Depends on changes in velocity, density, and Poissons ratio. Often
used as a hydrocarbon gas indicator because gas generally decreases Poissons ratio and
often increases amplitude
p with incident angle/offset.
g Other conditions can p produce
similar effects.
The amplitude of an event is often plotted against sin2 or sin2x, where is incidence
angle and x is offset, and the slope gradient of a bestfit line is measured as the indicator:

Because measurements have to be made with prestack data, the noise level is usually
large. The gradient is often determined by the ratios of amplitudes of large offset to
shortoffset stacks. Also amplitude versus angle offset. Class 1 reservoirs have higher
i
impedance
d th the
than th surrounding
di rocks,k class
l 2 are those
th with
ith very small,
ll either
ith positive
iti
or negative, impedance contrast, and class 3 are lowimpedance reservoirs. In Tertiary
clastic sections, class 1 reservoirs often yield dim spots, class 3 bright spots, and class 2
reservoirs are difficult to see unless they have appreciable increase of amplitude with
offset.
ff t Class
Cl 4 are lowimpedance
l i d reservoirs
i where
h th magnitude
the it d decreases
d with
ith offset.
ff t
Amplitudevariationwithangle
TheRutherfordWilliams
classificationbased
predominantlyonnormal
reflectivityisalsoindicated.
reflectivityisalsoindicated