PRESSBOOKS Information Systems for Business and Beyond

David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D.

ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS

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Chapter1

Table of
Contents

1.Whatarethefivecomponentsthatmakeupaninformationsystem?

a.hardware,software,data,people,process

2.Whatarethreeexamplesofinformationsystemhardware?

a.Thereareanumberofpossibleanswers:aPC,aprinter,amouse,tablets,mobilephones,etc.

3.MicrosoftWindowsisanexampleofwhichcomponentofinformationsystems?

a.Itisanoperatingsystem,whichisapartofthesoftwarecomponent.

4.Whatisapplicationsoftware?

a.Softwarethatdoessomethinguseful.

5.Whatrolesdopeopleplayininformationsystems?

a.Thetextincludesexamplessuchashelpdesksupport,systemsanalyst,programmer,andCIO.

6.Whatisthedefinitionofaprocess?

a.Aprocessisaseriesofstepsundertakentoachieveadesiredoutcomeorgoal.

7.Whatwasinventedfirst,thepersonalcomputerortheInternet(ARPANET)?

a.TheInternetwasactivatedin1969thepersonalcomputerwasintroducedin1975.

8.InwhatyearwererestrictionsoncommercialuseoftheInternetfirstlifted?WhenwereeBayandAmazonfounded?

a.Restrictionswereliftedin1991,Amazonwasfoundedin1994,andeBaywasfoundedin1995.

9.WhatdoesitmeantosayweareinapostPCworld?

a.Thepersonalcomputerwillnolongerbetheprimarywaythatpeopleinteractanddobusiness.

10.WhatisCarrsmainargumentaboutinformationtechnology?

a.Thatinformationtechnologyisjustacommodityandcannotbeusedtogainacompetitiveadvantage.

Chapter2

1.Writeyourowndescriptionofwhattheterminformationsystemshardwaremeans.
 a.Answerswillvary,butshouldsaysomethingaboutinformationsystemshardwareconsistingofthephysicalparts
ofcomputingdevicesthatcanactuallybetouched.

2.WhatistheimpactofMooresLawonthevarioushardwarecomponentsdescribedinthischapter?

a.Thestudentshouldpickoneofthecomponentsanddiscusstheimpactofthefactthatcomputingdoublesinspeed
everytwoyears.Mostdevicesaregettingsmaller,faster,cheaper,andthisshouldbeindicatedintheanswer.

3.WriteasummaryofoneoftheitemslinkedtointheIntegratedComputingsection.

a.Thestudentshouldwriteasummaryofoneofthelinkedarticles.

4.Explainwhythepersonalcomputerisnowconsideredacommodity.

a.ThePChasbecomeacommodityinthesensethatthereisverylittledifferentiationbetweencomputers,andthe
primaryfactorthatcontrolstheirsaleistheirprice.

5.TheCPUcanalsobethoughtofasthe_____________ofthecomputer.

a.brain

6.Listthefollowinginincreasingorder(slowesttofastest):megahertz,kilohertz,gigahertz.

a.kilohertz,megahertz,gigahertz

7.Whatisthebusofacomputer?

a.Thebusistheelectricalconnectionbetweendifferentcomputercomponents.

8.NametwodifferencesbetweenRAMandaharddisk.

a.RAMisvolatiletheharddiskisnonvolatile.DataaccessinRAMisfasterthanontheharddisk.

9.Whataretheadvantagesofsolidstatedrivesoverharddisks?

a.Themainadvantageisspeed:anSSDhasmuchfasterdataaccessspeedsthanatraditionalharddisk.

10.Howheavywasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulportablecomputer?

a.TheCompaqPCwas28pounds.

Chapter3

1.Comeupwithyourowndefinitionofsoftware.Explainthekeytermsinyourdefinition.

a.Avarietyofanswersarepossible,butshouldbesimilartothedefinitioninthetext:Softwareisthesetof
instructionsthattellthehardwarewhattodo.Softwareiscreatedthroughtheprocessofprogramming.

2.Whatarethefunctionsoftheoperatingsystem?

a.Theoperatingsystemmanagesthehardwareresourcesofthecomputer,providestheuserinterfacecomponents,
andprovidesaplatformforsoftwaredeveloperstowriteapplications.

