Psychology

Introduction: we are all interested in understanding our selves and others.

A knowledge of psychology has come up to be considered of both academic and practical values
in the field of medicine, low, business, social relations, social workers, nursing and other areas of
human behaviour.

Mean of psychology :_
Greek word
Psyche Sound or spirit
Logos Scientific study
Sound was replaced by mind.

Psychology is a science of behaviour :

1. Psychology is derived by 2 Greek word psyche and logos.
2. Later on mind replaced soul.
3. Finally the most model and most widely accepted definitions of psychology is regarded as
"Science of behaviour".

Definition of Psychology : William James in his book "principle of psychology" published in 1880.
- It define that psychology expulsion stat of our consciousness.
- In the term of study of behavior "psychology is scientific way of study behavior of human beings"

Psycho Soul conscious mind behavior logy study .

- Psychology is a positive or natural science. It is a bound is sense it include all types of human
activity like :

1. Motor activities Ex. Walking, speaking.

2. Cognitive activities Ex. Thinking, remembering, reasoning.
3. Emotional activities Ex. Happiness, sadness, fearness, angriness.

- These activities come under our behaviour.

IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

Firstly it will enable her to understand our self.

Psychology will help to student nurse to understand to other people.
The study of psychology will help to the student nurse to appreciate the necessity of changing
the environment.
Psychology will through light an inter dependence or body mind and spirit in each individual.
No. of adjustment :
(a) With a new environment.
(b) Adjustment with the patient with different lines and of different age group.
(c) Adjustment to her own work routine besides. She needs to develop a. professional personality.

The scope of psychology :

First like other science psycho its own scope or psychology is very wide because its no. of branches :
1. General Psychology :
It has general principles of psychology,
It desire the universal character and human behaviour
We are Studying general psychology in which includes:- habits, attitude, human behaviour.
2. Animal Psychology :

In this psychology persons have to study about behaviour of animal with human beings.
3. Physiological Psychology :

It shows that function + structure of sense organ, muscle, flow nervous system.
4. Genetic Psychology :
It also c/a the development psychology, it is a study of behaviour birth to till older.
It also the study of factor which affecting growth + development of human behaviour.
5. Child Psychology :

It is study of the behaviour of a child from birth to till 12 years of age.

6. Social psychology :

It study various types of phenomena such as :-

Public opinion
Attitude
Crowed Behaviour
7. Abnormal Psychology:

METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology are have study previously is a systematic and scientifically studies of human behaviour.
It has its special tools and procedure. These facts about it. These procedure are c/a "methods of
psychology.
1. Intro-inspection or self observation method.
2. The observational method
3. Experimental method
4. Clinical method
5. Genetic or Developmental method.
6. Rating scales, checklist & questionnaires
7. Testing method
8. Socio metry method
MENTAL HEALTH AND THE CHARACTERS OF MENTALLY HEALTHY PERSON
The mental healthy person as adjustment of human being to the world and to each other with a
maximum of effectiveness and happiness. It is ability to maintain an ever temper on alert
intelligence, society, considerate, behaviour and happy position. This type of condition when in our
life create many problem then use found the way of solve the problem.
Character :
1. He feel comfort him self.
2. He feel responsibility.
3. The enjoy with success.
4. He neither estimate nor or over estimate.
5. When an obstacle come in our life then he don't crying and start trying.
6. He live in good company and he enjoy our life.
7. He can able to think and take able to any decision.
8. He set a goal with himself.

