Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARCHITECTURE
AND OTHER AREAS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KERALA
By
P.RAMAKRISHNAN
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COCHIN - 682 022, KERALA, INDIA.
SEPTEMBER 1998
CERTIFICATE
of the thesis.
gratitude
research.
Pages
INTRODUCTION (1-9)
Chapter I RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE (10-32)
1.1. Int roduct i on 10
1. 2. Selection of Site 11
1. 3. Solar Path and Shadow Method 13
1.4. Formation of the Square Ma~9ala 14
1.5. Location of a domestic building 15
1.6.1. Determination of Grhav~dika using
Grid system 15
1.6.2. Vithi Systems 17
1. 7. The Concept of Marma 18
1. 8. The Concept of V~stupuru~a 19
1.9.1. Units of Measurements 20
1.9.2. Units in Manu~yalayacandrika 21
1.10.!. The Concept of YOni 22
1.10.2. Modular Coordination in Traditional
Architecture 25
1.ll. Method of finding Perimeter and length 26
1.12.1. Proportions in Traditional Architecture 27
1.12.2. Gunam~a Method 28
1.13. Types of Salas 29
1.14. Vertical Elements of the building 31
3.l. Introduction 47
3.2. Value of ~ in the Construction of
Vrttapr~sada
48
3.3. Value of ~ implied in the construction
50
of Gajapr~tha Shape
3.4. Value of ~ in the construction of a
circle with perimeter equal to 53
that of a Square
3.5. Approximation to ~ in 'Thaccusastram 55
Bhasa'
3.6. App~oximation to ~ in finding the 57
Radius of a Circle
4.l. Introduction 59
4.2. The Concept 'Golden Ratio' 60
4.3. Golden Rectangle and its property 61
4.4. Golden Rectangles and Fibonacci Numbers 64
4.5. Golden Ratio and Arddh~dhika 66
4.6. Golden Ratio and Natyama~9apam
66
(Kuthampalam)
4.7. Construction of Bimba (idol) and
Golden Ratio 69
6.1. Introduction 93
6.2.I. Square 94
6.2.2. Construction of a Square 95
6.3. Construction of a Rectangle whose
perimeter equal to that of a square 96
6.4.l. Circle 98
6.4.2. Construction of a circle whose
perimeter is equal to (approximately) 98
that of a given square
6.s.I. Gajapr~tha and Vrttayata 102
6.5.2. Method of Construction of Drrghav~tta 103
(Elongated Circle)
6.5.3. Determination of the perimeter of 106
the DirghavFtta
6.6.I. Triangle 108
6.6.2. Construction of a Triangle whose 109
perimeter is equal to that of a
given square
6.7. Construction of a hexagon whose
perimeter is equal to that of a 112
given square
6.8. Construction of an Octagon whose
perimeter is approximately equal 114
to a given square
6.9. The method of inscribing an Octagon 118
(Et~u~attam) in a given squar~
6.10. Method of construction of 'Srlcakra' 120
(or Sr"iyantra)
6.11. To find the length of the Diagonal
of a square without using Pythagoras 124
theorem
6.12. Construction of Lamba and Vitana 126
(vertical and horizontal direction)
6.13. Geometrical method of finding 129
the length of rafters
6.14. Geometric method o determining 132
the width of a rafter
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY (273-284)
GLOSSARY (285-295)
INTRODUCTION
India.
th
The period extend ing from the 5 century A. D. to l7 th
and Astronomy.
in the pol it i cal, social and cuI tu ral fields and the earliest
The first two. texts deals with temple architecture and the
Sanskrit names for the first nine numbers are eka, dvi, tri,
system. Thus the words, !kaf:la, baQa and nanda represen t the
The words padam, arddha~, and padOnam are used for denoting
same.
The grid system and the vlthi systems are geometrical methods
grid system and the vithi systems for fixing the grhavedika,
appropriate figures.
implied in them. The arch i tectural val ues ass igned to the
RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
1.1. INTRODUCTION
human and animal. It prov ides shel ter and securi ty for
ancient rnd ian knowledge of plann ing I des ign ing, bu i Id ing
metaphysical needs.
the ground by foot and listening the sound. Thus the site
points where the shadows of the tip of the pole touch the
joined with the shadow point on the East side to get the
5
Fig.l(a)
-of the circles will give the S-N direction. This line
(origin).
