ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

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ASTM Welding A403-A643

Carbon Low Alloy Steels.

Bar Plate and Pipe..

A Management & ALL ELECTRODE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE REQUIRE WELD QUALIFICATION BEFORE THE WELD CONSUMABLES ARE APPROVED.
Engineers Guide to MIG
Weld Quality,
Productivity and Costs Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an indication that pre heat interpass and post heat treatment is required for the welds

Fatigue:
The ability of a metal or weld to withstand repeated loads. Fatigue failures occur at stress levels less than the metal or weld yield strength. Some things that can influence fatigue failure:

Excess weld profiles.

Welds which cause undercut.

FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.

Lack of weld penetration.

Manual and Robotic (MIG) Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass temp controls.
Gas Metal Arc Welding
Book Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.
Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific location.
Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.

When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018 B3 electrodes are utilized.

Yield Tensile Preheat

Chemistry
Flux Cored and MIG weld Steels ksi ksi Description Post UNS
weld data
process controls MPa MPa heat
ASTM Austenitic
see pipe
403 Stainless Pipe
ASTM
Cr Mo pipe see pipe
405
ASTM Austenitic
see pipe
409 stainless pipe
ASTM pressure vessel
E8018-C3
A410 plate
Manual MIG Welding
Process Control
ASTM
412
(Also in Spanish) Stainless plate E308
grade 201
" Proceso de Soldadur -202
MIG Manual "
ASTM welded steel
413 chain general
Welding CD's Grade # purpose , low
30. Proof carbon steel
Coil not
grade # recommended
is for over head
strength lifts
welded steel
chain general
Robot MIG welding. Best
Weld Practices and purpose , low
A413
Process Controls carbon steel
Grade #
Stronger than
43. High
grade 30.Not
Test
recommended
for over head
lifts
welded steel
Manual MIG Welding. chain general
Best Weld Practices and purpose , low
A413
Process Controls carbon steel
Grade #
heat treated
70.
Stronger than
Transport
grade 43.Not
Binder
recommended
for over head
lifts
All grades except
Flux Cored Best Weld G
Practices and Process ASTM E60XX
Controls
A414 Flange and E70XX
A-B-C-D firebox sheet E70S-X
E-F-G E71T-1
Grade G
E7018-A1
Carbon stl and pre heat
ASTM 8018
nickel stl pipe 100 -
DVD Film "MIG Process 420 80S-D2
Controls Made Simple"
fittings 200F

Order these MIG Welding or

pre heat
ASTM
Flux Cored Training Low alloy tubes 100- 8018W
423
Materials Now 200F
E60XX
ASTM E70XX
Hot rolled strip
A425 E70S-X
E71T-1
pre heat
ASTM
Cr Mo Pipe 100 - see pipe
A426
600 F
ASTM Austenitic
see pipe
430 stainless pipe
AISI Quenched
ASTM
and tempered
A434
steel bars
Contact Alloy Rod
65-90
90-110 for special
A434-BB 448-
620-758 electrode
620
T4130
Contact Alloy Rod
for special
A434-BC 80-110 105-130
electrode
T4130
Preheat
100-
A434-BD 130-155 250 -
130
350F
E7018
ASTM High strength
E70S-X
A440 structural
E71T-1
carbon
0.22
Si 0.4max
Mn 0.85/1.25
High strength Preheat Cu
40-50 low alloy >25mm V 0.2
ASTM 60-70
275- structural steel 100F K1211 E7018
A441 413-482
344 used often for >50mm E70S-X
bridges 200F E71T-1
If weathering steel
unpainted
E8018-W
E80T1-W

SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength

E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

MIG E70S-3-6 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes from the ANSI/AWS A5.29.
1198 Specification Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

Tensile Tensile Yield Yield

AWS Classification
ksi MPa ksi Mpa
E6XTX-X-XM 60 - 80 410 - 550 50 340
E7XTX-X-XM 70 - 90 480 - 620 58 400
E8XTX-X-XM 80 - 100 550 - 690 68 470
E9XTX-X-XM 90 - 110 620 - 760 78 540
E10XTX-K9-K9M SEE SPEC 88 610
E70T-1
E71T-1
Second
Second
(M) means an argon mix req, 75 number
All DCEP number
to 80 argon balance CO2 0 = flat
1 = all
and
position
horizontal

Brittleness:
The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle. Preheat, inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to reduce the potential for brittleness.

