Bioclimatic

Project
Tlaxcala
Alejandra Olmedo Bones | A01273276

Missael Lpez Vargas |

A01273344

Bioclimatic Design
MSc. In Arch. Perla Cruz Lpez

Monday, May 11th, 2015.

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Bioclimatic Project 2
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 Introduction
This project to solve a house, which have to integrate bioclimatic design
strategies. Bioclimatic architecture is a type of architecture that has a
connection to nature. Bioclimatic design has to integrate four aspects:
climate conditions, people, resources and environmental conditions, to help
achieve an optimal thermal comfort inside the buildings. It deals with design
and architectural elements, avoiding complete dependence on mechanical
systems, which are regarded as support. This is not a new building style,
many traditional architecture styles work according to bioclimatic principles.
An example of traditional architecture working in this manner are often
vernacular archetypes. Traditional techniques work which has been tested in
many places. (Williams, 2009)

The project must be an integral bioclimatic, eco-friendly and sustainable

architectural project. Therefore there was an investigation of the climate
design and facts that influence the project according to its geographical
zone. This project is going to be related to Tlaxcala City.

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 Functionality Diagram
Funcionality diagrams express the relations or links between the spaces. The
making of diagrams of functinality and direct and indirect relations refers to
the making of a graphic scheme composed by all the elements of the
program, these spaces they are related by means of lines or arrows, which
represent the type of relations that could exist between the spaces.

Public AreaServices Area

Private Area
Bathroom

Second Floor
TV Room Master Bedroom

Stairs Hall Bedroom 1

Bathroom Bedroom 2

First Floor Study Room

Stairs Toilet

Entrance Hall Living Room

Dinning Room
Service Bedroom

Service Bathroom Kitchen

Laundry Room

Figure 1.Functionality Diagram

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 Area analysis
This table shows the generalized information where you can observe the
content of the activities and that the spaces are used in a correct way since
they contemplate the main actions to realize in the building, and also one
adds the information of the analysis of the activities, in this table the
furniture appears, this furniture determines the spaces in areas that are
needed. Everything is realized taking into consideration the current
regulation.

Living room

Dinning room

Kitchen

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Bedrooms

Bathrooms and toilet

Study room

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 Family room

Garage

Serivice room

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 Perception Matrix
When we talk about the distribution of the house, it is expected that the
spaces generate a harmonious and functional accommodation. According to
these principles, we decided on a possible location of the different spaces of
the house.

The hall, it is not a space you need in great orientation because it is a

transitional space. However, this space must offer an excellent view from
facade, even it have to be connected the garage. In this way we think it must
have a northeast orientation. Kitchen is one of the most important places in
the house, due to the fact that it spends most of the time there the family,
we believe that it must have a southeast orientation, because that will be
best views with respect to the location. As the kitchen, the living room is a
room where time pass. For that it have to be a nice place, we believe that
the proper orientation would be the southeast to continue to leverage the
views of the place. Study room is going to be a place located at east. Study
room will be a place for work, we believe a guidance east will be adequate.
Laundry must have a broad place and open to the activities to be carried out
as well as direct connection with service room, kitchen and back yard, its
orientation can be southeast. All bedrooms should have a similar orientation,
since the requirements in them are the same, we believe that the southeast
is a suitable orientation for the views because in this orientation bedrooms
will have a good view. The TV room has to be in a private location within the
house, we believe that the southwest orientation could help this condition. In
regard to the bathrooms, we believe that it is not so important that they
have a guidance in specific places since they are completely transitional
spaces.

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 Perception
Matrix
|Room Views
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Hall x

Kitchen x

Living room x

Dining room x

Study room x

Toilet

Laundry oom x

Master Bedroom x

Walk-in closet x

Master Bathroom x

Bedroom 1 x

Bedroom 2 x

Bathroom x

Tv room/family x
room
Service Room x

Service Bathroom x

2-car Garage x

Garden x

Figure 2.Perception Matrix

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 Land location

The construction area is located on latitude 1919'26" N, longitude 9814'48"

W and an altitude above the seal level. It has a total of 320 square meters.
Adjoin to northwest, a southwest and northeast with private properties and
southeast with the street, the terrain has a maximum level of one meter
above the level bank.

