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MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
Temple Architecture of India

Session: 2010-2013

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: SUBMITTED BY:-


Punam Ahlawat Megha Aggarwal

Asst. Professor Enrollment No.02514905010

Dept. Of Business Administration Course: BBA (T&TM) 3rd Sem.

MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE


(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)

(Recognized by UGC U/S2 (F))

C-4 JANAK PURI, NEW DELHI-58


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research project initiated to certify that is the innovative effort of
MEGHA AGGARWAL ROLL NO-02514905010 and it has been accomplished
under my guidance.

Certified that this project report TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA

Is the bonafide work of "MEGHA AGGARWAL who carried out the project work
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Megha Aggarwal Punam Ahlawat

SUPERVISOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A project can never become a success with efforts of only one individual. It requires a
group of people to complete a project at its best. And its my friends, my teacher and my
family member who have helped me to complete my project report.

The present work is just an effort to throw some light on the different architectural
styles of temples of India. The work would not have been possible to come to the
present shape without the guidance, supervision and help of number of people.

With deep sense of gratitude I acknowledge the encouragement and guidance received
from Mrs. Punam Ahlawat, ASST.PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION and other staff members.

I convey my heartfelt thanks to all those people who helped and supported me during the
course, of completion of my Project Report.

MEGHA AGGARWAL

ENROLL. NO. 02514905010

Course: BBA (T&TM) 3rd Sem.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Chapter Particulars Page no.

. s

1. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Indian temple architecture


Objectives
Limitations
Research methodology
Source of data collection

2. Chapter 2 PROFILE

History
Hindu temple architecture
o Nagara style
o Dravida style
o The vesara style
Strategies to enhance religious tourism through
corporate market responsibility
Role of religious tourism in balanced economic
growth in India
Protecting temples
3. Chapter 3 Analysis and interpretation of statistical
data

4 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusion
Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
TOURISM INDUSTRY

Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the
business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of
operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country.
The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go
"beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only", as
people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".

Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming
and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major
source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host
countries, in some cases being of vital importance.

In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for
at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in
1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.[15]

In 1941, Hunziker and Kraft defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead
to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."In 1976, the
Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term
movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work
and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all
purposes."[18] In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism
defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home.]

In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics:[20]

Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within
this country

Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country

Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel
has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The
terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in
the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction.
The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values.

The tourism business is at least 2,000 years old. It began when wealthy citizens of ancient
Rome, deciding they would rather spend their summers away from the city, took trips to
the countryside.

A tourist industry soon sprang up to cater for the Romans travel and accommodation
needs, and for a while it thrived. But Roman tourism ended with its empire, and for
hundreds of years the turbulent economic, social and military situation in Europe made
frequent, safe travel out of the question.

During the medieval era, however, tourism again appeared thanks to a growing interest in
pilgrimages. The organisers arranged the tourism basics of itineraries and places to eat
and sleep. And from records such as Chaucers Canterbury Tales, its evident that many
pilgrims were keen to relax and enjoy themselves as well as visit a holy shrine.

But it was two other factors hundreds of years later that encouraged the start of more
widespread and regular tourism: health and culture. Those who could afford to do so
began to visit the spa and seaside towns of eighteenth century Europe to benefit from the
spring waters and fresh air. Others, most notably the English, took educational holidays to
countries such as Italy with the intention of studying paintings, sculptures and
architecture, and visiting historical.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism

Straightforward leisure tourism took hold when industrialisation across Europe gave rise
to an affluent middle class with an increasing amount of free time. Entrepreneurs started
to build tourist hotels with an infrastructure of roads, carriages and ferries.

The industry was popular and steadily successful from the early nineteenth century. But
for the most part, it was expensive and limited to a small number of locations. Then
everything suddenly changed. In the 1960s, a growing number of people had disposable
incomes, and with this extra money came a desire for a different lifestyle. At the same
time, reasonably-priced commercial aircraft were able to carry passengers to and from
any airport in the world.