Hardness test. The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a diamond pyramid (Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC) into the surface of a metallic material. The indentation is then measured.

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ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

Many manufactures of parts and equipment containing ASTM

steels do not use the recommended pre or post-heat
treatments.

The requirements for weld heat treatment is greatly

influenced by many factors, the application, the
governing specifications or codes, the plate condition,
plate thickness, the weld consumables the weld
procedures, the weld size and amount of welds required.

In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that it's not
necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the steel, (its
often better for the weld to have more ductility than the plate) and therefore
low hydrogen, highly ductile SMAW E7018 / E70S-3-6 MIG wires or E7XT-X flux
cored electrodes are used.

When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat treatment
recommendations are frequently eliminated, however from a weld quality
perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry, the base metal is
over 60 F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the weld area. Also
even when heat treatment is not used its frequently beneficial to not allow the
multi-pass inter-pass weld temperatures to exceed 250 F.

If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the metal

specifications ensure you use low hydrogen electrodes then,

(a) Establish the weld procedure.

(b) Qualify the weld and HAZ properties.
(c) Ensure the after weld and HAZ properties are compatible with the steel
specifications, ref grain size, hardness and strength.

PRE HEAT PROVIDED IN THESE CHARTS ALSO APPLIES

TO MINIMUM INTER-PASS TEMPERATURE

Welding alloy steels often may require unique weld or heat treat considerations. Compare the low alloy steels chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel. Remember this site is only a guide, weld responsibility starts with "you" First verify the weld consumable and then the material heat treat recommendations.

The yield strength, the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld without permanent deformation of the metal.

The tensile strength, "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs.

Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa

Lamellar Tearing:When welding, the weld shrinkage stresses impose tensile strains in the steel plate or on inclusions paralleled to the plate surface. The tensile strains can separate the inclusions causing cracks. Excessive strains can further elongate the cracks. Carbon, manganese and low alloy steels made at the mill with inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing. The potential for lamellar tearing increases with the amount of inclusions in the plates being welded. Of special concern is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate surface. More data in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through
thickness tension testing of steel plates.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Post Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
heat weld data
MPa MPa
carbon
Carbon steel pressure
0.22/0.24
vessel plate
Mn 0.6/1.1
ASTM > 30 55 - 75 CSA 300W-T
K02202 Si 0.15/0.4
A442-55 206 379-517 350W-T 350A-T
E7018
380W HSS
E70S-X
380WT- HSS
E71T-1
carbon
0.24/0.27
ASTM Preheat Mn 0.6/1.1
>32 60 - 80
A442- >0.26 carbon K02402 Si 0.15/0.4
220 413-551
605 >25mm 100F E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
Stainless castings 309
447
ASTM Galvanized E6010
A444 sheet E70S-3
ASTM Austenitic stainless
see pipe
451 pipe
ASTM see pipe
Stainless pipe
452 E308
<9.6mm <9.6mm
>37 carbon 0.33
75-95 preheat Si 0.10
carbon
9- High strength Mn
ASTM 9-13mm manganese steel for 0.26/0.3
13mm K03300 0.85/1.29
A455
>36 73-93 pressure vessel plates 100F E7018
>0.3 carb 200F E70S-X
>13mm >13mm E71T-1
>35 70-90