3.Whichofthefollowingareoperatingsystemsandwhichareapplications:MicrosoftExcel,GoogleChrome,iTunes,
Windows,Android,AngryBirds.
 a.MicrosoftExcel(application),GoogleChrome(application),iTunes(application),WIndows(operatingsystem),
Android(operatingsystem),AngryBirds(application)

4.Whatisyourfavoritesoftwareapplication?Whattasksdoesithelpyouaccomplish?

a.Studentswillhavevariousanswerstothisquestion.Theyshouldpickanapplication,notanoperatingsystem.
Theyshouldbeabletolistatleastonethingthatithelpsthemaccomplish.

5.Whatisakillerapp?WhatwasthekillerappforthePC?

a.Akillerappisapplicationsoftwarethatissousefulthatpeoplewillpurchasethehardwarejustsotheycanrun
it.ThekillerappforthePCwasthespreadsheet(Visicalc).

6.Howwouldyoucategorizethesoftwarethatrunsonmobiledevices?Breakdowntheseappsintoatleastthreebasic
categoriesandgiveanexampleofeach.

a.Therearevariouswaystoanswerthisquestion.Studentsshouldidentifythattherearemobileoperatingsystems
andmobileapps.Mostlikely,studentswillbreakdownmobileappsintomultiplecategories:games,GPS,reading,
communication,etc.

7.ExplainwhatanERPsystemdoes.

a.AnERP(enterpriseresourceplanning)systemisasoftwareapplicationwithacentralizeddatabasethatis
implementedacrosstheentireorganization.

8.Whatisopensourcesoftware?Howdoesitdifferfromclosedsourcesoftware?Giveanexampleofeach.

a.Opensourcesoftwareissoftwarethatmakesthesourcecodeavailableforanyonetocopyanduse.Itisfreeto
download,copy,anddistribute.Closedsourcesoftwaredoesnotmakethesourcecodeavailableandgenerallyis
notfreetodownload,copy,anddistribute.Therearemanyexamplesofboth,suchas:Firefox(opensource),Linux
(opensource),iTunes(closedsource),MicrosoftOffice(closedsource).

9.Whatdoesasoftwarelicensegrant?

a.Softwarelicensesarenotallthesame,butgenerallytheygranttheusertherighttousethesoftwareonalimited
basis.Thetermsofthelicensedictateusersrightsindetail.

10.HowdidtheY2K(year2000)problemaffectthesalesofERPsystems?

a.OrganizationspurchasedERPsoftwaretoreplacetheiroldersystemsinordertoavoidanyproblemswiththe
year2000intheirsoftware.

Chapter4

1.Whatisthedifferencebetweendata,information,andknowledge?

a.Dataaretherawbitsandpiecesoffactsandstatisticswithnocontext.Datacanbequantitativeorqualitative.
Informationisdatathathasbeengivencontext.Knowledgeisinformationthathasbeenaggregatedandanalyzed
andcanbeusedformakingdecisions.

2.Explaininyourownwordshowthedatacomponentrelatestothehardwareandsoftwarecomponentsofinformation
systems.
 a.Therearenumerousanswerstothisquestion,butallshouldbevariationsonthefollowing:Dataisprocessedby
thehardwareviasoftware.Adatabaseissoftwarethatrunsonthehardware.Hardwarestoresthedata,software
processesthedata.

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenquantitativedataandqualitativedata?Inwhatsituationscouldthenumber42be
consideredqualitativedata?

a.Quantitativedataisnumeric,theresultofameasurement,count,orsomeothermathematicalcalculation.
Qualitativedataisdescriptive.Thenumber42couldbequalitativeifitisadesignationinsteadofameasurement,
count,orcalculation.Forexample:thatplayersjerseyhasnumber42onit.

4.Whatarethecharacteristicsofarelationaldatabase?

a.Arelationaldatabaseisoneinwhichdataisorganizedintooneormoretables.Eachtablehasasetoffields,
whichdefinethenatureofthedatastoredinthetable.Arecordisoneinstanceofasetoffieldsinatable.Allthe
tablesarerelatedbyoneormorefieldsincommon.

5.WhenwouldusingapersonalDBMSmakesense?

a.Whenworkingonasmallerdatabaseforpersonaluse,orwhendisconnectedfromthenetwork.