Motivation
It is a key ward in psychology it is an inner force, drives are individual. A certain action. Also
determines human behaviour motivation may be positive or negative. without motivation.
Motive or drive :
Motive or the behavioural drives can also be defined as "some inner force which moves him to
certain action".
When a motive is at work it creates a tension. These tension the individual towards activity that
will relive the tensions.
The motive in broad sense the words include needs, basic drives, interests like a dislike, desire
& attitude because all these move is to same action or the other.
Frustration
Frustration can be defined of the blocking of a desire or needs it refers to failure to satisfy a basic
needs because of condition either in the individual or external obstacles because frustration is a
condition of extreme tension. Its commonly interpreted strong emotional tension.
Sources of frustration :
1. Our frustration may be caused by minor obstacle in our environment.
2. Our frustration may be caused by confined to other people.
3. Our frustration may be caused by environment, situation or condition. Which one can not control.
4. Economic deprivation may be caused frustration 5 social customs, tradition, distraction and taboos.
5. Even the realization of our personal deficiency.
6. An other source of frustration is conflict of motives within the individual .

Conflict
There may be 2 or more opposite desire or Motive present an individual. The individual can't decide
as to which should be satisfied.
A state of tension follow. This inner state of mind characterized by tension as a result of present
at the time of martially exclusive or apposite tendencies or desires is described as "mental conflict"
The state of tension makes it difficult for the individual for choose or to make a decision.
Conflict is a state present in between right and obstacle there may be 2 or more then 2 desire are
present in all individual an each desire given purpose satisfaction and individual can't able to select
his desire will give him a maximum satisfaction so that time the person become in conflict.
Ist Classification :- 1. Conflict b/w person and person ex. Parents children conflict conflict b/w
minor groups and major groups 2. Conflict b/w person and his environment ex : earthquake, wars,
disease, fire etc. 3. Conflict within a person : The internal conflict divided into 3 class : (i) Internal
conflict in which 2 goals are desired at one'c. Ex : a person want to go for a drama, cinema at same
time. (ii) Internal conflict an individual who wants and doesn't out a certain object
ex.: a boy want to climb on a tree but he get afraid to fall down.
(iii) Internal conflict is one in which an individual doesn't want to do a certain thing but is force to do
it.
Ex. A student does not want to complete his home work but he get afraid that if he will not completed
it then teacher will scold him or punish.
2. IInd Classification :-
1. Approach Approach [++] conflict.
Ex. A person want to go for a drama or cinema at some time.
II. avoidance avoidance conflict.
Ex. A student doesn't want to study and does not want to fail also.
3. Approach avoidance (+) conflict.
4. Double approach avoidance conflict.

Attitude
Acc to "kimballyoung": "A predisposition to respon in a persistent and characteristic manner will
habit and skill in reference to some situation idea, values, material, object or class or object person or
a group of person.
The attitude can be positive or negative
The attitude of respect to elders is positive. But attitude of towards particular company is c/a
negative attitude.
Factors Which Determine The Attitude In Human Being
There are main 3 kind of factor which determine attitude in human being.
1. Environment The following environment condition gives effect on our attitude.
I. Home Shows positive and negative influence
II. School Peer pressure.
III. Media News paper, radio, magazine, movies etc.
IV. Religious back ground
V. Cultural back ground
VI. Tradition beliefs
VII. Social environment
VIII. Political environment

All These environment create a culture on every place, a home, organization or a country has a
culture.
1. Experience: Our attitude will be change acc. to experience. A new attitude will develop with new
experience, if use have good experience with person our attitude will be also positive for that person
and our life.

2. Education: Education Or knowledge also helps to change, our attitude A new attitude will develop
or formed acc. To our knowledge our level of education.

Habit
When a voluntary action repeated frequently is c/a habit.
It first we have a great effort to is called a habit but later one we can do it without much on more
consciousness. Our mind and emotion also involve in this condition.
The habit is a Tendency of an organism to behave in the same way as it has behave before it is a
discripted turn denoting the repetition of similar action in similar circumstances.
Advantages of habit formation :
Development of habit is good for smooth and effective living, habitual action lead little attention and
effort. Habit makes our movement simple and quicker.