ASTM stainless plate sheet

E347
A457 strip
ASTM
stainless bars E347
A458
ASTM pre heat 100 to E8018 to
low alloy forgings
A469 400 F E1218
ASTM pre heat 100 to E8018 to
low alloy forgings
A470 400 F E1218
ASTM Austenitic Stainless
A473 forgings
ASTM austenitic stainless
E347
A477 forgings
pressure vessel
ASTM
austenitic stainless
A479
parts
ASTM steel castings
A486 highway bridges
preheat carbon
E7018
>0.2 <25mm
A486-70 E70S-X
100F >25mm
E71T-1
250F
A486-90 E808-B2
ASTM
A487 Casting for
other pressure service
grades
E7018-A1
check for pre/
A487-2N or
post heat req
E8018-B2
check for pre/ Flux cored
A487-4N
post heat req E4130
check for pre/ Flux cored
A487-6N
post heat req E4130
check for pre/ Flux cored
A487-7Q
post heat req E4130
check for pre/ E9018-B3
A487-8N
post heat req E90T5-B3
check for pre/ E9018-B3
A487-9N
post heat req E90T5-B3

When mill scale is a problem, what MIG or flux cored weld parameter needs to be changed and why? The solutions are in Ed's books.

STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:

STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE STRESS.

STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF REQUIREMENTS.

TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK TIME

SR HEAT & COOL RATE PER HOUR 400oF 204oC DIVIDE THICKER PART
ONE HOUR PER INCH OF THICKNESS
PARTS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES STRESS RELIEF CARBON STEELS 1100oF 593oC
SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF 24oC TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo
1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL SR 16% CHROME 430 STEEL
1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC 1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF 815oC
SR 9% NICKEL FOR 300 SERIES STAINLESS SR WILL
1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC RESULT IN CARBIDE PRECIPITATION
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES SR 400 SERIES CLAD STAINLESS
MAX SR 1050oF 566oC 1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF 732oC
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu NICKEL STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B 0
1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC 500oF 260oC 15 MIN

HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30 MIN

STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B
H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC 30 MIN

MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5% MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS AM100A

ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF 500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN

E-Mail Feb2007What affect does flame cutting API X-80 or 550 gr. pipe have on the HAZ? Is 6010 a good root pass rod for this material?

From Brian : It may be that all X-80 is not creaed equal: it could be seamless quench and tempered, or DSAW TMCP plate. We have had some seamless that had a high alloy content, with a very hard HAZ, and could be susceptable to hydrogen cracking - need to consider minimum preheat and would personally try to avoid any cellulosic rod such as that 6010, but that is just my own bias. The TMCP material we have used was marvelous - soft HAZ, low minimum preheat..wonderful in every way except price tag!

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM Bar and Wire depends on
A493 stainless grade
ASTM
Reinforcing wire 200 to 300 9018m
A496
ASTM E70S-3
carbon steel tube 100 -200F
A500 E7018

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ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