6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaspreadsheetandadatabase?Listthreedifferencesbetweenthem.

a.Adatabaseisgenerallymorepowerfulandcomplexthanaspreadsheet,withtheabilitytohandlemultipletypes
ofdataandlinkthemtogether.Somedifferences:Adatabasehasdefinedfieldtypes,aspreadsheetdoesnot.A
databaseusesastandardizedquerylanguage(suchasSQL),aspreadsheetdoesnot.Adatabasecanholdmuch
largeramountsofdatathanaspreadsheet.

7.Describewhatthetermnormalizationmeans.

a.Tonormalizeadatabasemeanstodesignitinawaythat:1)reducesduplicationofdatabetweentablesand2)
givesthetableasmuchflexibilityaspossible.

8.Whyisitimportanttodefinethedatatypeofafieldwhendesigningarelationaldatabase?

a.Adatatypetellsthedatabasewhatfunctionscanbeperformedwiththedata.Thesecondimportantreasonto
definethedatatypeissothattheproperamountofstoragespaceisallocatedforthedata.

9.Nameadatabaseyouinteractwithfrequently.Whatwouldsomeofthefieldnamesbe?

a.Thestudentcanchooseanysortofsystemthattheyinteractwith,suchasAmazonortheirschoolsonline
systems.Thefieldswouldbethenamesofdatabeingcollected,suchasfirstname,oraddress.

10.Whatismetadata?

a.Metadataisdataaboutdata.Itreferstothedatausedtodescribeotherdata,suchasthelengthofasongin
iTunes,whichdescribesthemusicfile.

11.Namethreeadvantagesofusingadatawarehouse.

a.Thetextliststhefollowing(thestudentshouldpickatleastthreeofthese):

i.Theprocessofdevelopingadatawarehouseforcesanorganizationtobetterunderstandthedatathatitis
currentlycollectingand,equallyimportant,whatdataisnotbeingcollected.

ii.Adatawarehouseprovidesacentralizedviewofalldatabeingcollectedacrosstheenterpriseand
providesameansofdeterminingdatathatisinconsistent.
 iii.Oncealldataisidentifiedasconsistent,anorganizationcangenerateoneversionofthetruth.Thisis
importantwhenthecompanywantstoreportconsistentstatisticsaboutitself,suchasrevenueornumberof
employees.

iv.Byhavingadatawarehouse,snapshotsofdatacanbetakenovertime.Thiscreatesahistoricalrecordof
data,whichallowsforananalysisoftrends.

v.Adatawarehouseprovidestoolstocombinedata,whichcanprovidenewinformationandanalysis.

12.Whatisdatamining?

a.Dataminingistheprocessofanalyzingdatatofindpreviouslyunknowntrends,patterns,andassociationsin
ordertomakedecisions.

Chapter5

1.WhatwerethefirstfourlocationshookeduptotheInternet(ARPANET)?

a.UCLA,Stanford,MIT,andtheUniversityofUtah

2.Whatdoesthetermpacketmean?

a.ThefundamentalunitofdatatransmittedovertheInternet.Eachpackethasthesendersaddress,thedestination
address,asequencenumber,andapieceoftheoverallmessagetobesent.

3.Whichcamefirst,theInternetortheWorldWideWeb?

a.theInternet

4.WhatwasrevolutionaryaboutWeb2.0?

a.Anyonecouldpostcontenttotheweb,withouttheneedforunderstandingHTMLorwebservertechnology.

5.WhatwasthesocalledkillerappfortheInternet?

a.electronicmail(email)

6.Whatmakesaconnectionabroadbandconnection?

a.Abroadbandconnectionisdefinedasonethathasspeedsofatleast256,000bps.

7.WhatdoesthetermVoIPmean?

a.VoiceoverInternetprotocolawaytohavevoiceconversationsovertheInternet.

8.WhatisanLAN?

a.AnLANisalocalnetwork,usuallyoperatinginthesamebuildingoronthesamecampus.

9.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanintranetandanextranet?

a.Anintranetconsistsofthesetofwebpagesandresourcesavailableonacompanysinternalnetwork.These
itemsarenotavailabletothoseoutsideofthecompany.Anextranetisapartofthecompanysnetworkthatismade
availablesecurelytothoseoutsideofthecompany.Extranetscanbeusedtoallowcustomerstologinandcheck
thestatusoftheirorders,orforsupplierstochecktheircustomersinventorylevels.
 10.WhatisMetcalfesLaw?

a.MetcalfesLawstatesthatthevalueofatelecommunicationsnetworkisproportionaltothesquareofthenumber
ofconnectedusersofthesystem.