'Kar~asQtras'
15
168 x 16H and 32H x 32H), the entire site is taken as the
a&fe still large, these two khandas are again subdiv ided
taken as grhama~Qala.
space for const ruct ing the S~las (homes). The ou termos t
the same floor area coverage leav ing the inside courtyard
are also known as Raj jus. The nodal points of the n~9 is
KarnnaSUtra
,-
~*--~ ___Rajju
Fig.l(b)
64 padas respectively.
they def ine the exact posi t ion of the bu i Id ing in the
head in the N-E corner and legs in the S-W corner. Thus
.
Yletumar;tdala. But the relative positions of the spaces
when the sun I s rays creep into it. The units which are
8 Trasarenu 1 Romagra
8 Romagra 1 Liksha
8 Yava 1 Angula 30 mm
human size.
22
by daJ;ldu.
are def ined. Since the vastu var ies from large to small,
least perimeters of other yon i s are 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
N
31
27 l. E. DHWAJA ONI
2. SE. DHUMA YONI
S 3. S. SIMHA YONI
4. sw. KUKKURA YONI
Fig.l(e)
5. w. VRSABHA YONI
6. NW. KHAM YONI
7. N. GAJA YONI
8(O)NE. VAYASA YONI
25
P = (8 1 + y)/3
and 1 = (3 P - y)/8
_ . (54)
Another formula for P is given (Manu~yalayacandr1k~
first one.
are not accepted for houses. They are the per imeters
about yOn i becomes true since it def ines the or ienta t ion,
length are compu ted from the pr ime dimension (per imeter)
method.
8 units
9 units
10 units
2 units Width:Length =
2:10 = 1:5
't
1"2 units
lO~ units
~------------------------------------------~
IWidth: Length =
1~:10~ = ):7
Fig.l(d)
29
1:1 1:1.25 1: 1. 5 1: 1. 75
1:7
Sutra
Brahma Sutra w
Patinjattini
Kizhakkini
The ini
Yama
ABHINNA SALA
North
East
West ANKANA
,
Patinj ttini Kizha cl<. ini
Corner Corner
house Thekkini
house
South
Fig .l( e)
30
s~las (Abh inna sa-Ias) [F ig.l ( e )1. If the four side- houses
upper storey.
over the pOt ika at the upper end of pillar. There are
its width.
32
traditional buildings.
*********
Chapter 11
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
expressi ve, the most permanent and the mos t i n t luent ial
crystallise.
(2)
traditional houses It attained perfection during
explains the compl ete detai Is of templ e const ruct ion and
appropriate site.
meet at a point and the line joining this point and the
S
Fig .2( a)
San ku of he igh t 12 an gu l a
Ci rcl e wi th rad ius 12 an gu la
Ci rcl e wi th rad ius 24 an gu la
Ci rcl e wi th rad ius 36 an gu la
Tip s of the sha dow s on
the cir cle s
(C en tre s of eq ua l cir cle
s)
S-N sou th- No rth dir ec tio n
36
2.5. ALPAPRASAoA
angula and 3 hasta 10 angu la) will have pi lIars measur ing
2.6.1. GARBHAG~HA
as 2/3, 3/5, 4/7, 5/9, 6/11, 7/13, 8/15, 1/2 and 5/8 of
too small, the two walls are combined into one thick
wall.
39
padas. The innermost pada prov ides for the pitha, the
(Etan~zh i) .
Paduka - 3 Paduka - 3
Kampa - 11
5
Gala with Gala - 1 Gala - l~
Pada - 2
Pati - l.!.
5
Pati with Pat i - 1
Vajana - l~
garbhagrha.
- --- S Jlll' ,
2 - - - - - - - S Il'\. HH k R;
--I-
- ~ .
7t.{) HI .s, nH1 N r~
Fig.2(b)
43
with the above line. There are other three doors known
upper side.
2.10. PARcAPRAKARAS
PANCAPRAKARAS
~I' .,
r
I
I
I
I
1 2 3 4 5
0
"
r'
\.1-'
A mt.