E7018
ASTM Forgings pressure
E70S-X
A508 vessels
E71T-1
ASTM austenitic
3xx series
A511 stainless tubes
ASTM E70S-3
carbon stl tubes
A512 E7018
ASTM carbon and low E70S-3
100 - 200F
A513 alloy steel tubes E7018
Quench and
> 90- tempered alloy
ASTM 100 100-130 steel plate High
A514 620- 689-896 yields. This spec
689 also applies to
ASTM A517
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn 0.8/1.1
Known as
A514-A K11856 Si 0.4/0.8
N-A-XTRA 100
Cr 0.5/0.8
Zr 0.5/0.15
B 0.0025
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn 1.0
Si 0.2/0.35
Known as Cr 0.4/0.64
A514-B K11630
T - 1 Type A MO 0.15/0.25
V 0.03/0.08
Ti0.01/0.03
B 0.0005
/0.005
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Known as Mn 1.1/1.5
A514-C K11511
JALLOY-S-100 Si 0.15/0.3
MO 0.2/0.3
B 0.001/0.005
Carbon
0.13/0.2
Mn 0.4/0.7
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 0.85/1.2
A514-D K11662
Mo0.15/0.25
Ti 0.04/0.1
Cu 0.4
B 0.0015
to 0.005
Carbon
0.12/0.2
Mn 0.4/0.7
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 1.4/2.0
A514-E K21604 Mo 0.4/0.6
Ti 0.04/0.1
Cu 0.2/0.4
B 0.0015
to 0.005
SSS-100
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 0.6/1
Si 0.15/0.35
Typically Called Cr 0.4/0.65
A514-F K11576
T-1 Steel Ni 0.7/1
Mo 0.4/0.6
V 0.03/0.08
Cu 0.15/0.5
B 0.006
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn 0.88/1.1
Si ?
A514-G K11872 Cr 0.5/0.9
Ni 0.7/1
Mo 0.4/0.6
Zr 0.05/0.15
B 0.0025
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn 0.95/1.3
Si 0.2/0.35
A514-H K11646 Cr 0.4/0.65
Ni 0.3/0.7
Mo 0.2/0.3
V 0.03/0.08
B 0.005
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.45/0.77
A514-J K11625 Si 0.2/0.35
Mo 0.5/0.65
B 0.001
to 0.005
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn1.1/1.15
A514-K K11523 Si 0.15/0.3
Mo0.45/0.55
B 0.001
to 0.005
Carbon
0.13/0.2
Mn0.4/0.7
Si 0.15/0.3
A514-L K11682 Cr1/15/1.65
Mo0.25/0.4
Ti0.04/0.1
Cu 0.2/0.4
B 0.005
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.4/0.7
Si 0.15/0.3
A514-M K11683
Ni 1.2/1.5
Mo0.45/0.6
B 0.001 to
0.005
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn0.8/1.1
Si 0.4/0.9
A514-N K11847
Cr 0.5/0.8
Mo 0.25
Zr 0.05/0.15
B 0.0025
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.45/0.7
Si 0.4/0.9
Preheat for Ni 1.2/1.5
all A514
<13mm For all A514 welds
For all a514 welds
50F<25mm E11018-M
keep multi-pass
175F. E110S-1
welds small to
Don't exceed E110T5-K4
improve notch
A514-P 200F inter- K21650 E110T1-G
toughness. Keep
pass temp.
heat input low use MIG alternative
Always
stringers instead of E80S-D2
ensure oil or
weaves keep MIG spray
moisture
removed volts low to reduce
before weld Hydrogen
content. Use low
reactive gas mix
like argon 10%
C02.

Hardness:
The resistance of the metal or the weld to penetration. Hardness is related to the strength of the metal. A good way to test a weld after the weld and heat treatment are complete, is to test the hardness of weld and the base metal surrounding the weld.

Yield Tensile Preheat

Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description Post UNS
weld data
MPa MPa heat
preheat
0.21 to
0.25
carb
>50mm
200F
preheat
0.26 to
0.30
pressure
carb
vessel steel
<50mm
ASTM plate for
100F
A515 medium to
>50mm
high temp
200F
service
preheat
>0.3carb
<25mm
100F 25
TO
50mm
200F
>50mm
300F

Carbon
0.2/0.28
Mn 0.9
>30 55 - 75
A515-55 K02001 Si 0.15/0.4
206 379-517
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1

Carbon
0.24/0.31
Mn 0.9
>32 60 - 80
A515-60 K02401 Si 0.15/0.4
220 413-551
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
Similar to 0.28/0.33
CSA 300W Mn 0.9
>35 65- 85
A515-65 300WT-350W K02800 Si 0.15/0.4
241 448-586
350ATY- E7018
380W-T E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
Similar to 0.31/0.35
CSA 300W Mn 0.9
>38 70- 90 482-
A515-70 300WT-350W K03101 Si 0.15/0.4
262 620
350ATY- E7018
380W-T E70S-X
E71T-1

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ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

preheat
0.2 carb
>50mm
100F

preheat
0.2 to
0.25
carb
>25mm
100F
>50mm
Pressure 200F
ASTM vessel steel
G11160
A516 plate preheat
AISI 1116 >0.26
TO
0.31carb
13/25mm
100F
>25mm
250F

post heat
over
25mm
1200F is
beneficial
Carbon
0.18/0.26
Mn 0.6/1.2
>30 55-75
A516-55 K01800 Si 0.15/0.4
206 379-517
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
0.21/0.27
Mn 0.6/1.2
>32 60-80
A516-60 K02100 Si 0.15/0.4
220 413-551
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
0.24/0.29
Similar to
Mn 0.85/1.2
>35 65-85 CSA 300W
A516-65 K02403 Si 0.15/0.4
241 448-586 350W 380W-
E7018
T HSS
E70S-X
E71T-1
Carbon
0.27/0.31
Similar to
Mn 0.85/1.2
>38 70 - 90 CSA 300W
A516-70 K02700 Si 0.15/0.4
262 482-620 350W 380W-
E7018
T HSS
E70S-X
E71T-1