Chapter6

1.Brieflydefineeachofthethreemembersoftheinformationsecuritytriad.

a.Thethreemembersareasfollows:

i.Confidentiality:wewanttobeabletorestrictaccesstothosewhoareallowedtoseegiveninformation.

ii.Integrity:theassurancethattheinformationbeingaccessedhasnotbeenalteredandtrulyrepresentswhat
isintended.

iii.Availability:informationcanbeaccessedandmodifiedbyanyoneauthorizedtodosoinanappropriate
timeframe.

2.Whatdoesthetermauthenticationmean?

a.Theprocessofensuringthatapersoniswhoheorsheclaimstobe.

3.Whatismultifactorauthentication?

a.Theuseofmorethanonemethodofauthentication.Themethodsare:somethingyouknow,somethingyouhave,
andsomethingyouare.

4.Whatisrolebasedaccesscontrol?

a.Withrolebasedaccesscontrol(RBAC),insteadofgivingspecificusersaccessrightstoaninformationresource,
usersareassignedtorolesandthenthoserolesareassignedtheaccess.

5.Whatisthepurposeofencryption?

a.Tokeeptransmitteddatasecretsothatonlythosewiththeproperkeycanreadit.

6.Whataretwogoodexamplesofacomplexpassword?

a.Therearemanyexamplesofthis.Studentsneedtoprovideexamplesofpasswordsthatareaminimumofeight
characters,withatleastoneuppercaseletter,onespecialcharacter,andonenumber.

7.Whatispretexting?

a.Pretextingoccurswhenanattackercallsahelpdeskorsecurityadministratorandpretendstobeaparticular
authorizeduserhavingtroubleloggingin.Then,byprovidingsomepersonalinformationabouttheauthorizeduser,
theattackerconvincesthesecuritypersontoresetthepasswordandtellhimwhatitis.

8.Whatarethecomponentsofagoodbackupplan?

a.Knowingwhatneedstobebackedup,regularbackupsofalldata,offsitestorageofallbackedupdata,anda
testoftherestorationprocess.

9.Whatisafirewall?
 a.Afirewallcanbeeitherahardwarefirewallorasoftwarefirewall.Ahardwarefirewallisadevicethatis
connectedtothenetworkandfiltersthepacketsbasedonasetofrules.Asoftwarefirewallrunsontheoperating
systemandinterceptspacketsastheyarrivetoacomputer.

10.Whatdoesthetermphysicalsecuritymean?

a.Physicalsecurityistheprotectionoftheactualhardwareandnetworkingcomponentsthatstoreandtransmit
informationresources.

Chapter7

1.Whatistheproductivityparadox?

a.TheproductivityparadoxisbasedonErikBrynjolfssonsfinding,basedonresearchheconductedintheearly
1990s,thattheadditionofinformationtechnologytobusinesshadnotimprovedproductivityatall.

2.SummarizeCarrsargumentinDoesITMatter.

a.Informationtechnologyisnowacommodityandcannotbeusedtoprovideanorganizationwithcompetitive
advantage.

3.Howisthe2008studybyBrynjolfssonandMcAfeedifferentfrompreviousstudies?Howisitthesame?

a.ItisdifferentbecauseitshowsthatITcanbringacompetitiveadvantage,giventherightconditions.Itisthe
sameinthesensethatitshowsthatIT,byitself,doesnotbringcompetitiveadvantage.

4.Whatdoesitmeanforabusinesstohaveacompetitiveadvantage?

a.Acompanyissaidtohaveacompetitiveadvantageoveritsrivalswhenitisabletosustainprofitsthatexceed
averagefortheindustry.

5.Whataretheprimaryactivitiesandsupportactivitiesofthevaluechain?

a.Theprimaryactivitiesarethosethatdirectlyimpactthecreationofaproductorservice.Thesupportactivities
arethosethatsupporttheprimaryactivities.Primary:inboundlogistics,operations,outboundlogistics,
sales/marketing,andservice.Support:firminfrastructure,humanresources,technologydevelopment,and
procurement.

6.WhathasbeentheoverallimpactoftheInternetonindustryprofitability?Whohasbeenthetruewinner?

a.Theoverallimpacthasbeenareductioninaverageindustryprofitability.Theconsumerhasbeenthetruewinner.

7.HowdoesEDIwork?

a.EDIisthecomputertocomputerexchangeofbusinessdocumentsinastandardelectronicformatbetween
businesspartners.