- nu
L.J
.r&.
L..J
E
,
S
Fig.2(c)
A. Pitham
B. Namaskaramandapam
C. Balikallu
O. Prasada (Srikovil)
1. Antarmandalam
2. Antahara
3. Madhyahara
4. Bahyahara
5. Maryada
45
(Mukhymam)
NATYAMANDAPAM (KUTHAMPALAM)
f
0 0 a Cl 0 g Cl
[j 0 0 0 0 tJ 0 D
0
2 (I
I 0 5
0
0 0 0
6I(
0 c 0 0 0 0 Cl d
,s
,
Fig.2(d)
l. Rangarn
2. Nilavilakku
3. Mizhavu
4. Aniyara (Makeup room)
5. Hall (sabha)
6. Pillars
7. Entrance
46
2.12. TALAIIINA
*******
Chapter III
3.1. INTRODUCTION
swabhr~tamane dasayuktasaptasatam~it~
viswalasacchatam~a:
the VFttapr~s~da.
accord ing to the above verse, the rad ius of the c i re1e
C C
is 710 x 113 and therefore its diameter is 710 x 226.
But ~d :::;
C
.. . ~
C
d
:::;
C T
. 226C
7IO
:::;
710
226
:::;
355
113
Caturadhikam ~atama~tagu~am
dvda9thistatha sahasr~nam
ayutadvaya vi9kambhasy~-
sann~ vrttapari~aha:
(Aryabhatiyam, GaQitapadam, s16ka 10)
50
approximation
~ = 62832/20000
= 3.1416
SHAPE
gon~t~tadaBadha krteJrQQavamitairamBai:
prthakkalpay~d
measure of 6~ parts.
approximately.
52
21.875
7 I approximately.
:: 3.125, approximately.
lIT lies between 3.125 and 22/7. Further, the above rule
purposes.
53
a a
defined as 2 + 8' where a is the side of the square.
5~a
the square then -4- .- 4 x a
5~ = 16
16
~ =
5
3.2
41)(180 -M
Sin 61 = 40500 - -~-:-(1'-8~O---$~)
Hi 1>(11 - cp)
Sin ~ =
511 - 4 ~(1f - cp)
Sin cp = (l6/51f)CP
16/5 == 3.2
(1 + fi)a
r
4
chapter VI).
55
be
211(1 + /2) 16
16 8
=
1 +72
= 3.314, approximately.
value of 11.
22.6 ~ 71
71
22.6
57
3.1415929, approximately
Tantrasamuccaya.
'Kupaparivrtalarddhflm
sapt3m~akam prabhGrikku
divisions.
58
radius then
C
r = 2 x 22 x 7 --------(1)
C = 2~r
C
= r --------(2)
~
7C C
2x22 2~
7
=
72
22
Thus the value of ~ assumed in this rule is
7
Chapter IV
4.1. INTRODUCTION
(ef Fig.4(a)].
t
P
A B
Fig.4(a)
. (bimb~ .
60
qual it ies and the anc i ent Greeks cons idered the regu lar
Fig.4(b)
LR = ~, MR =
MR LM ~, when ~ = 1.618, approximately.
61
of nesting rectangles.
PQ
PQRS is a rectangle such that == ~, and PTUS
QR
QR
is a square such that -- ~.
TO
S U R
6
5
T Q
Fig.4(c)
62
lim Fnl =
1 + Is
n~OO Fn 2
= 1.618 approximately,
o.
1 15
x = -----
2
1
ie, = or is the mean proportion
~
between 1 and ~ + 1.
ie, 1 + ~ =
ie, ~2 _ ~ _ 1 o
---~
('-<;_ _ _ . 1 ~~-,--_l_~~
Fig.4(d)
~
~ -- }'f which is the same as the original
proportion.
64
x
n
= x n- 1 + X ~,where
n-.-;
x
n
is the
xn =
the sum of the second and third 1.618 + 2.618 gives the
65
1
~ - 2
1
Fig.4(e)
noted that the ratios from 1:1.5 upto 1:1.75 are also
of Kerala.