Ductility: The amount that a metal or weld will deform without breaking. Measured on welds by the % of elongation in a 2 inch 51 mm test piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode should result in a minimum of 20% elongation. An E70S--6 MIG weld should produce approx 22%.

Toughness:The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined temperature to withstand a shock.The test for toughness measures the impact of a pendulum on a notched specimen. You may see that the required impact properties for the metal or weld are 20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Quench and
produced in
ASTM >100 tempered High
accordance with
A517 690 strength alloy
ASTM A514
plate
Quench and
produced in
ASTM >100 tempered High
accordance with
A517 690 strength alloy
ASTM A514
plate
8018
ASTM carbon stl
100 to 400F 9018
A519 tubes
1118M
ASTM E7018
A521-CA Die Forgings E70S-X
CC-CC1 E71T-1
A521
AA-AB
E8018-C3
CE-CF
CF1
A521
AE-AG E11018M
AH
A521
AC-AD E8018-B2
CG

ASTM CARBON E7018

A523 STL PIPE E70S-3-6
ASTM carbon stl E7018
A524 pipe E70S-3-6
ASTM
E6010
A526 Galvanized
E7010
A527 sheet metal
E70S-3
A528
Carbon
0.27
Structural steel Mn1.2
ASTM >42 60-80
plate bars or K02703 Cu0.20
A529 289 413-586
shaped E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
Preheat
>0.15
carbon
>50mm 200F

Preheat
0.16/0.2
carbon
13/25mm
100F
>25mm 250F

Quenched Preheat
ASTM Tempered 0.2/0.25
A533 pressure carbon
vessel plate <13mm
100F
>50mm
250F
>50mm
400F

Post heat
benefits
<0.16 carb
>13mm
1150F
Carbon
0.25
A533-A K12521 Mn1.15/1.5
Si0.15/0.4
Mo 0.6

CLASS 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
A533-A 80-100 E90T1-K2
>50 E80S-D2
class 1 551-689
Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
A533-A 90-115
>70
class 2 620-792
A533-A 100-125
>83
class 3 689-861
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si0.15/0.4
Ni 0.4/0.7
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
Same E8018-C3
A533-B mechanicals K12539 E9018-M
as A533-A E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si 0.4
Ni 0.7/1.0
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
Mechanicals E8018-C3
A533-C similar to K12554 E9018-M
A533-A-B E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 0.2/0.4
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
Mechanicals
E8018-C3
A533-D similar to K12529
E9018-M
A533-C
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G

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ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

If you are welding a carbon steel and you don't know what the composition is or what the weld consumable should be, try the following:

If the metal is thicker than 6 mm preheat to 150F.

Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-6 MIG wire. For your all position welds an E71T-1 electrode wire.
For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 15% CO2 mix.
For flux cored use a mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
Ensure with multi-pass welds you use inter-pass temp control. Ensure the inter-pass temp weld temperature does not exceed 200F.
If possible do destructive test of a weld sample.
If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after welding.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa

Heat treated
ASTM
Pressure
A537
vessel plate

Carbon
0.24 max
Mn0.7/1.6
Si ?
A537 40-50 65-90 Normal Mn ?
KO2400
class 1 310-344 448-620 Condition Cr ?
Mo ?
Cu ?
E7018
E8018-C3

Preheat
<0.2 carbon Carbon
25/50mm 0.24 max
100F Mn0.7/1.6
>50mm
Si ?
200F
Mn ?
A537 Quenched
46-60 70-100 Cr ?
class 2 and tempered Preheat
0.2/0.24 Mo ?
carbon Cu ?
<50mm E8018-C3
200F E9018-M
>50mm E91T-1
300F