8.Giveanexampleofasemistructureddecisionandexplainwhatinputswouldbenecessarytoprovideassistancein
makingthedecision.

a.Asemistructureddecisionisoneinwhichmostofthefactorsneededformakingthedecisionareknownbut
humanexperienceandotheroutsidefactorsmaystillplayarole.Thestudentshouldprovideanexampleofa
decisionthatusesaninformationsystemtoprovideinformationbutisnotmadebythesystem.Exampleswould
include:budgetingdecisions,diagnosingamedicalcondition,andinvestmentdecisions.

9.Whatdoesacollaborativeinformationsystemdo?
 a.Acollaborativesystemissoftwarethatallowsmultipleuserstointeractonadocumentortopicinorderto
completeataskormakeadecision.

10.HowcanITplayaroleincompetitiveadvantage,accordingtothe2008articlebyBrynjolfssonandMcAfee?

a.ThearticlesuggeststhatITcaninfluencecompetitiveadvantagewhengoodmanagementdevelopsanddelivers
ITsupportedprocessinnovation.

Chapter8

1.Whatdoesthetermbusinessprocessmean?

a.Aprocessisaseriesoftasksthatarecompletedinordertoaccomplishagoal.Abusinessprocess,therefore,isa
processthatisfocusedonachievingagoalforabusiness.

2.Whatarethreeexamplesofbusinessprocessfromajobyouhavehadoranorganizationyouhaveobserved?

a.Studentscananswerthisinalmostanyway.Theexamplesshouldconsistofmorethanasinglestep.

3.Whatisthevalueindocumentingabusinessprocess?

a.Therearemanyanswerstothis.Fromthetext:itallowsforbettercontroloftheprocess,andforstandardization.

4.WhatisanERPsystem?HowdoesanERPsystemenforcebestpracticesforanorganization?

a.AnERP(enterpriseresourceplanning)systemisasoftwareapplicationwithacentralizeddatabasethatis
implementedacrosstheentireorganization.Itenforcesbestpracticesthroughthebusinessprocessesembeddedin
thesoftware.

5.WhatisoneofthecriticismsofERPsystems?

a.ERPsystemscanleadtothecommoditizationofbusinessprocesses,meaningthateverycompanythatusesan
ERPsystemwillperformbusinessprocessesthesameway.

6.Whatisbusinessprocessreengineering?Howisitdifferentfromincrementallyimprovingaprocess?

a.Businessprocessreengineering(BPR)occurswhenabusinessprocessisredesignedfromthegroundup.Itis
differentfromincrementallyimprovingaprocessinthatitdoesnotsimplytaketheexistingprocessandmodifyit.

7.WhydidBPRgetabadname?

a.BPRbecameanexcusetolayoffemployeesandtrytocompletethesameamountofworkusingfeweremployees.

8.Listtheguidelinesforredesigningabusinessprocess.

a.Theguidelinesareasfollows:

i.Organizearoundoutcomes,nottasks.

ii.Havethosewhousetheoutcomesoftheprocessperformtheprocess.

iii.Subsumeinformationprocessingworkintotherealworkthatproducestheinformation.Treat
geographicallydispersedresourcesasthoughtheywerecentralized.

iv.Linkparallelactivitiesinsteadofintegratingtheirresults.
 v.Putthedecisionpointswheretheworkisperformed,andbuildcontrolsintotheprocess.

vi.Captureinformationonce,atthesource.

9.Whatisbusinessprocessmanagement?Whatroledoesitplayinallowingacompanytodifferentiateitself?

a.Businessprocessmanagement(BPM)canbethoughtofasanintentionalefforttoplan,document,implement,
anddistributeanorganizationsbusinessprocesseswiththesupportofinformationtechnology.Itcanplayarolein
differentiationthroughbuiltinreporting,andbyempoweringemployees,enforcingbestpractices,andenforcing
consistency.

10.WhatdoesISOcertificationsignify?

a.ISOcertificationshowsthatyouknowwhatyoudo,dowhatyousay,andhavedocumentedyourprocesses.

Chapter9

1.Describetheroleofasystemsanalyst.

a.Tounderstandbusinessrequirementsandtranslatethemintotherequirementsofaninformationsystem.