This states that the pet:" Imeter along the uttara (beam)
Then P == 4a
P
Semiperimeter :::
2"
== 2a
P
Dividing by 16, we get, == This is the unit
32
'Pada' defined in the text. .". by the above verse we
have,
a
Length of the Natyamandap,lm ::: a + x 2
8
a
::: a +
4
:::
5a
4
a
Width of the Mandapa :: a - x 2
8
a
_.
a - -
4
:::
3a
4
3a
Width 4
=
Length Sit
4
3
== S-
ie, Width:Length ::: 3:5
69
or L:W 5:3
5
= 3
= 1 . 66 ......
the navel from the feet to the height of the head from
66
42 = 1.6, approximately, which is very close to the
108
= 1.6363, approximately.
66
to the arddhadhika.
of Kerala.
*********
Chapter V
5.1. INTRODUCTION
problems.
trir~sirbhavati, sapray~janam
a proportion
proportion
proportion
proportion
PramaJ;laphalam =
Icchaphalam
PramaQam Iceh..
If x and y are the magn i tude of two quan tit ies of the
5.3. VYASTA-TRAIRASIKA
(inverse) (17).
Pramanam x Pramanaphalam
ie, Icch~phalam =
Iccha
Iccha Pramanaphalam
Pramar,lam Icchaphalam
A B c
Fig.5(a) Fig.5(b)
Let.t be the ang le between 6A and OC, the incl ined rafter.
Yuktibha:;;a (66)
PR A-C
~
"
11 QC
Le == I.B
~ ::: (Q
= 90
79
we have
Icchak$etra Karoam
=
Pramanak~etra KarQam
where,
desired region
k6ti attitude
karQam hypotenuse
QR PQ
ie, =
AC OA
:::
PH
QC
PQ
QR x AC
OA
80
the incl inat ion of the call a rpin to the side of the
so that the angle of incl inat ion of the r-oof with the
roof.
base (l kol) was cons idered for each av ice i 1. The height
the same ie, the slope of the roof wi 11 be the same for
Uttarasyanurap~~a
tasam taramudlritam
.
and Puskalam respeetively(33) .
l~ 7~6~ 5~
1 8 7 6
4~ 5 4
l~
3 2
Fig.5 (c)
84
Six teen sided polygon, Thi r ty two sided pol ygon etc, and
Fig.5 (d) ]
85
D~ ____________~~~~____~C
B
"'ig .IJ(d)
CR PramiQam
CP PramaJ)aphalam
OC - os cs
Icca
Iccaphalam eT
CP x cs
CR
86
the scales which are used for finding the true lengths
TH
5.8.2. 8 POSTULATE (ETTAM PRAMANAM) AND LENGTH OF RAFTERS
Bhuja Z
0r-----~~--------
x
__~--~~ C
A'
Fig.S(e)
as 8 th Postulate in Kerala.
Fig.5(f)]
-
t
B
- - - - - _... -. ----- - --,
! 7.5 cm
O-----------lr~~------------~~
'- - L
Fig.5(f)
90
taking 6 times of this , sCill e ' per 1 kol (72 cm) of the
for all widths having the same height. Even though this
(7.5 an)
o .12 cm)
F'lg.'i(g)
-angula) units.
**""*******
Chapter VI
6.1. INTRODUCTION
ezhunt~krti
. sadan~ sadastakon
. - hastiprstha
- ...
mennittham".
in this chapter.
6 2 1. SQUARB
n'
- ......
'6
.r f'\ ..-
C
\
\
,/
0
\
I . \
~ \. !i' "-,
A ",'- B
Fig.6(a)
96
the other two s ides of the squa re. Then the resulting
0' C'
o c
A jj
A' B'
Fig.6(b)
6.4.1. CIRCLE
Fig.6(c)
OD =
ha
2
a .!.( l2a ~)
r =
2" + 2 2 - 2
= ~ + ~(r2 - 1)
2 4
(1 + !2) a
=
4
_
ie, radius of the circle is a2 + a8
= 2 x 3.14 x a(12 + 1)
241J'r
4
When a = 4,
Perimeter, C = 2 x 3.14(/2 + 1)
= 15.16126 units
, is 3.14.
r =
ie r = ~ + !!( [2 - 1)
2 3
3a + 2[2a - 2a
=
6
102
a(212 + 1)
=
6
Perimeter, C = 21Tr
21T[a(2~ + 1) ]
When a = 4,
C = 41T(212 + 1)
3
If c = 16 units
16 x 3
1T = 4( 212 + 1 )
12
= 2/'J. + 1
= 3.13445 (approximately),
the square.