ASTM
A538

Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
A538-A K92810
Ni 17/19
Mo4/4.5
check other
alloys

Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
A538-B K92890
Ni 17/19
Mo4.6/5.1
check other
alloys

Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
A538-C K93120
Ni 18/19
Mo4.6/5.2
check other
alloys

E7018
ASTM carbon stl
E70S-X
A539 tubes
E71T-1
ASTM
A541

E7018
E70S-6
Pressure E7XT-X
A541-1 vessel depending on
forgings heat treat
E8018-C3

E7018
E70S-6
E7XT-X
A541-1A
depending on
heat treat
E8018-C3

A541-2
E8018-C3
-3-4-5-6

E7018
A541-2A E70S-6
-3A-6A-7- E7XT-X
7A-7B-8- depending on
8A heat treat
E110T5-K4

preheat
<25mm Carbon
Quenched 200F 0.15 max
ASTM and tempered <50mm 250 Mn0.3/0.6
K21590
A542 pressure >50mm Si0.15/0.3
vessel plate 300F Cr2/2.5
Postheat Mo0.9/1.1
1300F
>85 105/125
A542-1 E110T5-K4
586 723/861
>100 115/135
A542-2 E110T5-K4
689 792/930
>75 95/115
A542-3 E110T1-K3
517 655/792
>60 85/105
A542-4 E110T5-K4
413 586/723

Name two reasons why inter-pass temperature control is essential

for some multi-pass welds.

[1] Inter-pass temperature control can restrict the weld and base metal grain g____h

[2] Inter-pass temp control can limit the weld h___t

Yield Tensile Preheat

Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description Post UNS
weld data
MPa MPa heat
Quenched
ASTM
and tempered
A543
plate
Carbon
0.23max
Mn0.4max
Preheat Si0.2/0.35
<0.2 carb Cr1.5/2
Class 1 <50mm Ni2.6/4
105/125 150F Mo0.45/0.6
Class 1 85 V0.03max
723/861 Preheat
586 >0.2 carb
Class 2 <25mm Class 1 - 3
Class 2 100
A543-A 115/135 150F K42338 E11018-M
689
792/930 >50mm E11OT5-K4
Class 3 70 250F E120S-1
Class 3
482
90/115 Post heat Class 2
620/792 1125F over E11018-M
0.2 carb E11OT1-K3
beneficial
E7018 and
8018-C3 often
used
Carbon
0.23max
Mn0.4max
Si0.2/0.35
Cr1.5/2
A543-B K42339 Ni2.6/4
Mo0.45/0.6
V0.03max
lower P/S

Quenched
and tempered
ASTM
plate used for
A553
pressure
vessels
Carb 0.13max
>85 100/120 Mn 0.9
A553-1 SEE A353 K81340
586 689/827 Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 8.5/9.5
Carb 0.13max
>85 100/120 Mn 0.9
A553-2 K71340
586 689/827 Si0.15/0.4
Ni 7.5/8.5
ASTM
stainless tubes
A554
ASTM carbon steel E7018
A556 tubes E70S-3-6
ASTM carbon steel E7018
A557 tubes E70S-3-6
Carb
0.12 max
Mn1.2 max
Si 0.15/0.5
ASTM >30 55/75 pressure Ti (4x%C)
K11224
A562 206 379/517 vessel plate Cu0.15max

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
ASTM Stainless 410
A565 bars forgings 410Ni Mo
ASTM Structural E7018
A570 carbon stl E70S-3-6
High strength
ASTM 42/65 E7018
structural
A572 289/448 E70S-3-6
steel/bridges

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ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

preheat
carb 0.22
max Carb
13/25mm 0.21 max
50F Mn1.35 max
>25mm Si 0.4
>42 >60 150F
A572-42 Cu0.2min
289 413
preheat
carb >0.23 E7018
<13mm E70S-6
100F E71T-1
>13mm
175F
Carb
0.23 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
>50 >65
A572-50 Cu0.2min
344 448
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
Carb
0.26 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
>60 >75 Cu0.2min
A572-60
413 517
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
E8018-C3
Carb
0.26 max
Mn<13 mm 1.35
max
>65 >80 Mn>13 mm 1.65
A572-65
448 551 max
Si 0.4
Cu0.2min

E8018-C3

Name two reasons why pre-heat is essential for some steels.