Skill
skill is art or a specialized ability. Skill is something is to be done well. According to "moon". "Skill
is a proficiency in the performance of a task". The task may become typing, playing with an musical
instrument driving with car, giving bath a body. When skill will be acquired will become smooth and
gentle. Motor skill is defined as integration of well adjusted muscle response. Principle of learning
operate acquiring skill.
1. Our interest, our strong desire are very essential to learn the skill for example : We can not learn
the piyano completely unless does not have a strong desire to learn.
2. Practice is very important think to develop the skill.
3. A clear defined idea or what a learner is accepted to do or to perform will be helpful.
4. The goal must be well defined and the all instruction should be clear.
5. Demonstration and procedure technique is very useful
6. Fear, worry anxiety does not make our skill effective.
7. Intelligence factor is very important to perform skill.
8. To take the help of another person to check the movement accurately. It is wrong that correct it
almost as early its possible.
Thinking
Man a rashnal being and roshnality consist in his ability to think and reason. Is it because of his
capacity for better thinking that he is superior to other animals in learning and making adjustment. "
Thinking is an activity which involve many parts of our body like sense organ and muscles. Where
the thinking process is intense, it is accompanied by muscular tremors" Exp. When we thin hard or
when want to solve a problem we shows wrinkle on our forehead.
Nature of thinking It is a mental process in which we deal with thoughts and ideas actively
physiological.
Psychologist define thinking as an activity which involve many part of our body that is receptor
connector and affecter that is "IE" sense organ nerve, muscles of these are most important connectors
of the neural mechanism in the brain.

Problem solving and reasoning

"reasoning is a process of thinking during which the individual is aware of a problem, identify it,
evaluates it and decides upon a solution"
In it the thought process is directed consciously towards the solution of a difficulty or a
problems.
The process of reasoning or problems solving include the following points:
i. Awareness the problem.
ii. Comprehensive of the problem.
iii. Formulation of plans and action.
iv. Evolution and choice of the final plan.
v. Putting into practice and verification.
Reasoning will be use full in problem solving any practical that is planning of holiday or the
decoration of a house.

Observation
Definition : observation is a act of carefully watching an object or situation:
Observation is a mental activity which place a important. Role in learning thinking and
Reasoning.
Accurate observation is very important for a nurse. She has to feel the pulse, note the
temperature, proper reporting and recording any other works. Which required correct observation. If
she fails it may be harmful for the patient. Sense organ and nervous system plays an important role in
observation.
Observation involve 2 mental activity :
1. Attention
2. Perception
Attention
Attention is the chief characteristic of conscious mind and is essential to the requirement of
knowledge. Attention exist only where someone attending to something
At a certain time we may be conscious of many things in our environment but we may be
attending to only one or two at one time.
Attention is also selective mental activity we peak and select some particular aspect from the
situation.
For example:- At a time of listening a lecture you may be aware of there is noises outside the
room, but you are concentrating to only words & ideas as stated by the lecturer. From this we can
include that attention is the higher & consciousness of an object or stimulus out of many. It means the
focusing of consciousness on particular object or idea at a particular time to the extension of all other
object or ideas.
We can make a blurred image clear by focusing on camera on it.

So by focusing our consciousness on an idea or an we get to know the idea or an

object. We get to know the idea or object better.

Sense perception
Sense perception is the second step in observation. It is a process of mental
apprehension of the world around us through sensations. It is a process by
means of which we become aware of our characteristic and those of our
environment through the functioning of our sense organs. For ex. seeing blue
color with out associating with object which is blue, or hearing a noise with a
particular object which is producing similarly there are sensation of warmth.
Cold, giddiness, movement, position thirst and nausea.
Perception involves direct experience with object, persons or events this means that the most
important aspect of perception is a group of sensations through the functioning of sense organs.
Our acquired interests also determine the object or objects.
Our needs or desires also modify our perceptions
Our past experiences, our interest, needs, mood & mindsets are c/a functional factors of
perception.
These are example of sensory abnormalities :-
1. Anesthesia
2. Hyperesthesia
3. Parasthesia
1. Anesthesia : Anesthesia Implies complete inability to respond to sensory stimuli. It means a loss
or absence of sensitivity. It may be caused by defective sense organ, affect of drugs or also by some
emotional or functional factors.
2. Hyperesthesia : It means excessive respond to stimuli. sick people often show this things in their
behaviour. They react to noises or bright right when we fatigued we become hyper sensitive to lights
to sounds or to the weight of clothing and to odour.
3. Parasthesia : One grossly false sensations. A person may have sensations of offensive smell, bitter
taste in the month where is no reasons for them.
There are 2 main disorders of perception :
1. Illusions
2. Hallucinations