(ELONGATED CIRCLE)
v~ttikrt~, tadubhayantarabhagadairghyam
defined by 10 parts.
C
I
I
I
I
I
I
dl
I
Fig.6(d)
one part from it. Then divide the remaining length into
= 7 parts
diameter = 14 parts
10~
= lO~ parts - 21 parts
= (lO!z - ~) parts
= la parts
64 = 14 x 22 + 20
7
From above,
the width= d
P
= x 14
64
d 14
and =
1 10
d x 10
1 =
14
Perimeter,
d
P :: ~d + 2
1.4
1
= d(~ + 0.7)
107
P may be calculated.
IfP = 64,
1
then P = l4(~ + - -)
0.7
64 1
= ~ + 0.7
14
64 1
14 .7
= ~
2.2 = ~
-:7
22
=
7"
22
When ~ =
7'
p = d{22 + ~)
7 .7
32 d
= 7
the semicircle.
108
6.6.1 TRIANGLE
.
sasthamsakam
"
yamahimamsudiso: pratIcya
kuryattrikoQaparimaOQita vahnikuQqam
mark and the ends of the Western side. The resul ting
the length a into 6 equal parts and add one part each
Fig.6{e)
From Fig.,
AB = a cm
PQ =
III
4a
=
3
RS = a + -6a
7a
==
6
4a 2 49a 2
== g- + 36
== 65a 2
~
2165 a 4a
Perimeter of i\PQR == + 3
6
:::
/65 a + 4a
3
;;;;; -a (8.062 + 4)
3
12.062 x a
==
3
== 4.02 x a cm
~atsGtrakairvviracaye
T
drasakonakundam
(15) ..
(Tantrasamuccaya ,pata1am 12, s10ka 30)
the middle points of the side and take two points on this
th
line on either side at a distance of l/6 of the length
circles (two fish like lines) and the end points of the
[ef Fig. 6 ( f) ]
'/
\
0 R
0
/,
/ \
~
Fig.6(f)
a
Length of UR ::: a + 2. 6
:::
4a
T
radius of 2a
the circle
= 3
114
2a
= 3
2a
perimeter of the hexagon = 3" x 6
= 4a,
Fig.6(g)
116
be
a
A'B' = a + 2.
12
= 7a
""6
12 .~
a
Length of the diagonal A'C' =
.- 7 a
OA' = '/2. 12
AP = QB'
== A'B' - PB'
== A'B' - OAf
7a 7 a
[2
6 -
=
12
==
7 a(2 - (2)
12"
7a(0.586)
2A'P == "6
7a 7a(O.586)
PQ == -
6 6
7a(0.414)
== "6
when a == 6 cm,
PQ == ~ x 6(0.414)
= 23.184 cm
the square.
118
yasya vistaramarkk~msam
baQ~m~am pattam~va Ca
saptarn~~na dvibhagattu
karttavyarn k~Qabh~gikam
Fig.6(h)
119
BQ2 + CQ2 = BC 2
3.5 2 + 3.5 2 BC 2
12.25 + 12.25 = BC 2
BC :;:::
j 24.5
= 4.949, approximately
3.5
Sin 45 =
BC
1 3.5
= BC
12
BC = 3.5 x J2
= 4.949, approximately.
120
below.