[1] Preheat can remove sources of h______ n

[2] Preheat can slow down the c______g rate.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Structural steel
ASTM plate with
A573 improved
toughness
preheat carb Carb
0.2/0.25 0.23 max
>25mm 100F Mn0.6/0.9
>32 58/71 Si 0.1/0.35
A573-58 preheat carb KO2301
280 399/489
>0.25 E7018
>13mm E70S-6
150F E71T-1
Carb
0.26 max
Mn0.85/1.2
>35 65/77 Si 0.15/0.4
A573-65 K02404
241 448/530
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
Carb
0.28 max
Mn0.85/1.2
>42 70/90 Si 0.15/0.4
A573-70 K02701
289 482/620
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
1010
G10100

1023
G10230
steel bars
M1008
merchant quality GRADES
G10080
M grades M1008 to
M1012 M1025
conforms to AISI E7018
G10120
1010 E70S-6
AISI 1023
ASTM M1015 E71T-1
AISI M1008
A575 G10150
AISI M1012
GRADES
AISI M1015 M1017
M1044
AISI M1017 G10170
E8018-C3
AISI M1020
M1020 E80T1-Ni1
AISI M1025
AISI M1044 G10200 E80s-Ni1

M1025
G10250

M1044
G10440
Carbon steel
bars hot wrought
ASTM special quality
A576 conforms to over
50 AISI
specs
ASTM E7018
carbon stl pipe
A587 E70S-3-6
High strength low
alloy structural
steel, improved
ASTM
corrosion
A588
resistance for
bridges and
buildings
For corrosion
resistance
E8018-W
<100mm <100mm preheat
E8018-C1
>50 >70 13/25mm
E8018-B2
344 428 70F
A588 K12040 E880T1-W
>100mm >100mm 25/100mm
Painted
42 - 46 63 -67 150F
E7018
E70S-3-6
E71T-1
carbon
0.1/0.19
Mn0.9/1.25
A588-A K11430
Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.4/0.65
V 0.02/0.1
carbon
0.2 Max
Mn0.75/1.25
A588-B K12043 Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.4/0.7
Ni 0.25/0.5
V 0.01/0.1
carbon
0.15 Max
Mn0.8/1.35
A588-C K11538 Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.3/0.5
Ni 0.25/0.5
V 0.01/0.1
carbon
0.1/0.2
A588-D K11552 Mn0.75/1.25
Si 0.5/0.9
Cr 0.5/0.9
carbon
0.15 Max
Mn 1.2 max
A588-E K11567 Si 0.15/0.3
Ni 0.75/1.25
Mo 0.1/0.25
V 0.05max
carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 0.5/1
Si 0.3max
A588-F K11541
Cr 0.3 max
Ni 0.4/1/1
Mo 0.1/0.2
V 0.05max
carbon
0.2max
Mn 1.2max
A588-G K12040 Si 0.25/0.7
Cr 0.5/1
Ni 0.8max
Mo 0.1max
carbon
0.2max
Mn1.25max
Si 0.25/0.75
588-H K12032
Cr 0.1/0.25
Ni 0.3/0.6
Mo0.15max
V 0.02/0.1
carbon
0.2 max
Mn0.6/1.0
A588-J K12044 Si 0.3/0.5
Ni 0.5/0.7
Cu 0.3 min
Ti 0.3/0.05
carbon
0.3max
Mn 0.1 max
Alloy steel Si 0.1 max
ASTM
pressure vessel K91890 Cr 4.5/5.5
590
plate Ni 11.5/12.5
Mo2.75/3.25
Ti 0.2/0.35
Al 0.4max

Why is it some manufactures do not use the recommended heat treatment, and instead of using electrodes that match the base metal properties they use weld consumables with typically lower strength but more ductility?