2.Whataresomeofthedifferentrolesforacomputerengineer?

a.hardwareengineer,softwareengineer,networkengineer,systemsengineer

3.Whatarethedutiesofacomputeroperator?

a.Dutiesincludekeepingtheoperatingsystemsuptodate,ensuringavailablememoryanddiskstorage,and
overseeingthephysicalenvironmentofthecomputer.

4.WhatdoestheCIOdo?

a.TheCIOalignstheplansandoperationsoftheinformationsystemswiththestrategicgoalsoftheorganization.
Thisincludestaskssuchasbudgeting,strategicplanning,andpersonneldecisionsrelevanttotheinformation
systemsfunction.

5.Describethejobofaprojectmanager.

a.Aprojectmanagerisresponsibleforkeepingprojectsontimeandonbudget.Thispersonworkswiththe
stakeholdersoftheprojecttokeeptheteamorganizedandcommunicatesthestatusoftheprojecttomanagement.

6.Explainthepointofhavingtwodifferentcareerpathsininformationsystems.

a.Toallowforcareergrowthforthosewhodonotwanttomanageotheremployeesbutinsteadwanttofocuson
technicalskills.

7.WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcentralizingtheITfunction?

a.Thereareseveralpossibleanswershere.Advantagesofcentralizingincludemorecontroloverthecompanys
systemsanddata.DisadvantagesincludeamorelimitedavailabilityofITresources.

8.Whatimpacthasinformationtechnologyhadonthewaycompaniesareorganized?

a.Theorganizationalstructurehasbeenflattened,withfewerlayersofmanagement.

9.Whatarethefivetypesofinformationsystemsusers?
 a.innovators,earlyadopters,earlymajority,latemajority,laggards

10.Whywouldanorganizationoutsource?

a.Becauseitneedsaspecificskillforalimitedamountoftime,and/orbecauseitcancutcostsbyoutsourcing.

Chapter10

1.WhatarethestepsintheSDLCmethodology?

a.ThestepsarePreliminaryAnalysis,SystemAnalysis,SystemDesign,Programming,Testing,Implementation,and
Maintenance.

2.WhatisRADsoftwaredevelopment?

a.Rapidapplicationdevelopment(RAD)isasoftwaredevelopment(orsystemsdevelopment)methodologythat
focusesonquicklybuildingaworkingmodelofthesoftware,gettingfeedbackfromusers,andthenusingthat
feedbacktoupdatetheworkingmodel.

3.Whatmakestheleanmethodologyunique?

a.Thebiggestdifferencebetweentheleanmethodologyandtheothermethodologiesisthatthefullsetof
requirementsforthesystemisnotknownwhentheprojectislaunched.

4.Whatarethreedifferencesbetweensecondgenerationandthirdgenerationlanguages?

a.Threekeydifferencesareasfollows:

i.Thewordsusedinthelanguage:thirdgenerationlanguagesusemoreEnglishlikewordsthansecond
generationlanguages.

ii.Hardwarespecificity:thirdgenerationlanguagesarenotspecifictohardware,secondgeneration
languagesare.

iii.Learningcurve:thirdgenerationlanguagesareeasiertolearnanduse.

5.Whywouldanorganizationconsiderbuildingitsownsoftwareapplicationifitischeapertobuyone?

a.Theymaywishtobuildtheirowninordertohavesomethingthatisunique(differentfromtheircompetitors),
and/orsomethingthatmorecloselymatchestheirbusinessprocesses.Theyalsomaychoosetodothisiftheyhave
moretimeand/ormoremoneyavailabletodoit.

6.Whatisresponsivedesign?

a.Responsivedesignisamethodofdevelopingwebsitesthatallowsthemtobeviewedonmanydifferenttypesof
deviceswithoutlosingcapabilityoreffectiveness.Witharesponsivewebsite,imagesresizethemselvesbasedonthe
sizeofthedevicesscreen,andtextflowsandsizesitselfproperlyforoptimalviewing.

7.WhatistherelationshipbetweenHTMLandCSSinwebsitedesign?

a.WhileHTMLisusedtodefinethecomponentsofawebpage,cascadingstylesheets(CSS)areusedtodefinethe
stylesofthecomponentsonapage.

8.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthepilotimplementationmethodologyandtheparallelimplementationmethodology?
 a.Thepilotmethodologyimplementsnewsoftwareforjustonegroupofpeoplewhiletherestoftheusersusethe
previousversionofthesoftware.Theparallelimplementationmethodologyusesboththeoldandthenew
applicationsatthesametime.