The driving force behind these rapid developments was cash. In 2006, the international
tourism receipts for the three most popular destinations France, Spain and the United
States totalled $179.7 billion. The number of visitors who contributed this sum was
188.7 million.

With figures such as these, many countries around the globe work hard to encourage
travellers to visit them. The result in recent years is the boom in long haul flights to
destinations that can supply tourists with sun almost every week of the year.

Unfortunately, its this scramble to grab a share of the tourist industry that is sometimes
damaging environments unable to sustain large numbers of visitors. There are also
concerns about the pollution generated by the ever-rising volume of tourist flights, cruise
ships and road traffic. And on top of these problems are increasing fuel costs; the demise
of established resorts that have over-expanded; fluctuating exchange rates for currencies;
and the credit crunch.

utilizing the widest definition of the word, human beings have been traveling since the
dawn of time. No matter ones beliefs about the creation of humans, everyone can agree
our species began in some single locale, likely Africa or the Middle East, and travelled
outwards, settling new lands. However, most of this travel was done out of necessity
and war, often without the intent of return. It wouldnt be until Antiquity, or the glory
days of the Greek and Roman empires, that tourism, or leisure travel, would be
introduced.

In those days, tourism was a privilege almost entirely confined to the wealthy, who
travelled largely for cultural exploration. One has to remember, the Greek and Roman
upper classes were a people who prided themselves on artistic, scientific, and
philosophical pursuits.

It follows, then, that these early travelers largely sought to learn the arts, languages, and
cultures of their destinations. Soon enough, traveling for leisures sake began to gain
popularity popularity; from the Roman Empire arises some of the earliest examples of
travel resorts and spas in the world. Though they documented their experiences most
thoroughly,the elite Europeans were not the only ones traveling in the ancient times.
In eastern Asia, it was popular for nobles to travel across the countryside for the religious
and cultural experience it offered, oftentimes stopping at temples and sacred sites during
their travels.

RELIGIOUS TOURISM

Religious tourism, also commonly referred to as faith tourism, is a type of tourism, where
people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure (fellowship)
purposes. The world's largest form of mass religious tourism takes place at the annual
Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. North American religious tourists comprise an
estimated $10 billion of the industry.
Modern religious tourists are more able to visit holy cities and holy sites around the
world. The most famous holy cities are Mecca, Medina, Karbala, Ftima, Jerusalem and
the Vatican City. The most famous holy sites are the Great Mosque of Mecca,
the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ftima in Cova da Iria, the Basilica of Our Lady of
Guadalupe in Mexico City, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, the Western
Wall in Jerusalem . Religious tourism has existed since antiquity.

Although no definitive study has been completed on worldwide religious tourism,


some segments of the industry have been measured:

According to the World Tourism Organization, an estimated 300 to 330


million pilgrims visit the world's key religious sites every year.

According to the U.S. Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, Americans


traveling overseas for "religious or pilgrimage" purposes has increased from 491,000
travelers in 2002 to 633,000 travelers in 2005 (30% increase).

The Christian Camp and Conference Association states that more than eight
million people are involved in CCCA member camps and conferences, including
more than 120,000 churches.

Religious attractions including Sight & Sound Theatre attracts 800,000 visitors a
year while the Holy Land Experience and Focus on the Family Welcome Center each
receives about 250,000 guests annually.

Source: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_tourism)

Religious tourism comprises many facets of the travel industry including:

Pilgrimages

Marian shrines visits

Missionary travel

Leisure (fellowship) vacations

Faith-based cruising

Crusades, conventions and rallies


Retreats

Monastery visits and guest-stays

OBJECTIVES

The main aim of the project is-

The research aim is to deepen the understanding of religious tourism from the
Himachal point of view.
To find mechanism for development of religious tourism for District Kangra.
To understand potential tourist.
To find out similar tourist places within 30 km belt of Kangra.
To identify potential tourist resources and their revival.
To study about the inflow and outflow of outbound and inbound tourists over the
period of time.
LIMITATIONS

