One-Terminal Impedance Fault Location Algorithm

for Single Phase to Earth Fault of Transmission Line

Yang Cheng, Jiale Suonan, Guobing Song, Xiaoning Kang
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
Xian Jiaotong University
Xian, China
xjtu_cyang@yeah.net

AbstractConsidering that the single-phase to earth fault is the
main fault type on overhead transmission lines, the single-phase
reclosure (SPR) scheme is applied widely to improve the stability
of power system in China. Utilizing one-terminal post-fault
measurements before the faulty phase is tripped and the
measurements of the sound phases when the tripped faulty phase
is waiting for SPR, the fault resistance and remote end source
impedances can be calculated exactly, and a novel one-terminal
impedance fault location algorithm based on SPR for the single-
phase to earth fault is presented. By using Alternative Transient
Program (ATP), a distributed parameter line model based on the
real transmission system parameters is employed for
demonstrating the effectiveness of the new method, and the
simulation results have shown the good performance of the
proposed algorithm.
transmission lines; fault location; relaying protectio; single-
phase reclosure; ultra-high voltage
I. INTRODUCTION
Prompt and accurate fault location in a large-scale
transmission system can accelerate the system restoration,
reduce the outage time and improve the system reliability [1-2].
Fault location techniques are classified into two categories
depending on their basic essence. Using travelling waves
propagation in protection was first proposed by Dommel and
Michels in 1978 to detect transmission line faults [3]. Then
other papers were published to employ this technique for fault
location [4-8]. Although, travelling wave based schemes
provide a fast tool for fault detection and present a solution for
the fault location problem, some shortcomings arise in these
schemes. The propagation can be remarkably affected by the
system parameters and the network configuration. Another
difficulty arises for faults near to the buses or for those faults
occurring at near zero voltage inception angle [9].
The second category of fault location methods is the
impedance-based method, which use fundamental frequency
phasors via normal installed measuring transducers. The
impedance location methods constitute the class most
commonly used in practice due to its simplicity and low cost.
The present impedance fault location methods are classified
into two categories considering the measurements they use.
Initially, one-terminal algorithms using local voltages and
currents are proposed in [10-12], which have no requirements
for communication channels to transmit the data from the
remote end to the local end. However, such techniques require
the use of mathematical assumptions in order to eliminate the
effect of the fault resistance, which can result in a high fault
location error if the assumed conditions are not verified.
Reference [13] presents an approach using prefault and fault
current phasors at one end of the line for estimating the fault
location assuming the source impedances to be available.
However, the values of source impedance are not practically
available for all situations. In order to improve the accuracy of
impedance-based methods, two terminal impedance fault
location approaches have been proposed, which use phasors of
the local and remote terminals either synchronized [14-15] or
not [16-19]. As a general conclusion, the better performance of
two-terminal algorithms in comparison to one-terminal
algorithms has been emphasized. However, most commercial
types of fault location systems are built based on one-terminal
algorithm [20-23]. That is mainly due to the extra-requirements
associated with two terminals algorithms including
synchronization and communication between both ends.
According to practical experiences, more than 90% of the
faults on Extra High Voltage (EHV) or Ultra High Voltage
(UHV) transmission lines are single phase earth faults, and
80% of the single phase earth fault is not permanent [24]. SPR
scheme is applied widely on EHV/UHV transmission lines in
order to improve the stability and synchronization of power
system in China [25]. Present one-terminal impedance fault
location methods use only the measurements before the faulty
line is tripped, and the accurate location is based on some
simplified assumptions. In this paper, as for the single phase to
earth fault of transmission lines with SPR scheme, a new one-
terminal impedance fault location algorithm combining the
information measured before and after the faulty phase is
tripped to give a precise location is proposed. The new method
has no requirements of some simplified assumptions such as
homogeneous system, the real distribution factor of fault
current and the known remote source impedances. ATP
simulation studies have shown quite encouraging results.
Section II presents the proposed method. The evaluation
studies are reported in Section III, followed by the conclusion.