9.Whatischangemanagement?

a.Theoversightofthechangesbroughtaboutinanorganization.

10.Whatarethefourdifferentimplementationmethodologies?

a.directcutover,pilot,parallel,phased

Chapter11

1.Whatdoesthetermglobalizationmean?

a.Globalizationreferstotheintegrationofgoods,services,andculturesamongthenationsoftheworld.

2.HowdoesFriedmandefinethethreeerasofglobalization?

a.Thethreeerasareasfollows:

i.Globalization1.0occurredfrom1492untilabout1800.Inthisera,globalizationwascenteredaround
countries.Itwasabouthowmuchhorsepower,windpower,andsteampoweracountryhadandhow
creativelyitwasdeployed.Theworldshrankfromsizelargetosizemedium.

ii.Globalization2.0occurredfromabout1800until2000,interruptedonlybythetwoWorldWars.Inthis
era,thedynamicforcedrivingchangewascomprisedofmultinationalcompanies.Theworldshrankfrom
sizemediumtosizesmall.

iii.Globalization3.0isourcurrentera,beginningintheyear2000.Theconvergenceofthepersonal
computer,fiberopticInternetconnections,andsoftwarehascreatedaflatworldplatformthatallows
smallgroupsandevenindividualstogoglobal.Theworldhasshrunkfromsizesmalltosizetiny.

3.Whichtechnologieshavehadthebiggesteffectonglobalization?

a.Thereareseveralanswerstothis.ProbablythemostobviousaretheInternet,thegraphicalinterfaceofWindows
andtheWorldWideWeb,andworkflowsoftware.

4.Whataresomeoftheadvantagesbroughtaboutbyglobalization?

a.Advantagesincludetheabilitytolocateexpertiseandlaboraroundtheworld,theabilitytooperate24hoursa
day,andalargermarketforproducts.

5.Whatarethechallengesofglobalization?

a.Challengesincludeinfrastructuredifferences,laborlawsandregulations,legalrestrictions,anddifferent
languages,customs,andpreferences.

6.Whatdoesthetermdigitaldividemean?

a.Theseparationbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstotheglobalnetworkandthosewhodonot.Thedigitaldivide
canoccurbetweencountries,regions,orevenneighborhoods.

7.WhatareJakobNielsensthreestagesofthedigitaldivide?
 a.economic,usability,andempowerment

8.WhatwasoneofthekeypointsofTheRiseoftheNetworkSociety?

a.Therearetwokeypointstochoosefrom.Oneisthateconomicactivitywas,whenthebookwaspublishedin
1996,beingorganizedaroundthenetworksthatthenewtelecommunicationtechnologieshadprovided.Theotheris
thatthisnew,globaleconomicactivitywasdifferentfromthepast,becauseitisaneconomywiththecapacityto
workasaunitinrealtimeonaplanetaryscale.

9.WhichcountryhasthehighestaverageInternetspeed?Howdoesyourcountrycompare?

a.Accordingtothechartinthechapter,SouthKoreahasthehighestInternetspeeds.Studentswillneedtolookup
theirowntocompare.

10.WhatistheOLPCproject?Hasitbeensuccessful?

a.OneLaptopPerChild.Bymostmeasures,ithasnotbeenasuccessfulprogram.

Chapter12

1.Whatdoestheterminformationsystemsethicsmean?

a.Therearevariouswaysofansweringthisquestion,buttheanswershouldincludesomethingaboutthe
applicationofethicstothenewcapabilitiesandculturalnormsbroughtaboutbyinformationtechnology.

2.Whatisacodeofethics?Whatisoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofacodeofethics?

a.Acodeofethicsisadocumentthatoutlinesasetofacceptablebehaviorsforaprofessionalorsocialgroup.
Answersmaydifferforthesecondpart,butfromthetext:oneadvantageofacodeofethicsisthatitclarifiesthe
acceptablestandardsofbehaviorforaprofessionalgroup.Onedisadvantageisthatitdoesnotnecessarilyhave
legalauthority.

3.Whatdoesthetermintellectualpropertymean?Giveanexample.

a.Intellectualpropertyisdefinedasproperty(asanidea,invention,orprocess)thatderivesfromtheworkofthe
mindorintellect.