This field is located in the city of Tlaxcala, specifically in the Av. Del Maestro,
in the centre of the city. This field have an area of 200m2 and it has a
boundary around its three sides. This field has a different drops the first one
starts on 20 cm, and ends on 1 m.

Tlaxcala has a temperate humid sub-

tropical type C, it means that according
to Kppens classification, this climate
has average annual temperature
between 12C and 18C, temperature of
the coldest month between -3C and
18C and temperature of the warmest
month under 22C. In summer rainfall in
the driest month less than 40 mm;
summer rains with
precipitation/temperature index greater
than 55. In winter rainfall from 5 to
10.2% of the annual total in this city
Figure 2. Tlaxcala

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Figure 3. Tlaxcala de Xicotencatl

Figure 4. Location Sketch, Av.del maestro

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 Vernacular Architecture
The vernacular architecture is one in which there are no theoretical or
aesthetic pretensions; this works with the useful site and the microclimate;
respects other people and their homes and, consequently, all the
environment, natural or manmade, and works within a language variations
within a given order. (King)

The vernacular architecture is the most typical form of construction with

materials of each region or zone. These material give a identity and these
are easier to get for this reason they are cheaper than other materials. In a
literal sense, it is the architecture without architects.

Tlaxcala is one of the cities of Mexico which has preserved the historical and
cultural heritage, but new buildings have overshadowed the colonial
architecture.

In most villages, the houses were built of adobe, shingles, Xalnene and palm
roof, but few remaining vestiges of them.

From 1521, within the colonial era, called the construction of the convents of
the XVI century were predominate twelve Franciscan structures were made
from stone, adobe tepetate and later the partition was used, temples and
monasteries were built very sober to have little or no decoration.

In colonial times, in Tlaxcala mix between families of Tlaxcala and Spanish

began and this other architecture culture was created with adobe buildings,
tepetate, with wooden or Catalan vaults. From that time, all buildings were
expanded maintaining the same construction processes.

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The cities were laid in orthogonal (at right angles) grids with homes and
public buildings on one level, built with different stones of the region, in the
case of households, most predominantly with central courtyard.

From the 60s concrete and other materials were used for all types of
construction.

It was a mistake to believe that adobe was a symbol of poverty and although
it is very tough, many people fail to use it to build with blocks, although
modern constructions can be realized with adobe.

The error is that some architects do their work while the client pays you,
then you cannot explain (the client) that architecture responds to a
functional need. (Gracia, 2011)

For this project, we intend to build a house that will not break the typology of
the region and city. To make the house fit the environment, we will use
materials that are easily available in the
region, and this is so that the skyline is
unchanged and so prevailing values of the
typical architecture of the area.

Also, we will consider the construction

elements such as the use of a central
courtyard, which works to generate
ventilation, light, and a different
environment. Also, the proper use of roofs,
because we can see that many homes use
inadequate roofing as they are very sloped
affecting the functionality of the house. Figure 5.Floor Plan, Vernacular
Architecture

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 Climatic Information
In this case, the terrain is located in Tlaxcala City. Tlaxcalas latitude is
1919'26" N, and its longitude: 9814'48" W. (SMN, 2015). Tlaxcala is
characterized by its temperate humid sub-tropical climate type. (INEGI,
2014).

It has an annual average temperature of 23.4C, its maximum average

temperature is 26.4C and its minimum average temperature is 21.9C

Next chart shows the maximum monthly average temperatures. Those ones
are measured in Celsius degrees (SMN, 2015)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Anual
t
21. 25. 23. 26. 26. 24. 22. 23. 21. 23. 21. 21. 23.4
7 1 3 3 4 1 9 4 9 1 3 8

Next chart shows the minimum monthly average temperatures. Those ones
are measured in Celsius degrees (SMN, 2015)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Anual
4.6 5.0 5.2 8.5 9.7 9.6 9. 9.6 11.2 8.8 6.6 4.5 7.7
4

Next chart shows the monthly average temperatures. Those ones are
measured in Celsius degrees (SMN, 2015)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Anual
13.2 15.0 14.2 17.4 18.0 16.8 16.1 16.5 16.5 15.9 13.9 13.2 15.6