978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 2010 IEEE

 II. PROPOSED METHOD FOR FAULT LOCATION Z s and Z m are respectively the self-impedance and the mutual
Section II-A presents the basic idea of the impedance fault impedance of the full line.
location method. Section II-B analyzes the situation of the According to the symmetrical components theory,
transmission line when the faulty phase is tripped. Section II- equation (3) can be rearranged as:
C and II-D describes the principle and the implementation of Z + Z sn 0 + Z L 0
the proposed fault location algorithm in detail. U fa = I fA PZ L1 + 3Im 0 sm 0 RF (4)
(1 P) Z L 0 + Z sn 0
A. Basic Idea of the One-terminal Impedance Fault Location
Method Where
Z Z L1 
Fig. 1 shows the single phase network of the two-terminal I fA = I fa + L 0 I m0
system during the fault. Z L1
Zsm U m ZLm ZLn Un Z sn Z L1 represents the positive sequence series impedance of full
line;
Im In
Z L 0 represents the zero-sequence series impedance of full
E m E n line;
Im 0 represents the zero-sequence current phasor calculated at
Fig. 1 Two-terminal faulty transmission system
local terminal m before the faulty phase A is tripped;
The voltage sources E m and E n with series Z sn 0 represents the equivalent zero-sequence source
impedances Z sm and Z sn are the Thevenin equivalents of the impedance of remote terminal n;
circuits connected at each line terminal. RF is the fault Z sm 0 represents the equivalent zero-sequence source
impedance of local terminal m, which can be calculated on-
resistance at the fault point F. U m , Im and U n , In are the
phasor measurements at the local terminal m and the remote
U fa + U fb + U fc
line as: Z sm 0 = .
terminal n respectively.Z Lm and Z Ln are the equivalent series I + I + I
fa fb fc

impedance of the line segment mF and nF. I represents the F

Although Z L1 and Z L 0 are usually known line-parameters,
fault current phasor at the fault point. From Fig. 1, the voltage three parameters of P , RF and Z sn 0 are all unknown in
drop from the local terminal m of the line is: practice. So one-terminal impedance fault location algorithms
U m = Im Z Lm + IF RF (1) based on equation (4) can not achieve an accurate location
According to equation (1), the apparent impedance seen by without some simplified assumptions.
looking into the line from local terminal m can be calculated B. The Analysis of the Transmission Line with a Tripped
as: Faulty Phase
U m I As for the transmission line with SPR scheme, the faulty
= Z Lm + F RF (2) phase will be tripped, if a single phase to earth fault occurs.
Im Im
Fig. 2 shows the network of the two-terminal transmission
All impedance fault location algorithms are based on system with a tripped faulty phase.
equation (2). In practice, as for the phase A to earth fault
U mC UnC
occurring at a transposed transmission line, the voltage drop
from the local terminal m of the faulty line is: Z sm ImC InC  Z sn
UmB U nB
U fa = I fa PZ s + I fb PZ m + I fc PZ m + IF RF (3) ImB InB
E m E n
Where UmA U nA
U fa , U fb and U fc represent the post-fault voltage phasor of Fig.2 Two-terminal transmission system with a tripped faulty phase
