Workshop Day1

Applied Reservoir Simulation
Course
Workshop Problems
Reservoir Simulation Application Training
Schlumberger Public
Course
and (Eclipse) Workshop
GeoQuest Training and Development,
And NExT
Denver and Houston
March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 1

Outline of Workshop Problems
Problem 1:
A. IMPES and Implicit Comparison
B. Time Truncation Tests
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C. Numerical Dispersion

2. Problem 2:
A. Water Coning Critical Coning Rate
B. Water Influx History Matching Kh
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C. Water Coning
I. History Matching Kv
II. Creation of Pseudo Krw in Coarse Grid to
Match Coning
D. Vertical Equilibrium Comparison

3. Problem 3: History Matching

Primary Production
A. Sensitivity Simulations
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B. History Match
C. Predictions

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Problem 1

Problem 1 Part A: IMPES Fully
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Implicit Comparison Coarse Grid
IMPES Sub-directory

Reservoir Details
We have a linear reservoir 5000 x 100

x 30 feet. Grid is 50 x 1 x 1
Water injector at one end and
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producer at other end
Two phase (oil-water) system
Oil viscosity = 2 cp and water
viscosity = 0.5 cp
Simulate 2000 days.

FloViz View
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Choice in Solution of the
Equations
IMPES Implicit Pressure Explicit
Saturation
Linear problem smaller
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Through put limitations: 5 10% PV
Stability problems
Timestep size - small

Choice in Solution of the
Equations
Fully Implicit
Unconditionally Stable large timesteps
Timesteps controlled by time truncation
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error
Few long timesteps

Comparison IMPES and Fully
Implicit Solution
Amount of Numerical Dispersion
(Error) in the results
Work to obtain solution
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Number of linear iterations
Number of non-linear (Newton)
iterations
CPU time per time step
Total CPU time

Iteration Process in Reservoir
Simulation
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Example of linear
and non-linear
iteration process:
4 non-linear
iterations Usually a non-linear iteration
requires 10 to 30 linears to
converge pressure and saturations

Data Set Names
IMPES.DATA uses IMPES solution
FULLIMP.DATA uses fully implicit
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solution
Location sub-directory:
Problem 1/IMPES

View Results: Comparison
Oil Production Rate

Production Water Cut
Map of Water Saturations
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At 500 Days
At 1000 Days
Number of Linear Iterations in Each
Timestep
Sum of Linear Iterations

View Results: Comparison
Newton (non-linear) Iterations in

each timestep
Sum of Newton Iteration
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Timestep Length
Note: Fully Implicit takes 31 timesteps
IMPES takes 207 timesteps
CPU Time Per Timestep
Total CPU Time

Your Task
View the .data sets

Difference IMPES (in Schedule
Section) Fully Implicit (E100 Default)
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Run the data sets with ECLIPSE 100
Plot the results
Study the results and answer the
following questions

Questions
Which technique takes more linear

iterations per timestep?
Which technique takes more Newton
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iterations per timestep?
Which technique requires more work
to solve the simulation?
Why?
We will discuss the results in class.

Problem 1 Part A: IMPES Fully
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Implicit Comparison Fine Grid
IMPES 2 Sub-directory

Reservoir Details
We have the same reservoir, fluids,

etc. except that now we will sub-
divide the grid into 2000 blocks in the
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x-direction instead of the previous
50.
The length of the grid blocks are now

2.5 feet instead of the previous
length of 100 feet.

Run and Compare Results
Run the IMPES.DATA and

FULLIMP.DATA in the IMPES2 sub-
directory and run Graf in the IMPES2
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sub-directory.
With these smaller grid blocks the

problem is numerically more difficult,
but the numerical dispersion is less.

Questions
Answer the same questions from the

previous part.
Note the differences in the IMPES
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and Fully Implicit runs.
Magnitude of the numerical dispersion in
the water cut, etc.
Instabilities in the IMPES run.
Number of linear and non-linear iterations
Sum of the linear and non-linear
Total CPU time for these cases.

Conclusion
For a blackoil simulation with

ECLIPSE we will prefer to use the
default solution Fully Implicit since
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the results are much more stable and
the CPU time is less.