Yield Tensile Preheat

Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description Post UNS
weld data
MPa MPa heat
ASTM
Similar to E11018M
A592
A517 E12018M
A-E-F

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ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

carbon
0.13max
Mn 0.2/0.4
Alloy steel Si 0.1 max
ASTM
pressure K91401 Cr0.65/0/85
A605
vessel plate Ni 8.5/9.5
Mo0.9/1.1
V 0.06/0.12
Co 4.25/5
High
strength
low alloy Carbon
sheet and 0.22
strip steel Mn1.25
ASTM 45-55 65-7- used for alloys not
A606 310-344 450-480 structural spec
weight
saving and E8018-W
corrosion E80T1-W
resistant
applications
Corrosion
resistance
twice that
A606-2
of regular
carbon
steels
Corrosion
resistance
four times
A606-4 that of
regular
carbon
steels
High
strength
low alloys
Nb - N -V - E7018
Cu E70S-3/6
sheet for E71T-1
structural
ASTM weight For
A607 saving corrosion
applications resistance
Twice the consider
corrosion EXX18-W
resistance EXXT1-W
of carbon
steel if Cu
added.
Carbon
0.22
Mn 1.35
A607- 45 >45 >60 Cu 0.2 min
if
specified

A607- 55 >55 >70

A607- 60 >60 >75
A607- 65 >65 >80
Carbon
0.26
Mn 1.65
Cu 0.2 min
A607-70 >70 >85 if
specified

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Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Post heat weld data
MPa MPa
Carb 0.025 max
Preheat to Mn 1-1.5
HIGH 0.2 carb Si 0.15 0.4
STRENGTH >13mm Ni 0.25
LOW TO 100F Cr 0.25
50 81 - 105 MEDIUM Preheat to Mo 0.08 max
A612 KO2900 Cu 0.35
344 588/723 TEMP 0.21 carb
SERVICE <13mm V 0,08max
PRESSURE 125F
VESSELS >13mm E8018-C3
175F FC 81T1-Ni1
E80S-Ni1

Max 0,45
carbon
preheat
bars
3- 11 OK.
bars 14 to
18
75F

Carbon
0.45- 0.55
Bars 7-11
High carbon 50F Use only low
Steel Bars for
A615 bars 14- KO2900 hydrogen
concrete 18, 200F electrodes
reinforcement
Carbon
0.56- 0.65
Bars 3-6
100F
bars 7- 18,
250F

Carbon
>0.66 400F

E7018
40 70
A615-40 E7XT-1
275 482
E70S-3
60 90
A615-60 E9018M
413 620
A615-75 E10018M
A616-50-
E9018m
60
A617-40 E7018
A617-60 E9018M
E7018
A618 low alloy tubes
E70S-3-6
E60XX
A620
E70XX
E60XX
A621
E70XX

Normalized
high strength
low alloy steel
42- 60
with good notch
A633 275
toughness.
413
Used for
service temp
down to -50f

carb 0.18 max

Mn 1-1.45
42 63-83 Si 0.15-0.5
A633-A K01802
289 434-572 A -B Preheat
<38mm 50f
>38mm 125f
Carb 0.2 max
70-90
Mn 1.1-1.5
A633-C 46-50 min or K12000
Si 0.15-0.5
65-85
Cb0.01 -0.05
Carb 0.2 max
by Mn 0.7-1.35
thickness Si 0.15-0.5
A633-D similar K12037 Ni 0.25 max
same as Cr 0.25 max
A633-C Mo 0.08 max
Cu 0.35 max
Carb 0.22 max
Mn 1.15-1.5
Si 0.15-0.5
Cb
V
Preheat
C-D-E
<25mm 50F
25-50mm
55-60 80-100 125f
A633-E 379 or K12202 >50mm
413 75-95 225f
weld A633
E7018
E70T-5
E70S-6
For good
impacts
E8018-C3
E80S-D2
E81T1-Ni1-
E60XX
A642
E70XX
A643-A E7018
E8018M
A643-B
E80T5-K1

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 ASTM Welding Procedures A410 to A643

Use Ed's process control resources to provide optimum PQR's and weld
procedures, however if you want the most simple method to
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