each phase measured at local terminal m before the faulty U mA , U mB , U mC and U nA , U nB , U nC are the voltage
phase A is tripped;
phasors of two terminal buses respectively. ImB , ImC and
I fa , I fb and I fc represent respectively the post-fault current
I , I are the current phasors measured at two terminals
nB nC
phasors of each phase measured at local terminal m before the
faulty phase A is tripped; respectively. The other notations in Fig. 2 are the same as ones
P represents the ratio of fault distance from fault point to in Fig. 1.
local terminal over full length; The current of two terminals can be expressed as follows:
 ImB = InB ImC = InC 5 Z sm 2 represents the equivalent negative sequence source
The voltage drop from the local terminal m to the remote impedance of local terminal m, which can be calculated on-
terminal n is: U fa + a 2U fb + aU fc
U nB = U mB ImB Z s ImC Z m line as: Z sm 2 = .
6
I + a 2 I + aI
fa fb fc
U nC = U mC ImC Z s ImB Z m 7
Considering that the negative sequence current I f 0 is
The negative sequence components of terminal n can be
calculated as: equal to the zero-sequence current I f 2 at the single-phase to
U n 2 = (U nA + a 2U nB + aU nC ) / 3 8 earth fault point, the following equation is obtained:
Z + Z sn 0 + Z L 0  Z sm 2 + Z sn 2 + Z L1
I = (a 2 I + aI ) / 3
n2 nB nC 9 Im 0 sm 0 = Im2 (17)
Where (1 P) Z L 0 + Z sn 0 (1 P ) Z L1 + Z sn 2
o Considering that equation (17) gives another relationship
a = e j120
The zero-sequence components of terminal n can be
of parameters P , Z sn 2 and Z sn 0 , we put equation (4), (14) and
calculated as: (17) together in a set as follows:
U n 0 = (U nA + U nB + U nC ) / 3 10 (InC + InB )Zsn0 (a2 1)U nB (a 1)U nC
Z sn 2 = (14
I = ( I + I ) / 3 11 a2 InB + aInC
n0 nB nC
As for the remote terminal n, the equivalent zero-sequence Z + Z sn 0 + Z L 0  Z sm 2 + Z sn 2 + Z L1
Im 0 sm 0 = Im2 (17)
source impedance Z sn 0 and the negative sequence source (1 P) Z L 0 + Z sn 0 (1 P ) Z L1 + Z sn 2
impedance Z sn 2 of can be derived based on the following: Z + Z sn 0 + Z L 0
U fa = I fA PZ L1 + 3Im 0 sm 0 RF 4
U n 0 = I Z (12) (1 P) Z L 0 + Z sn 0
n 0 sn 0
Rearranging the set of equations above leads to:
U n 2 = In 2 Z sn 2 (13)
A1Z sn 2 + A2 Z sn 0 + A3 = 0 18
Substituting equations (8-11) into equations (12-13) and
rearranging these equations leads to: B1Z sn 2 Z sn 0 + B2 Z sn 2 + B3 Z sn 0 + B4 PZ sn 2
( InC + InB ) Z sn 0 (a 1)U nB (a 1)U nC
2
+ B5 PZ sn 0 + B6 P + B7 = 0 (19)
Z sn 2 = (14)
a 2 InB + aInC 2
C1 P + C2 PZ sn 0 + C3 P + C4 Z sn 0
Based on equations (5-7), equation (14) can be calculated
using measurements of the local terminal m. So the
+C5 Z sn 0 RF + C6 RF + C7 = 0 (20)
Utilizing the local terminal datum from Digital Fault
relationship between Z sn 2 and Z sn 0 is obtained according to
Recorder (DFR), the coefficients of equations (18-20) can be
equation (14). calculated as follows:
C. The Principle of the One-terminal Impedance Fault ImB + ImC
Location for Single Phase to Earth Fault on Transmission A1 = 1 A2 = ,
Lines with SPR a ImB + aImC
2