~kadasamgulOp~tama~tapatram vidhiyate.
circle.
vy~s~ 'de, vi' kfte ta, tta, ma, la, la, vi, ga, te, ca,
~a, bhage 'jha' sOtran
kFtv~ 'pu, ri, da, ~a, 'nt~ ga, va, va, la, mubhayo
'rvva', ta 'ye stoya bhagan
5 th l'Ine.
st
To form the angles, join the ends of 1 line
of 7th line.
th
From the other side join the ends of 9 line
rd th
to the midpoint of 3 line. The ends of 8 line are
st 7th
joined to the midpoint of 1 line and the ends of
SRICAKRAM
!w
I:'
- -----_. -,-
I ah up ur a tr ai (3
sq ua re s)
v~ttatrai (3 ci
9oda~adala (1 6 rc le s)
p et al s)
A 9t ad al a (8 p et
al s)
42 A ng le s
Bindu
T ri an gl e
F ig .6 (i )
123
SrIcakram~taduditam parad~vataya:
bhuprastaracakra.
Merucakra.
124
paneamsam yuktam~vaea
tasya yOga~satOssutram
karQoamanam vidhiyate
r -____________________ ~.c
Fig.6(j)
125
is very small.
5a
a + 12 = 12 + .416 x 12,
(when a == 12)
== 12 + 4.999
= 16.999, nearly.
17 a,
Further, if fia :;: 12
17
then !2 ==
12
:= 1.416,
Fig.6{k)
is pI aced along the dhwaj a Sll tra in such a way that its
line (Lamba)
Pitch line. ---
(Kotinool)
-Horizontal line
(~'itana rekha)
Seat cut - - -
(birdls mouth)
Birdls
Fig.6(l)
128
I [cf Fig.6(l)].
the ridge may be cal cula ted from the above f igu re. Let
triangle.
129
YZ tan .,.
=
Xy
YZ XY tan.l
YZ = XY
as 45
pt---------------------~
Ar---~----~----~~~
G~----~----~------~~~J
C~----_r------~------~~
O~ ____ ______ ________
~ ~ ~~ __ ~~----~
Fig.6(m)
131
niyata kFtalup~lambadathakutapar~vam
the koti and produce them to meet the lower tip of the
roof - the 1 ine represent ing the lower tip of the roof
namely, stra ight rafter (or common rafter) and incl ined
6 angula.
S.-__________________________ ~
Fig.6(n)
= j3a 2
== fi a
************
APPENDIX
(English Translation)
Chapter I
in unison.
unitedly in my mind.
power.
(English Translation)
Chapter I
in unison.
unitedly in my mind.
power.
of the disciples.
Siva) in imagination.
139
v~stusastras.
10
11
to be selected properly.
12
disin terested, free from the vices 1 ike envy, compet i t ion
141
13
Vardhaki.
14
them properly.
15
16
17
(madhyama)
143
18
hair, worm, termite hill etc, having bad smell and which
face unf avou rable direct ions (v id iks) are to be rej ected.
19
20
21
100 years respect i vely. The resul ts prescr ibed for each
verse.
22
auspic ious The trees like Naga and Itti on the North
145
23
are precious.
24
25
26
27
28
29
having colours wh i te, red, yellow and black I hav ing the
30
31
The bhumi which is of mixed character with respect
prescribed method.
32
mud-pot and pour ghee into it. Four wicks in whi te I red I
33
Chapter 11
point.
151
the West side al so the nex t morn ing . Di v ide the arc
accura tel y
sutra.
accordingly.
hav ing thei r terminal ends at the East and North sides.
part in the lsa khal)ga and Isa part in Nirrti khal]9a are
10
11
12
13
.
ksetra (bhumi) is divided into 9 x 9 padas (cells), then
pada.
14
door etc, and the vedhams between the rajjus and the
15
the vlthi.
156
16
17
such case the houses on the east and north sides will
18
Since the vlth is are too small, the mer its and demer i ts
the bhumi into khal)c;1as 1 ike Isa, Agni etc, and v ith is
19
20
determined accordingly.
158
21
22
difficulties.
160
26
27
28
1 ike the sky in small and large pots, with his back on
29
right shoulder.
30
31
32
lake etc.
hastas (kol 5)
the measures (hastas) which are prescr ibed for the upper
situations.
10
11
72 types of hastas.
12
13
14
( foot) .
15
16
square.
17
a city (pattana).
18
19
20
21 & 22
23
tree etc.
24
25
(nak-t'la tra) and the quot ient is call ed the age (vayassu).
26
27
28
29
construction of houses.