Problem 1 Part B: Time Truncation
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Test: Quarter 5-Spot Water Flood

Time Truncation Error
We have the accumulation term in

our equations, for example
So

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t B o
When it is discretized we get terms
as follows S on+1 - S on
( x y z ) i

B w i t i
(1 - S oi ) P o in+1 - P o in
- ( x y z )i (1 )C f
B wi t
d (1/ B w )i P on+1 - P on P cow n+1 - P cow n

+ i (1 - S oi )
-
d p t t i

Time Truncation Error
This discretization process yields

and error that is
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O(t)
in the solution of the equations.
This error is called Time Truncation
Error

Simulation Situation
11x11x1 quarter 5-spot involving

water injection
Diagonal Grid
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1452 x 1452 x 50 meter flow field
K = 830 mD, = 0.17
Water Injector on water rate control
Producer on liquid rate control
Simulate 3660 days

Grid
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Time stepping
Three data sets are provided with
different time stepping regimes
maxts.data initial timestep = 10 days,
grows to max timestep = 183 days, 53
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total timesteps
smallts.data Initial timestep = 1 day,
max timestep = 10 days, 389 total
timesteps
mints.data Initial timestep = 1 day,
maximum timestep = 1 day, 3666 total
timesteps

Questions to Consider While
Viewing the Results
What is the effect of solving the flow
field with a few large timesteps?
What is the most accurate solution?
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Which solution requires the most
CPU time?
Given a balance between CPU time
and errors in the solution which
time stepping system would you
prefer?
Results to be Viewed with Graf
Timestep length
Water cut effect of time truncation
error
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Oil production rate effect of time
truncation error
Water saturation maps
CPU time per timestep
Total CPU time

Your Task
View the .data sets

Difference in the TUNING Keyword
timestep control
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Run the data sets with ECLIPSE 100
Plot the results
Study the results and answer the
following questions
We will discuss the results in class

My New Computer and ECLIPSE
2004a runs so fast has trouble
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storing timestep lengths
Following are results from old

Pentium III computer

CPU Time per Timestep in
Seconds
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Total CPU Time
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Problem 1 Part C: Numerical
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Dispersion: Radial Model with Gas
Coning

Numerical Dispersion
Definition: The error that occurs as

we discritize the partial differential
equations on a grid to create the
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finite difference equations.

Finite Difference Approximations
to First Derivatives
forward difference
f f (x + x) f (x)
=
x x
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Error term:
x f x f 2 2 3
.....
2! x 2
3! x 3
forward error

Objective
To see the effect of number of grid

block on a simulation model, a 2-D
radial (r, z) model was set up
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The reservoir has constant
properties; see data set RAD4.DATA
(rad4.data)

Description
Metric Units
Oil, Water, Gas, Dissolved Gas
The reservoir is 200 meters thick with
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the top 50 meters in the gas cap
Flat Top at 2950 meters
The width (radius) of the model is
500 meters

Description
The well is completed in the bottom

50 meters of the model
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The oil production rate is set at 6000
Sm3 / day

Description
The flow field was sub-divided into grids
that were 4x1x4, 8x1x8, 16x1x16, 32x1x32
and 64x1x64 blocks
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The well completions are located in the
proper layers so that the simulation
problems are identical except for the nr
and nz (number of grid blocks in the r and
z directions) values

Data Sets Provided
Five data sets are provided for you:
RAD4.DATA 4x1x4 grid
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128 x 1 x 128 grid takes half a day to
run so not provided
Creation of the Radial Grid
Spacing
In ECLIPSE radial grid
Have the option of letting simulator

calculate the radial grid spacing
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Required input: INRAD internal (well)
radius and OUTRAD outside radius and
NR number of grid blocks in the radial
direction
ECLIPSE will then calculate the radial grid

spacing with exponential growth
Equations for Calculating
Exponential Growth Grid Spacing
The outer cell radius for cells
logarithmically spaced can be
calculated by: ni
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ni re r nc
ri = rw exp ln ri = rw
e
n
c r
w OR
rw
ri = outer radius of cell i

rw = well radius
re = external radius
nc = number of cells
ni = number of cell i
Creation of the Radial Grid
Spacing
For our case:
INRAD = 0.22 meters
OUTRAD = 500 meters
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The r results for the 5 grids follow

r Values for NR = 4 Increasing
Exponentially
Next to the well
1.299 8.969 61.928 427.584
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Outer most grid block