Since Z sn 0 need to be known for the precise fault location (1 a 2 )(U mB ImB Z s ImC Z m )
A3 =
by equation (4), another equation of Z sn 2 and Z sn 0 is 3(a 2 I + aI )
mB mC

necessary to solve Z sn 0 besides equation (14). (1 a )(U mC ImC Z s ImB Z m )

+ ;
Based on the fault current distribution principle, the 3(a 2 ImB + aImC )
negative sequence current and zero-sequence current
I
measured at local terminal m can be derived as follows: B1 = m 2 1 B2 = B1Z L 0 Z sm 0 B5 = Z L1
(1 P) Z L1 + Z sn 2  I m0
Im 2 = If2 15
Z sm 2 + Z sn 2 + Z L1 Im 2 I
B3 = B1Z L1 + Z sm 2 B4 = m 2 Z L 0
(1 P) Z L 0 + Z sn 0  Im 0 Im 0
Im 0 = If0 16
Z sm 0 + Z sn 0 + Z L 0
Where
 Im 2 application of the proposed fault location algorithm. So the
B6 = Z L1 ( Z sm 2 + Z L 0 ) Z L 0 ( Z sm 2 + Z L1 ) , influence of initial values is studied in Section III.
Im 0
III. SIMULATION TEST
I
B7 = B1Z L1Z L 0 + m 2 Z L 0 Z sm 2 Z sm 0 Z L1 ; This section presents the case studies demonstrating the
Im 0 effectiveness of the proposed fault location method. All test
cases are prepared using ATP program including different
C1 = I fA Z L1 Z L 0 C2 = I fA Z L1 C4 = U fa ,
situations of faults. For each test case, the samples of voltage
C = ( I Z Z + U Z ) C = 3I ,
3 fA L1 L0 fa L0 5 m0
and current at local terminal are extracted and then fed to
MATLAB software, which is employed for building the
C6 = 3Im 0 ( Z sm 0 + Z L 0 ) C7 = U fa Z L 0 . required algorithms for fault location.
Observing the set of non-linear equations (18-20) above, A. The Test of Effectiveness
there are four parameters ( P , RF , Z sn 2 and Z sn 0 ) in it. Based on parameters of a real Chinese EHV transposed
Equating the real and imaginary parts of the equations, six transmission system, a 100km long 500Kv distributed
parameters ( P , RF , the resistance and reactance parts of Z sn 2 , parameter line is modeled to test the effectiveness of the
proposed method. Model parameters are as follows:
the resistance and reactance parts of Z sn 0 ) can be solved from Local terminal zero-sequence and negative sequence source
the six equations via a numerical method. impedances:
Thus, as for the single phase to earth fault, a new one- Zsm0 = j41.34 , Z sm 2 = j 49.36 ;
terminal impedance fault location method based on SPR is
Remote terminal zero-sequence and negative sequence source
proposed, which takes the fault resistance, sources impedances
impedances:
of remote end and fault location as unknown parameters, and
estimates the values of these parameters exactly by solving a Zsn0 = j103.36 , Z sn 2 = j 46.03 ;
set of non-linear equations. Since the fault location has no The compensation degree of shunt reactor used to prevent
requirement of real time, the cost of solving nonlinear over-voltage: 70%.
equations is not a problem. Considering that Newton-Raphson Transmission line parameters:
method has been proved to be effective to solve nonlinear
equations in time domain for fault location [26], the same
r1 = 0.0195 / km r0 = 0.1675 / km ;
method is applied in the simulation studies of this paper. x1 = j 0.287 / km x0 = j 0.8542 / km ;
D. The Implementation of the Proposed Method c1 = 0.014 F / km c0 = 0.083 F / km .
As to the single phase to earth fault occurring on the
A single phase to earth fault with 50 fault resistance
transmission lines with SPR, the proposed fault location
has been simulated at different locations on the transmission
algorithm can be implemented as follows:
line. The initial values of the proposed algorithm are chosen as
1) Affirm the fault type is the single phase to earth fault
follows:
and SPR scheme has been applied correctly;
2) Read post-fault datum of local terminal from DFR, and P = 0.5 , RF = 150 , considering the fault resistance of
extract the fundamental frequency phasors; 500Kv lines is usually less than 300in practice [27].
3) Utilize the extracted phasors to calculate the
Zsn0 =15 + j60 and Z sn 2 = 10 + j 30 , as far as the
coefficients of non-linear equations (18-20), and solve the
fault location from the non-linear equations based on some usual values of the remote terminal source impedances are
numerical method. concerned particularly.
So far, the algorithm and implementation of the new one- The estimated results ( P , RF , Z sn 2 and Z sn 0 ) of the
terminal impedance fault location method based on SPR have
proposed method are reported in Table I.
been presented. TABLE I
Since the new algorithm belongs to the impedance fault TEST RESULTS OF DIFFERENT LOCATION
location method, the principle is based on transmission lines Fault Location Estimated results
R-L model which is not suitable for long lines. The influence (km)
of distributed capacitance and shunt reactance are negnectable P RF Z sn 2 Z sn 0
for transmission lines that are not too long. 5 0.055 51.3 1.8+47j 6.1+105j
On the other hand, Newton-Raphson method is chosen to
30 0.303 54.2 1.4+46j 5.2+104j
realize the proposed fault location algorithm in this paper.
However, the numerical method is sensitive to initial values 60 0.588 54.4 2.7+46j 7.4+103j

( P , RF , Z sn 2 and Z sn 0 ), which might degrade the 90 0.891 51.1 2.4+46j 6.7+102j