30
for north siBa (house) and Ketu and Sifnha yon is are also
172
side and Ketu, Simha, and Gaj a yon is are also su i tabl e
accepted.
31
32
33
34
35
Gen erall y, the prescr i bed yoni, aya etc, for each
36
appropriate yonis.
37
breadth in order to get the des ired yan i, the vyaya, aya
38
39
40
41
others.
176
42 & 43
Chapter IV
the house in such a way that sui table yoni, aya, nak 9 atra
2 & 3
from the width and from the padamana, the height of the
respective widths.
will be the width and the rema in ing parts will form the
will form the width and the remain ing 6 parts form the
remain ing parts form the length of the house. Thus the
samatatam.
etc.
10
11
an abhinna sala.
12
13
14
15
16
houses, Ketu yoni for I~a corner, Simha y~ni for Agni
corner, Vr~a yoni for Nirrti corner and Gaja yani for
17
SI i~tasala.
183
18
19
for the length and width of the sala then they may be
beams on the east and west sides form the adharam and
adheyam.
20
21
22
per imeters of the side-houses and the inter ior per imeters
23
24
Brahman~s
25
26
27
28
29
prov ide quarrel and fear. If the other two, namely, the
two houses are del eted, in ord er, from east side onwards
respectively.
Chapter V
1
to the dip at the cen t ral cou rtyard for water to ooz e
188
direction.
rajju (diagonal).
prescribed earlier.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
The proj ecti on of the padu ka from the edge of j agat i may
17
18
19
20
21
subtracted.
196
22
some case this may be done l.n circular shape. The width
23
24
25
pattom).
198
26
27
28
29
house.
30
beautifully.
200
31
32
33
34
(The inward proj ect ion of the mahavaj ana and al!Javaj ana
is to be done by 1 part.)
35
all other cases, the rules for vajana are the same.
36
pillar.
37
38
yava towards the right side. The gap between the rafters
39
40
may be engraved on the cei 1 ing board to make it art ist ic.
Chapter VI
aya etc, prescr ibed for the house. The height of the
accordingly.
10
The lower half must be in spher ical shape and its length
11
to be as above.
12
13
lower side.
14
15
ups ide down posi t ion. In the same way, the b~l akutam
16
diagonal (kar~a).
209
17
18
sstras.
19
20
by 1 yava successively.
21
rafters three lines like dwaja 1 ine etc, and plumb 1 ine
22
rafter on both sides such that 5 parts are above and the
into 5 parts.
23
The widths of the rafter below and above these lines are
to be determined properly.
24
the square are known as vert ical 1 ine (Tu ku rekha) and
Chapter VII
iron nails.
vyaya etc, prescr ibed for each side from east onwards.
10
11
12
into 7 parts ins ide and 5 parts ou ts ide of it. The door-
13
14
const ructed with its width equal to half the sum of the
3~ or 4 angulas.
15
beautiful.
218
16
17
18
of the bol ts. These bolts are fixed on the arama through
the grooves at their lower and upper ends such that the
of the arama.
19
fixed on the inner side of the door using nails with its
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
to be avoided.
34
the passage for cows across the karrya so. t ra (raj ju) is
225
35
36
37
to use the water from the same tank for bathing and
separately.
38
39
40
with Ketu yOni from Isa corner onwards and with VF~a yoni
etc.
41
42
43
44
from the B i lpins, the aca rya together wi th the owner and
229
45
all for making them happy. Then the grhakarta may live
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
..
Adhisth~na: Basement of a vimana, maryQapa, or similar
structure, forming a distinct architectural feature,
support ing walls and pillars, and consisting of
distinct moulded tiers.
AnkaQa: Courtyard
Arodh6thara (Arudham)
, : Additional horizontal support
for the ra fters between wallpla te and ridge; el eva ted
uttara.
Ayatacaturasra: Rectangle.
..
tstadirgha: Desired length, selected length .
289
Kila: Wedge.
290
Madhyama: Medium.
..
Mandala: Demarcated area: region, generally circular.
Mi'sra: Mixed.
.
Slista-
and
Bhinnasala: Catussala
partially combined halls (houses).
with partially separated
Taranga: Wave.
**********