4.Whatprotectionsareprovidedbyacopyright?Howdoyouobtainone?

a.Copyrightprotectionsaddressthefollowing:whocanmakecopiesofthework,whocanmakederivativeworks
fromtheoriginalwork,whocanperformtheworkpublicly,whocandisplaytheworkpublicly,andwhocan
distributethework.Youobtainacopyrightassoonastheworkisputintotangibleform.

5.Whatisfairuse?

a.Fairuseisalimitationoncopyrightlawthatallowsfortheuseofprotectedworkswithoutpriorauthorizationin
specificcases.

6.Whatprotectionsareprovidedbyapatent?Howdoyouobtainone?

a.Onceapatentisgranted,itprovidestheinventorwithprotectionfromothersinfringingonthepatent.IntheUS,
apatentholderhastherighttoexcludeothersfrommaking,using,offeringforsale,orsellingtheinvention
throughouttheUnitedStatesorimportingtheinventionintotheUnitedStatesforalimitedtimeinexchangefor
 publicdisclosureoftheinventionwhenthepatentisgranted.Youobtainapatentbyfilinganapplicationwiththe
patentoffice.Apatentwillbegrantediftheworkisdeemedtobeoriginal,useful,andnonobvious.

7.Whatdoesatrademarkprotect?Howdoyouobtainone?

a.Atrademarkprotectsaword,phrase,logo,shape,orsoundthatidentifiesasourceofgoodsorservices.Youcan
obtainonebyregisteringwiththePatentandTrademarkOffice(US).Thereisalsoacommonlawtrademark.

8.Whatdoesthetermpersonallyidentifiableinformationmean?

a.Informationaboutapersonthatcanbeusedtouniquelyestablishthatpersonsidentityiscalledpersonally
identifiableinformation,orPII.

9.WhatprotectionsareprovidedbyHIPAA,COPPA,andFERPA?

a.Theanswersareasfollows:

i.HIPAA:protectsrecordsrelatedtohealthcareasaspecialclassofpersonallyidentifiableinformation.

ii.COPPA:protectsinformationcollectedfromchildrenundertheageofthirteen.

iii.FERPA:protectsstudenteducationalrecords.

10.HowwouldyouexplaintheconceptofNORA?

a.Therearevariouswaystoanswerthis.ThebasicansweristhatNORA(nonobviousrelationshipawareness)is
theprocessofcollectinglargequantitiesofavarietyofinformationandthencombiningittocreateprofilesof
individuals.

Chapter13

1.WhichcountriesarethebiggestusersoftheInternet?Socialmedia?Mobile?

a.Studentswillneedtolookoutsidethetextforthis,asitchangesallthetime.Therearealsodifferentwaysof
measurement:numberofusers,%ofpopulation,mostactiveusers,etc.SomegoodsitestouseareInternetWorld
Stats,Kissmetrics,andtheWorldBank.

2.WhichcountryhadthelargestInternetgrowth(in%)between2008and2012?

a.Iran,at205%

3.HowwillmostpeopleconnecttotheInternetinthefuture?

a.viamobiledevices

4.Whataretwodifferentapplicationsofwearabletechnologies?

a.TherearemanyanswerstothisquestiontwoexamplesareGoogleGlassandJawboneUP.

5.Whataretwodifferentapplicationsofcollaborativetechnologies?

a.Therearemanyanswerstothistwoexamplesaresoftwarethatroutesustoourdestinationintheshortest
amountoftime,andwebsitesthatreviewdifferentcompanies.

6.Whatcapabilitiesdoprintabletechnologieshave?
 a.Using3Dprinters,designerscanquicklytestprototypesorbuildsomethingasaproofofconcept.Printable
technologiesalsomakeitpossibletobringmanufacturingtothedesktopcomputer.

7.Howwilladvancesinwirelesstechnologiesandsensorsmakeobjectsfindable?

a.Advancesinwirelesstechnologiesandsensorswillallowphysicalobjectstosendandreceivedataabout
themselves.

8.Whatisenhancedsituationalawareness?

a.Datafromlargenumbersofsensorscangivedecisionmakersaheightenedawarenessofrealtimeevents,
particularlywhenthesensorsareusedwithadvanceddisplayorvisualizationtechnologies.

9.Whatisananobot?

a.Ananobotisarobotwhosecomponentsareonthescaleofaboutananometer.

10.WhatisaUAV?

a.Anunmannedaerialvehicleasmallairplaneorhelicopterthatcanflywithoutapilot.UAVsarerunby
computerorremotecontrol.

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