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Next chart shows direct radiation, on w/m2, per month in Tlaxcala.
(Ecotecnia, 2012)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min Max Med
t
460 510 550 540 560 520 530 520 510 490 470 400 400 560 5100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Next chart shows the monthly average precipitations. Those ones are
measured in mm (CNA, 2015)

Jan Fe Ma Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct No Dec Anua
b r v l
4.1 7.5 8.0 16. 69. 117. 161. 96. 202. 81. 42. 17. 823.
3 1 7 0 2 8 3 4 4 8

Next chart shows the monthly average winds as well as wind direction by
month. (Windfinder, 2012)

Its warmest month is on September, but is the month with more precipitation
too, with 202.8 mm. Its dominant wind is to northeast. Climatic conditions on
summer are with rainfall in the driest month less than 40 mm; summer rains
with precipitation/temperature index greater than 55, and in winter are
rainfall from 5 to 10.2% of the annual total. Its bulb humidity is about 11.6

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per year, its average relative humidity is 72 per year, and its evaporation is
about 1395.9 per year. (CONAGUA, 2012)

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 Confort analysis

In this chart we can found that all months need the radiation for staying in
the comfort zone. The graph start in 245 W/m2 for January, then, the
radiation decrease for February, in March we can see that the radiation
increase. May is the month with more radiation, after that, the radiation is
increasing for all months. In December is when we need more radiation. This
chart will help us fit our construction in the best position to be in thermal
comfort most of the year.

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 Figure 6. Comfort Graph

Have
Month Need Result
Radiation Wind
January 245 W/m2
February 200 W/m2
March 210 W/m2
April 100 W/m2
May 85 W/m2
June 130 W/m2
July 155 W/m2
August 140 W/m2
September 140 W/m2
October 175 W/m2
November 225 W/m2
December 245 W/m2
Figure 7. Comfort Table

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 Solar Geometry
The solar geometry is one of the most important elements within
the process of architectural design because it is through the
knowledge of the behavior of the trajectory of the sun's rays, we
will give us the optimal orientation to the building, the best
location in the interior spaces according to its use, and we can
properly design the openings, making direct effects of heating,
cooling and lighting, translatable in terms of human comfort.

There are three ways of knowing, and analyze the solar behavior.
The first is via graphics methods, that are most practical for the
architects because they present information in a clear, easily
translatable in terms of design and with the necessary
approximation for architectural purposes. We found several types
of diagrams, each one of them for different purposes; diagrams of
trajectory and position solar: design, analysis and evaluation of
systems, the second is through mathematical methods, which
give us accurate information, primarily used for technical
purposes such as: energy balances, analysis and evaluation of
construction materials and their thermal transfer, design of
systems and devices active solar, etc. The third is through
physical simulation models; models and heliodones, which give us
only a vision of the qualitative behavior of the building.

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Figure 7.Solar Geometry

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 Graph Stereograph
The stereographic projection is a representation of the solar
trajectory based on the orthogonal, this projection it consists of
moving the route of the sun on the plane of the horizon.

This graph is very useful for the study of shades, for the analysis
and evaluation of devices of solar control and to take decisions
about the orientation of the building and place of the spaces,
since on her hatching diagrams can get over, energy diagrams of
radiation or lighting, or simply express on her the status and
temperature changes ambience of the locality in study.

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 Figure 8. Graph Stereograph

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 Orientation Matrix
Orientation
Matrix
|Room Heat
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Hall x