Exponentially
Next to the well
0.358 0.941 2.472 6.497 17.071
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44.857 117.868 309.716

Exponentially
Next to the well
0.137 0.221 0.359 0.582
0.943 1.529 2.479 4.018
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6.513 10.558 17.114 27.742
44.971 72.897 118.167 191.549

Exponentially
Next to the well
0.060 0.077 0.097 0.124 0.158 0.201 0.256 0.326
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0.415 0.528 0.673 0.856 1.090 1.388 1.768 2.250
2.865 3.648 4.645 5.913 7.529 9.586 12.204
15.538 19.783 25.187 32.068
40.829 51.983 66.184 84.265 107.285

Next to the well Exponentially
0.0282 0.0319 0.0360 0.0406 0.0458 0.0516 0.0583 0.0658
0.0742 0.0837 0.0945 0.1066 0.1203 0.1357 0.1531
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0.1728 0.1950 0.2200 0.2482 0.2801 0.3161 0.3566 0.4024
0.4540 0.5123 0.5781 0.6523 0.7360 0.8305 0.9371
1.0574 1.1931 1.3462 1.5190 1.7140 1.9340 2.1822 2.4623
2.7784 3.1350 3.5374 3.9914 4.5037 5.0818 5.7341
6.4701 7.3006 8.2376 9.2950 10.4880 11.8342 13.3532 15.067
17.0012 19.1834 21.6457 24.4240 27.5590 31.0963 35.0877
39.5914 44.6732 50.4073 56.8773

z Values for the 4 Grids
nz = 4 z = 50 meters
nz = 8 z = 25 meters
nz = 16 z = 12.5 meters
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nz = 32 z = 6.25 meters
nz = 64 z = 3.125 meters

Grids for Radial Coning Problem
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64 x 1 x 64 Grid
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RAD4.DATA from FloViz
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Numerical Dispersion
Numerical Dispersion can occur in

both the r and z direction
By decreasing r and z the
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numerical dispersion from both
discretization errors will decrease

Your Task
View the 5 data sets with an editor

Run the 5 data sets with ECLIPSE
Plot the results
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Analyze the effect of numerical
dispersion on the Gas-Oil Ratio
We will discuss the results in class

Results with 128x1x128 Grid
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Question?
Which refinement is more important?

Refinement in the radial direction?
OR refinement in the vertical direction?
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For this gas coning situation?

To Answer the Question
We assume that the 64 x 1 x 64

numerical is close to the solution.
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We will run two cases:
radial-fine.data refined in the radial
direction only 64 x 1 x 8 grid
vertical-fine.data refined in the vertical
direction only 8 x 1 x 64 grid

Guess Which Refinement is More
Important
Before you run the 2 cases try to
estimate / guess which refinement
case will be closer to the 64 x 1 x 64
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very fine grid results.
Then run the cases, plot with fine.grf
Did you guess correctly?

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End of Workshop Problem 1

Workshop Day1

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Applied Reservoir Simulation

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 1

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 2

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 3

3. Problem 3: History Matching

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 4

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 5

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 6

We have a linear reservoir 5000 x 100

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 7

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 9

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 10

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 11

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 12

IMPES.DATA uses IMPES solution

FULLIMP.DATA uses fully implicit

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 13

Oil Production Rate

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 14

Newton (non-linear) Iterations in

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 15

View the .data sets

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 16

Which technique takes more linear

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 17

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 18

We have the same reservoir, fluids,

The length of the grid blocks are now

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 19

Run the IMPES.DATA and

With these smaller grid blocks the

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 20

Answer the same questions from the

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 21

For a blackoil simulation with

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 22

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 23

We have the accumulation term in

d (1/ B w )i P on+1 - P on P cow n+1 - P cow n

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 24

This discretization process yields

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 25

11x11x1 quarter 5-spot involving

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 26

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 28

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 30

View the .data sets

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 31

Following are results from old

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 32

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 35

Definition: The error that occurs as

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 36

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 37

To see the effect of number of grid

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 38

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 39

The well is completed in the bottom

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 40

March 06 Applied Reseervoir Simulation Day 1 41

RAD4.DATA 4x1x4 grid

Have the option of letting simulator

ECLIPSE will then calculate the radial grid

ri = outer radius of cell i