Illusions : False perceptions are called illusion. Where we percive something and mistake it. For
something that is not rarely there it is the case of an illusion. We take a rope for a snake in the dark, A
toy apple on the mantle piece for real apple. You hear a sound and you think that somebody is calling
your name. Most of our illusion are visual and auditory but others one possible illusion are caused by
inadequate of our sense organ.
Hallucinations: It is an imaginary of perceptions they are an form of accurate
observation in which one sees all fares. Something that is not seeing or heard by
other around it. An alcoholic may see pink.

Intelligence
It has been define as " In born all round mental efficiency" and also as mental capable of being
transferred from one activity to another. People have different standard of judging it. For ex. a
teacher might consider his student intelligent if he can show good results in the examination.
Wood worth things that intelligence consist in the application of such intellectual capacities as
observing, understanding, thinking, remembering in handling a situation or a task.
FEATURES OF INTELLIGENCE
It brings about following feature of intelligence:
1. It is an innate mental ability which grows and influence by the environment.
2. It shows the capacity to adopt to new situations quickly and correctly.
3. It consist in the ability to carry on higher mental process such as reasoning, criticism, application
and judgment.

4. It shows the capacity to learn difficult task and the ability the solve increasing difficult problems.
5. It shows the capacity to observe relationship and detect absurdities (mistakes).
6. The best way to understand "what intelligence implies" will be to understand intelligent behaviour.
MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE :
One of the achievement of modern psychology is the development of scientific device of measuring
the general mental ability or intelligence these have been c/a intelligence test.
It is to that and experienced teacher may still tern round and declare that he does not need any
such device or tests and that his inside.
Observation will enable him to find out who are intelligent and who are dull in his classes.
Recently a No. of new tests have been developed on over used all over the world.
The first practical scale for measuring intelligence was developed and given to the word by two
French psychologist:
1. Alfred Vinet
2. Theodore Simon
There scale consist of question and problems graded on difficulty for different age groups from
3-15
other test one of these is the well known wechsler believer test for adult.

Sample of test item there are there more popular intelligence test may be:
1. Simon vinet test.
2. Ternan's Stanford vinet test.
3. Wechsler believer test

Types of intelligence test :

1. Individual test of the verbal type.

2. Groups test of the verbal types.

3. Performance test for individual
4. Performance for groups.
Representation of intelligence test results:
Many devices are used to show the results or scores of an intelligence test of these two are the
mental age and intelligent. It was bimat to give to idea mental age. It is different from age or actual
age.

Ex.: suppose a boy a ten is presented with problems which every normal boy of 10 is expected to
solve correctly. If he solve them correctly his mental age is also 10.
If he can not his mental age falls below ten.
He can also have the mental age of 11 or 12 or more. If he is able to solve the problems for these
years.
The mental age indicates the level of mental maturity but tells us nothing about the relative
brightness or dullness of the individual that is "how much" of intelligence.
This information is provided by I.Q. it is obtained by dividing once mental age by chronological
age and multiply it by 100 the formula of IQ (Intelligent quotient) :
In this device a person of normal intelligence describe as having and I.Q. of 100. A more
intelligent will have more than 100 on the bases of I.Q. terman classify level's of intelligence as
follows :
Levels and I.Q. :

Values and limitation of intelligence test:

Intelligence helps in predicating the possibility of individual learner in classify students. In
shifting the gifted from the backward they have been used to determine or control admission to
various causes and to select student for scholarship.
These are useful in the process of vocational guideness and counseling. Its limitation can be
that, intelligence test can not predict the success of a student with absolute certainty. They do not
threw any light on one character, morals, emotionality or temperamental traits.
Personality
Firstly the externals or physique and appearance constitutes only one factor in one'c personality, they
do not constitute the whole thing.
The term personality comes from greek word "persona".
The mask which greek actors use to wear in ancient time in drama so that the mask show the
characteristics personality is total quality of an individual behaviour as it shown in his thinking, in his
attitude, interest and manner of acting. It is not only include his physical, mental and emotional
behaviour but also include his interest, attitude, ability.
The study of personality is important in psychology because it shows behavior. people will
usually behave acc. to their personality.
Definition of personality a/c to bridge:-

"The pattern develop by the integrated functional of all traits and characteristics
of individual".

Factors influence personality : There are 3 kinds of factors :-

1. Physiological factor.
2. Social and environment factor

3. Psychological factor.
I. Physiological factor :
1. It include the physique of an individual ex: Size strength looks. It also include the physical
abnormality and nature or glands.
2. Physical appearance is the first thing which attract us and attractive physical appearance help to
create self confidence of individual.

II. Social and environmental factor :

The social and environment factor gives a big effect on personality. acc. to cruze." The personality
influence more by the reaction of other people than by any other factor in the environment."
III. Mental and psychological factor : Our interest, attitude, will, character and our intellectual
such as intelligence, all these shows our behaviour it also give effect an our personality development.
These factor help to shine our personality, qualities.
For ex. Intelligent and proper attention shows that how to solve a problem.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY

(i) Extrovert
They are interested in world about them.
They are sociable + friendly and not easily upset by difficulties.
They one men of action rather then reflection.
(ii) Introvert :
The introverts are described by him as those who are interested in themselves.
Their own feeling emotions and reaction.
They are highly sensitive and unable to adjust easily to social situations.

(II)
1. Endomorphic : These persons are soft, fatty and round and they are bulky in body. They does not
disappointed usually. They are social and relex in nature.

2. Mesomarphic: These persons are heavy muscular. Their behaviour noisy. they are physically
active these persons are strong.
3. Ectomorphic : These persons are tall and thin and they have flat chest these persons are self
centered in nature.
(III) All port describe : 2 type of people
1. Ascendant : They dominate the situation is out going. Submission or descendent Self critical, day
dreaming, self analytical, gives to withdraws from social or competitive situation.
2. Acc. To kretschmer: Things that there is a close relation ship b/w one'c body or physical make up
and personality
there are 3 types of bodies Namely :
1. Aesthetic thin and lean
2. Athletic Sports body
3. The pyknic type

(IV) Classification on temperament :

A. Viscertonia :
These persons are relaxing and enjoying in nature.
They like always comfort.
These kind of person are sentimental.
B. Sometotonia :
These persons are aggressive in nature.
These persons have more dancing in nature .
Usually these are non believe in religion
C. Cerebrotonia :
These persons are thought full.
Assessment of the personality: -
By assessment of personality we mean judging,
evaluation, measurement of personality,
traits or the general pattern possessed by an individual.
Personality can be measured or evaluate by means of :-
Interview
Observation of behaviour
Rating scales
Questionnaires method
Case history method.
The projective technique

Personality Dynamics
Mind is a function of body it does not exist apart from the body.
The structure of mind divided as :
1. Conscious Level: It is relate the awareness of an individual to his environment. IT works when
individual is awake. It attached with thought, feeling and sensations.
2. Preconscious Level: It is a part of mind in which ideas and reaction are stored and partially
forgotten. It also act as watch man.
3. Unconscious level: It is the largest part of mind, it is just like a house from all memories, feelings
and response experienced by the individual his entire life.

Character
Important of Characters in human behaivour:
Character is a important part of our behaviour.
It is a part of our mental structure.
Character is the result of growth or it is developed by a society in which we leaves.
We do not born with our character.
We Just born with our body gradually we develop skill, habit, attitude, personality etc. all these
combined are character.
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