In this report we concentrating on Hindu religious and spiritual tourism and have
left other religions out of examination.
The study is based on primary survey which based on approximation

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be


understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it the various
steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along
with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the
research methods/techniques but also the methodology (C R Kothari Research
Methodology 1990). The research methodology to this research will be stated below. In
everyday life human being has to face many problems viz. social, economical, financial
problems. These problems in life call for acceptable and effective solutions, and for this
purpose, research is required and a methodology applied for the solutions can be found
out. Research methodology is a method to solve the research problem systematically. It
involves gathering data, use of statistical techniques, interpretations and drawing
conclusions about research data.
Research means the systematic enquiry to find out the truth . It involves systematic
collection , analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a
problem . Research comprises creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to
increase the stick of knowledge , including knowledge of man , culture and society , and
the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . It is used to establish or
confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems ,
support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion
on past work in the field.
Research Design
It can be define as a framework for conducting research project . A research design lays
the foundation to facilitate the smooth flow of various researches . In the present study
used exploratory and descriptive research design to elaborate our report. Descriptive
research includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kinds . The major
purpose of descriptive research of the state of affairs as it exists at present . There are
three main types of descriptive methods : observational methods , case study methods and
survey methods.

Sample Design
Sample
A sample is a subject of the population that should represent the entire group .A sample
is a subset containing the characteristics of a larger population.
Sampling
For researcher , sampling unit is very important part of research which gives certain
direction to the researcher . However, any research project must be able to extend the
implications of the findings beyond the participants who actually participated in the study
.
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population sizes are too large for the test to include
all possible members or observations.
Sample Size
The sample size is 60 respondents.
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations
or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of
any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a
sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is determined based on the expense of
data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power. In complicated studies
there may be several different sample sizes involved in the study: for example, in
a stratified survey there would be different sample sizes for each stratum. In a census,
data are collected on the entire population, hence the sample size is equal to the
population size. In experimental design, where a study may be divided into
different treatment groups, there may be different sample sizes for each group.
Data Collection
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data
systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources , that has been
systematically observed , recorded , organized .
The purpose of data collection is to obtain information to keep on record to make
decisions about important issues , to pass information on to others .

Source OF Data
The present study dependent on primary as well as secondary data .
Primary Data
Primary data are the originally collected for an investigation. This type of data are
original in character because these are collected by field workers, enumerators,
investigators for the first time for their own use. For instance, data obtained in a
population census by the office of the Registrar General, Census Commissioner, Ministry
of Home Affairs are termed as primary data.
Sources of Primary
Questionnaire Method
Secondary Data
Gathered and recorded by someone else prior to and for a purpose other than the current
project . Secondary data that has been collected for another purpose . It involves less cost
, time and effort Secondary data is data that is being reused.
Sources of Secondary data
Internet
Reports & Journals
Tourism website

Data Collection Tools Used


Questionnaire Method
The method of data collection is a method that contains questions relating the object of
enquiry and provides space for their answers . Keeping in view the importance of health
and safety of employees , the questionnaire has been filled by the various employees .
The closed ended questionnaire is used .
Statiatical tools used
Pie chart & bar diagrams
Percentage Method

CHAPTER-2

PROFILE
CHAMUNDA DEVI TEMPLE

So
urce: www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink

Chamunda Devi Temple is a renowned holy shrine of the Hindus. Located in Kangra
district of Himachal Pradesh, Chamunda Devi Mandir is at a distance of 10kms from
Palampur, on the banks of Baner River. This ancient temple dates back to the 16th
century. The temple is dedicated to Chamunda Devi, who is a form of Durga/Shakti.
Chamunda Devi Mandir is believed to be the abode of 'Shiva and Shakti'.

Chamunda Devi is considered as the wrathful form of Durga, but at the same time, the
Goddess is kind to her true devotees. The term 'Chamunda' has been derived from two
words, 'Chanda' and 'Munda'. As per the mythological legends, Durga made a goddess
with her power, to slay the demons, Chanda and Munda. With her immense power, the
Goddess killed the demons.