 Table I evinces that the new method has an accurate Location 103.36j 123.36j 15+103j 10+83j
estimate of fault resistance, the remote end source impedance (km)
besides fault location, wherever the fault occurs on the line. 5 6.7 6.4 8.7 8.8
Table II shows the results of the new method when the fault 29.9 29.6 33.5
30 33.5
occurs at 30km far from the local terminal with different
56.3 56.3 62.4
voltage inception angles. 60 63.1
TABLE II 90 80.5 81.6 96.9 91
TEST RESULTS OF DIFFERENT INCEPTION ANGLE
Inception Angle Estimated results TABLE V
(Degree) FAULT LOCATION RESULTS OF METHOD B WITH VARIOUS NETWORK
P RF Z sn 2 Z sn 0 CIRCUMSTANCES
Fault
0 0.300 50.3 1.1+46j 4.5+103j
Location
Z sn 0 (ohm)
30 0.303 54.2 1.4+46j 5.2+104j
(km) 103.36j 123.36j 15+103j 10+83j
60 0.289 51.1 1.4+47j 5.2+104j
5 5.5 4.6 4.8 4.9
90 0.288 50.6 1.4+47j 5.0+104j
30 30.3 28.8 29.4 29.5
According to Table II, the new method always has good
estimate results, whenever the fault occurs on the line. The 60 58.8 57.1 58.3 58.1
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is almost immune to 90 89.1 85.3 87.4 89.4
the fault inception angle. By comparing Table IV with Table V, the results of the
B. The Test of Initial Values conventional method A are more sensitive to the varying of
As for the fault at various locations, the fault location the remote end network. However, the proposed method
estimate of the new method with different initial values is always has a good estimate of fault location under varying
shown in Table III. circumstances. In addition, a single phase to earth fault at
TABLE III 30km far from the local terminal is simulated with different
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS WITH VARIOUS INITIAL VALUES fault resistances and the remote end circumstances. Results of
Fault method A and B are shown in Table VI and Table VII
Location
RF (ohm)
respectively.
(km) 5 50 150 300 TABLE VI
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS OF METHOD A WITH VARIOUS FAULT
5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 CIRCUMSTANCES
Fault
30 30.3 30.3 30.3 30.3
Resistance
Z sn 0 (ohm)

60 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8

(ohm) 103.36j 123.36j 15+103j 10+83j
90 89.1 89.1 89.1 89.1
5 29.5 29.7 29.8 29.6
Observing Table III, the same result is achieved applying
50 29.9 29.6 33.5 33.5
the proposed method with different initial values. It
demonstrates that the proposed method has a good adaptability 100 29.8 29.3 36.2 36
to the fault, and the new location algorithm is not initial-values 150 29.6 29.1 38.1 38
sensitive enough to degrade its application in practice.
TABLE VII
C. Comparing Test FAULT LOCATION RESULTS OF METHOD B WITH VARIOUS FAULT
As for the present one-terminal impedance fault location CIRCUMSTANCES
methods, the accurate fault location is based on some Fault
Z sn 0 (ohm)
simplified assumption which might not be in accordance with Resistance
the circumstances in real field. The conventional one-terminal (ohm) 103.36j 123.36j 15+103j 10+83j
impedance fault location method A [12] is chosen to compare
5 29.5 29.5 29.6 29.5
with the proposed method B of this paper under varying
network circumstances. The simulation results are shown in 50 30.3 28.8 29.4 29.5
Table IV and Table V. 100 28.1 27.8 28.8 28.9
TABLE IV
150 27 27.1 28.5 28.5
FAULT LOCATION RESULTS OF METHOD A WITH VARIOUS NETWORK
CIRCUMSTANCES Observing Table VI and VII, its obvious that fault
Fault resistance has adverse influence to both methods. Since the
Z sn 0 (ohm)
conventional method A is based on the simplified assumption
of real current distribution factor, the adverse influence of
fault resistance will increase the error of method A while the
real circumstance is far away from its assumption. However,
the proposed method B has better ability of defending fault
resistance under varying circumstances, which make it
expected to have a better adaptability in real field than the
conventional methods.
IV. CONCLUSION
Comparing to the present fault location algorithms using
only the pre-fault and post-fault measurements before the
faulty line is tripped; this paper demonstrates that the
information after the faulty line is tripped can be also utilized
to improve the precision of fault location. As for the single
phase to earth fault, a novel one-terminal impedance fault
location algorithm based on SPR is proposed in this paper.
Considering the fault resistance and source impedances as
unknown parameters, the fault location can be calculated
accurately without any simplified assumptions of present one-
terminal impedance methods. By using the simulation tool of
ATP, the distributed parameter transmission line is modeled
based on a real transmission network to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and the results are
quite encouraging.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the National Natural
Science Foundation Committee of China and Ph.D. Programs
Foundation of Ministry of Education of China, since this work
is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
under grant 50677051, 50877061 and Ph.D. Programs
Foundation of Ministry of Education of China under grant
20070698057.
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