Kitchen x

Living room x

Dining room x

Study room x

Toilet x

Laundry oom x

Master Bedroom x

Walk-in closet x

Master Bathroom x

Bedroom 1 x

Bedroom 2 x

Bathroom x

Tv room/family x
room
Service Room x

Service Bathroom x

2-car Garage x

Garden x

Figure 9. Orientation Matrix

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In the arrangement of spaces according to the amount of heat that each
ones receives, we located the spaces according to the time that is spent with
the highest amount of heat, it means, these were located to the south, south
east or south west. The transitional spaces were located in areas with less
heat, it means, in the north. Because the hall is a transition zone requires no
special benefits of heat, so It was placed to the north. The kitchen, too, was
located in the north because it is a space in which heat is produced therefore
we want to balance. The living room is a public space that much of the time
is used by users, this was located southeast, it will have better utilization of
heat. The dining room was southeast because it is a space that used three or
four times a day, depending on the people and their lifestyle, then it must
have a warm climate to enjoy food. Toilet, is a space that is often used in
short periods of time, was located north because this only ventilation and
lighting is needed. Master Bedroom was facing south east for a better
utilization of solar radiation and generate pleasant rooms with light and heat.
The Master Bedroom and walk-in closet were located south. The bedroom 1
and 2 were placed southwest to obtain large amounts of heat that allow to
be in thermal comfort during the night and the day and also being close to
the master bedroom. The bathroom was located south west to get in contact
with bedrooms 1 and 2. As a space used by most of the family in the
evenings, the TV room was located to the west as it will be up to this time
when you receive the most heat and light that will cause glare. The service
room was located to the northeast to get a little warm in the morning. The
service bathroom was opted to be located north, it is a space with moderate
use in short amount of time. The garage of the house is north, because the
less amount of solar radiation received cars is much better to keep them in
perfect physical condition also, it will be a space where users of the
residence are for very short periods of time. Finally, the garden was located

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northeast to have a lot of sunlight in the morning because their use at this
time intended by most of the family, where you can live in a more natural
environment.

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 Passive heating systems to be used
The air conditioning systems, by their nature, have been called, such as:
passive systems, assets, hybrid, natural, self-air condition, among others.

Passive systems are characterized by being part of the very structure of the
building, although engaged in such a way to the characteristics of the
environment, which can capture, block, transfer, store or download energy in
a natural way and almost always adjustable, depending on the process of air
conditioning involved. For the classification of the liabilities of air
conditioning systems have been considered three aspects configuration
structure, Genus, Air conditioning requirements.

The systems of passive solar heating are characterized by the utilization of

the energy that gives us on a regular basis the sun. It is a virtually
inexhaustible resource, at least in our time scale, and most importantly, this
is free.

The efficiency of heating systems solar passive depends on the strategies to

prevent the heat loss, as the isolation of the space, the use of glass and the
efficient use of constructive systems that reduce the thermal bridges and
infiltrations. It serves little capture large quantities of heat by solar radiation
if this heat is easily lost when they stop being received. . For the
classification of the liabilities of air conditioning systems have been
considered three aspects configuration structure, Genus, Air conditioning
requirements.

The passive systems that will be used in the project are:

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 Heat accumulation roof.It is possible to use the surface
of the roof so much to receive and to store the heat of
the sun, as to generate air currents. Placing glazing
with mobile devices to be
able to make use of, in
winter and in summer. In
winter we it will leave this enclosure it allows
that between the light of the sun and the
greenhouse effect produces, in summer we will
make it open generating currents of fresh air.
Also with this system one makes use of the light of the day having very good
lighting in the building.

Window Greenhouses:

Window greenhouses, whether external or internal,

are cheap factors used to heat the house, perfume it
and produce some food

The continuous flow of air between the

house and the greenhouse provides housing
heat, moisture and oxygen.

This system is going to be used in the

ground floor. Instead of its normal use, it will
be used to like a ventilation system. Its going to
be possible for a window, which is existing up the
dome.

Direct gain

It is the most simple and involves capturing the sun's

energy for glass surfaces that are sized for each

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orientation and depending on the heat requirements of the building or
premises to be heated.

This system is going to exist in some windows in upper level; these windows
are going to be oriented to southeast.

This system will be used for the master bedroom and bedroom for the
number two, because these are oriented to win heat during the greater part
of the day but by the ventilation system that have been able to produce
micro-climates that will be adequate for the needs of the user.

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 Window design for solar income

Solar
Window Design Space Orientation
protection?

Study room SE NO

Kitchen E NO

Toilet and
NO
Bathroom

Bedroooms SE NO
E

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 Living room E NO

TV room NO

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 Solar Protection
Solar protection serves to protect the interior of the house of the excess of radiation.
Here we report the analysis of the main windows.

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 Natural Light Analysis
Natural lighting is an alternative to illuminate interior spaces. Natural lighting
is provided by the sun's radiant energy, a well-designed natural lighting can
comply with the requirements of lighting for any architectural space where
visual activities of medium complexity, with this you can save up to ninety
percent of the electric energy consumption.