There is nothing extra-ordinary about the architecture of this temple, but the divine aura
spell bounds the devotees with its spiritual appeal. In the temple, the main image is
visible from the main entrance. The main shrine is adored by the images of Lord Bhairav
and Lord Hanuman on its sides. Actually, these lords are considered as the guards of the
Goddess.
Chamunda Devi is worshipped daily while the sermons include 'Aartis' at intervals.
Reciting the hymn of 'Shat Chandi' with devoted heart at this temple is considered
auspicious. In the corner of the temple, one can see small footsteps of the Goddess on a
stone. Besides the main shrine, there is a marble staircase that takes down to the cave of
Lord Shiva.
Lord Shiva is said to be one of the complex Gods of the Hindu pantheon, since he is the
destroyer as well as the restorer. Here, Lord Shiva is believed to have been present in the
form of death, destruction and dead bodies. In the temple complex, there is a huge pond
with images of Lords and people can take bath here. There is sculpture of Goddess, in
which, she is garlanded with serpents, scorpions, and skulls. During the time of
Navratras, the temple is crowded by large number of people. Pilgrims from far and near
come to visit this temple of great legacy andreligiousimportance.
The temple is situated in the picturesque beauty of lush green mountains. Many saints can
be seen here involved in penance and meditation. In the past days, the image of the
Goddess was situated on the hill above the present site of the temple. The site was found
to be in a remote area, where it was not possible for everyone to reach and moreover, it
was quite risky.
Location: In Kangra district, 10 km west of Palampur, on the Baner River in H.P.

Built in: 16th century

Dedicated to: Chamunda Devi (a form of Shakti)

Also known as: Chamunda Nandikeshwar Dham

How to reach: One can easily reach Chamunda Devi Temple by taking regular Buses or
by hiring taxis from Kangra or Dharamshal

Around 400 years ago, a King and a Brahmin priest prayed to Chamunda Devi asking her
consent to shift the image to an accessible location. Chamunda Devi appeared in a dream
to the priest granting him the permission. She asked him to dig a certain area and
subsequently, they will find an ancient idol. They can brought the idol in the temple and
worship her. The priest told about the dream to the King and sent his men to bring the
idol.
Again, the Goddess appeared and asked the priest that the men could not lift the idol
because they took it as an ordinary stone. She told the priest to get up early in the
morning and take a bath. After wearing fresh clothes, he should go to the place in a
devoted manner. The priest did the same what was told to him. He found that he could lift
the idol easily. He placed the idol in its present location and from that time, the Goddess
is worshipped by people.

BAIJNATH

Soure: www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotos

Baijnath is famous for its 13th-century temple dedicated to Shiva as Vaidyanath, the
Lord of physicians. Originally known as Kiragrama, the village lies on the Pathankot-
Mandi highway (National Highway No. 20) almost midway between Kangra and Mandi.
The present name Baijnath became popular after the name of the temple. The village is
located on the left bank of the river Binwa, a corrupt form of ancient Binduka, a tributary
of river Beas.

The Baijnath temple has been continuously under worship ever since its construction in
1204 A.D. The two long inscriptions in the porch of the temple indicate that a temple of
Shiva existed on the spot even before the present one was constructed. The present
temple is a beautiful example of the early medieval north Indian Temple architecture
known as Nagara style of temples. The Svayambhu form of Sivalinga is enshrined in the
sanctum of the temple that has five projections on each side and is surmounted with a tall
curvilinear Shikhara. The entrance to sanctum is through a vestibule that has a large
square "Mandapa" in front with two massive balconies one each in north and south. There
is a small porch in front of the mandapa hall that rests on four pillars in the front preceded
by an idol of "Nandi", the bull, in a small pillared shrine.

The whole temple is enclosed by a high wall with entrances in the south and north. The
outer walls of the temple have several niches with images of gods and goddesses.
Numerous images are also fixed or carved in the walls. The outer doorway in the porch as
also the inner doorway leading to the sanctum of the temple are also studded with a large
number of images of great beauty and iconographic importance. Some of them are very
rare to be found elsewhere.

