Abstract

The bending dies have significant importance in

the sheet metals product industry. Moreover, the
spring back of the sheet metal should be taken
into consideration in the bending die design.
The amount of spring back should be known in
order to produce bent sheet metal parts within
acceptable tolerance limits. In this research, an
experimental study has been carried out on the
determination of springback of bent products.
Hence, the amount of springback of several
sheet metals with different bending angles was
obtained on a modular V bending die, which
was designed and constructed, and the
springback graphics were plotted. The results
showed that these are in line with the results of
previous researchers. The springback graphics
for six This paper deals with the identification of
material parameters in a constitutive model for
sheet metals using the bending moment versus
curvature diagrams obtained by cyclic bending
tests. The model can describe the cyclic strain
hardening by the isotropic hardening and the
Bauschinger effect by the kinematic hardening.
An optimization technique based on the iterative
multipoint approximation concept was used for
the identification of the material parameters.
This paper describes the experimentation, the
fundamentals and the technique of the
identification problem, and the verification of
this approach.different kinds of materials were
realised by using four different bending
methods in 18 different modular dies. The
effects of bending methods on springback and
convenience of the obtained graphics were
discussed in detail. The results of the tests were
evaluated statistically by using a personal
computer and converted into graphics and
tables. The useful data for practical design of
bending dies by taking the spring back into
consideration was achieved with this study.
Bending of plates, or plate bending, refers to
the deflection of a plate perpendicular to the
plane of the plate under the action of
external forces and moments. The amount of
deflection can be determined by solving the
differential equations of an appropriate plate
theory. The stresses in the plate can be
calculated from these deflections. Once the
stresses are known, failure theories can be used
to determine whether a plate will fail under a
given load. For other uses, see Bending
(disambiguation).
Bending of an I-beam
In applied mechanics, bending (also known
as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to an
external load applied perpendicularly to
a longitudinal axis of the element.
The structural element is assumed to be such
that at least one of its dimensions is a small
fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two.
[1]
When the length is considerably longer than
the width and the thickness, the element is
called a beam. For example,
a closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes
on clothes hangers is an example of a beam
experiencing bending. On the other hand,
a shell is a structure of any geometric form
where the length and the width are of the same
order of magnitude but the thickness of the
structure (known as the 'wall') is considerably
smaller. A large diameter, but thin-walled, short
tube supported at its ends and loaded laterally
is an example of a shell experiencing bending.
In the absence of a qualifier, the term bending is
ambiguous because bending can occur locally
in all objects. Therefore, to make the usage of
the term more precise, engineers refer to a
specific object such as; the bending of rods,
[2]
the bending of beams,[1] the bending of plates,
[3]
the bending of shells[2] and so on. Sheet metal
forming processes are those in which force is applied
to a piece of sheet metal to modify its geometry rather
than remove any material. The applied force stresses
the metal beyond its yield strength, causing the
material to plastically deform, but not to fail. By doing
so, the sheet can be bent or stretched into a variety of
complex shapes. Bending is a metal forming process
in which a force is applied to a piece of sheet metal,
causing it to bend at an angle and form the desired
shape. A bending operation causes deformation along
one axis, but a sequence of several different
operations can be performed to create a complex part.
Bent parts can be quite small, such as a bracket, or up
to 20 feet in length, such as a large enclosure or
chassis. A bend can be characterized by several
different parameters, shown in the image below.

Bottoming or Coining is the bending process where

the punch and the workpiece bottom on the die.
This makes for a controlled angle with very little
spring back. The tonnage required on this type of
press is more than in air bending. The inner radius
of the workpiece should be a minimum of 1
material thickness in the case of bottoming; and
upto Process[edit]

Bending process
In press brake forming, a work piece is positioned
over the die block and the die block presses the sheet
to form a shape.[1] Usually bending has to overcome
both tensile stresses and compressive stresses.
When bending is done, the residual stresses cause
the material to spring back towards its original
position, so the sheet must be over-bent to achieve
the proper bend angle. The amount of spring back is
dependent on the material, and the type of forming.
When sheet metal is bent, it stretches in length.
The bend deduction is the amount the sheet metal will
stretch when bent as measured from the outside
edges of the bend. The bend radius refers to the
inside radius. The formed bend radius is dependent
upon the dies used, the material properties, and the
.material thickness

The U-punch forms a U-shape with a single punch.[1]

Calculations

Many variations of these formulas exist and are

readily available online. These variations may often
seem to be at odds with one another, but they are
invariably the same formulas simplified or combined.
What is presented here are the unsimplified formulas.
:All formulas use the following keys

Lf = flat length of the sheet

BA = bend allowance

BD = bend deduction

R = inside bend radius

K = K-Factor, which is t / T

T = material thickness
 t = distance from inside face to the neutral line[6]

A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through

which the material is bent)

The neutral line (also called the neutral axis) is an

imaginary line that can be drawn through the cross-
section of the workpiece that represents the locus
where no tensile nor compressive stresses are
present on the work. Its location in the material is a
function of the forces used to form the part and the
material yield and tensile strengths. In the bend
region, the material between the neutral line and the
inside radius will be under compression during the
bend. The material between the neutral line and the
.outside radius will be under tension during the bend

Bend allowance and bend deduction are quantities

used to determine the flat length of sheet stock to give
the desired dimension of the bent part. Both bend
deduction and bend allowance represent the
difference between the neutral line or unbent flat
pattern (the required length of the material prior to
bending) and the formed bend. Subtracting them from
the combined length of both flanges gives the flat
pattern length. The question of which formula to use
is determined by the dimensioning method used to
define the flanges as shown in the two diagrams
.below

Bend allowance[edit]

The bend allowance (BA) is the length of the arc of the

neutral line between the tangent points of a bend in
any material. Adding the length of each flange taken
between the center of the radius to the BA gives the
Flat Pattern length. This bend allowance formula is
used to determine the flat pattern length when a bend
is dimensioned from 1) the center of the radius, 2) a
tangent point of the radius or 3) the outside tangent
..point of the radius on an acute angle bend

The BA can be estimated using the following formula,

which incorporates the empirical K

References .

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Manufacturing Processes

Reference Guide, Industrial Press Inc., 1994.

2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i F., M. (August

2008), "Press Brake Bending: Methods and
Challenges" (PDF), Metalforming: 3843.

3. Jump up^ Tool and Manufacturing

Engineers Handbook, Volume 2, Forming, 4th
Edition, Society of Manufacturing Engineers,
1984
4. Jump up^ 3-81. DRAW
FORMING Archived August 20, 2010, at
the Wayback Machine.

5. Jump
up^ http://www.toolingu.com/definition-410130-
35505-joggle-bend.html

6. Jump up^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived

from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-24.
Retrieved 2010-02-24.

7. Jump up^ How to Calculate Bend Allowance

for Your Press Brake, archived from the
original on 2010-02-24, retrieved 2010-02-24.

8. Jump up^ Sheet metal bend deduction,

archived from the original on 2010-02-24,
retrieved 2010-02-24.

9. Jump up^ Diegel, Olaf (July

2002), BendWorks (PDF), archived from the
original (PDF) on 2010-02-