The natural light consists of three components:

The direct beam from the sun;

natural light diffused in the atmosphere

light from reflections, on the floor of the inner self and objects in the
external environment.

Space Lighting necessary (Luxes)

Hall 50 luxes
Stairs 50 luxes
TV Room 100 luxes
Bathroom 100 luxes
Bedroom 100 luxes
Study Room 200 luxes
Living Room 250 luxes
Dinning Room 200 luxes
Kitchen 200 luxes
Laundry 75 luxes
Parking 50 luxes

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 Artificial Lights
In a house designed on the basis of bioclimatic criteria, it is necessary to make efforts to
avoid the use of luminaries, in case of be used these luminaires must be regulated. Here
are some examples of lights that can be used in important spaces of the house, such as
the study room, dining room, kitchen and living room

Lamp for Study Room, luxes needed: 250 lx

For study room are necessary three lamps, this ones have to be 50 cm under the ceiling.

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Lamp for dining room, luxes needed: 200 lx

For dining room are necessary four lamps, this ones have to be 1 meter under the
ceiling.

Lamp for Kitchen, luxes needed: 200lx

For kitchen are necessary four lamps, this ones have to be 1 meter under the ceiling.

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 Lamp for living room, luxes
needed: 250lx

For living room are necessary six lamps, this ones have to be next to the ceiling.

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 Wind Information

Wind is the elementary factor for ventilation; with this it is possible to

ventilate a place so it can be more comfortable. To reach the correct
ventilation it is necessary to analyse the direction of wind. In the specific
case of Tlaxcala the wind use to come from the southwest. By this way, we
decide to locate some windows and the central yard in this direction

Month Wind direction Average Speed

January NE 4
February NE 4
March NE 4
April SW 4
May SW 3
June SW 3
July SW 3
August SW 3
September SW 4
October NE 4
November SW 4
December SW 3

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 Vegetation
In a house designed with bioclimatic characteristics, it is imperative the use of
vegetation due to the fact that this regulates and filters the air. For this reason, help,
and improves the filtration of the air as well as help with passive cooling of the house. In
this case, this house is going to have the following examples of vegetation

ACACIA BAILEYANA BACOPA MONNIERI FUCHSIA HYBRIDA

Common Name: Mimosa Common Name: Common Name: aretillos

Lagrima de beb
Type: ARBO Type: perennial shrub
Type: ACUA
Family: Mimoseceae Family: Onagraceae
Family:
Zone: 8 to 10 Scrophulariaceae Zone: 8 to 11

Height: 10 m Zone: 8 to 111 Height: 40.00 to 50.00

feet
Spread: 6-7 m Height: 10 m
Spread: 1.00 feet
Bloom Time: May to Spread: 6-7 m
September Bloom Time: all year
Bloom Time: May to
Bloom Description: September
yellow Bloom Description:
Bloom Description: cilindric
Sun: Full sun to part yellow
shade Sun: middle sun to part
Sun: Full sun to part shade
Water: Medium shade
Water: medium
Maintenance: Low Water: Medium
Maintenance: medium
Suggested Use: Hedge Maintenance: Low
Suggested Use:
Flower: Showy Suggested Use: Garden beautification crew
(medicinal use)
Leaf: Good Fall Flower: hanging
Flower: thick
Tolerate: Erosion Leaf: spear form
Leaf: Good Fall
Texture: yellow and Tolerate: cold climate
green Tolerate: Erosion

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 Passive Cooling Systems
When were designing with bioclimatic criteria, is
important to considerate times by year in hot weather.
By this way important to considerate the implement of
Passive cooling systems in order to improve the air
movement.

The ventilation inside the buildings is so necessary,

because it will not cool the construction, also will
discharge the heat of the human body.

Considering the climate conditions in Tlaxcala, we are proposing three different cooling
and ventilation systems.

Opening at floor and roof level:

This is an economic option. The hot air elevates and is suck out by the roof level
openings; and the fresh air will get inside of the building by the floor level opening. With
this a ventilation cycle will be produce. Most of the windows in ground floor have this
system

Opening at the roof:

The extraction of hot air works in the higher point of the roof, where the hot air
accumulates and it is suck out.

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 Window design for ventilation

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