The temple attracts a large number of tourists and pilgrims from all over India and abroad
throughout the year. Special prayers are offered in the morning and evening every day
besides on special occasions and during festive seasons. Makara Sankranti, Maha
Shivaratri, Vaisakha Sankranti, Shravana Mondays, etc. are celebrated with great zeal and
splendour. A five-day state level function is held here on Maha Shivratri every year.

The main attraction of Baijnath is an ancient temple of Shiva. Neighbouring towns


are Palampur Kangra and Joginder Nagar in Mandi district. According to the legend, it is
believed that during the Treta Yug, Ravana in order to have invincible powers worshiped
Lord Shiva in the Kailash. In the same process, to please the almighty he offered his ten
heads in the havan kund. Influenced by this extra ordinary deed of the Ravana, the Lord
Shiva not only restored his heads but also bestowed him with powers of invincibility and
immortality.

On attaining this incomparable boon, Ravana also requested Lord Shiva to accompany
him to Lanka. Shiva consented to the request of Ravana and converted himself into
Shivling. Then Lord Shiva asked him to carry the Shivling and warned him that he should
not place the Shivling down on the ground on his way. Ravana started moving south
towards Lanka and reached Baijnath where he felt the need to answer the natures call.
On seeing a shepherd, Ravana handed over the Shivling to him and went away to get
himself relieved. On finding the Shivling very heavy, the shepherd put the linga on the
ground and thus the Shivling got established there and the same is in the form of
Ardhnarishwar (God in form of Half Male & Half Female).

In the town of Baijnath, Dussehra festival in which traditionally the effigy of the Ravana
is consigned to flames,celebrated all over the country is not celebrated as a mark of
respect to the devotion of Ravana towards Lord Shiva. Another interesting thing about the
town of Baijnath is that there are no shops of goldsmiths here .

Another version also suggests that while Ravana was descending from the Himalayas
with the Shivling Lord Shiva had awarded him after years of worship which was
supposed to be established at Lanka, now Sri Lanka, which would have blessed him
(Ravana) with undefeatable powers even to the Gods which was not to be placed
anywhere during the course of travel, even during resting, Ravana was tricked by one of
the Devas (Gods), who posed as a beggar and wanted help from Ravana and promised to
hold the Shivling for him while he (Ravana) could fetch some food for the beggar. The
Deva posing as beggar placed the Shivling on ground, in absence of Ravana. The Shiva
idol or the Shivling at Baijnath temple is the same Shivling which was placed by the
Deva after tricking Ravana.
The history of the ancient Baijnath Temple is hazy and the two long inscriptions fixed in
the walls of the mandapa of the temple gives us account of the temple. The temple was
built in Saka 1126 (CE 1204)by two brothers Manyuka and Ahuka in devolution to Lord
Vaidyanatha. The inscriptions tell us that a Sivalinga known as Vaidyanatha already
existed on the spot but was without a proper house so the present temple and a porch in
its front was constructed. British Archaeologist Alexander Cunningham noticed an
inscription of 1786 in the temple referring to its renovations by king Sansara Chandra.

An inscription on the wooden doors of the sanctum of the temple provides the date as
samvat 1840 (AD 1783) that is very near to Cunninghams date. The devastating
earthquake that shook the entire region of Kangra on 4 th April 1905 also caused damage
to the shrine, which has been reported by J. Ph. Vogel and has since been repaired. At
present the temple is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India but
the performance of worship and rituals are under a local board at Baijnath with SDM as
its chairman. The hereditary priests continue to get a share of the offerings

Baijnath is around 51 kilometres from Kangra. Besides the main temple there are several
other shrines which are of equal importance for the local residents. Some of them
are Mukut Nath temple at Sansal (6 km)and Awahi Nag temple (1.5 km) the Mahankal
Temple (5 km) at Mahankal on Chobin Road , Shobha Singh Art gallery
(Andretta/Panchrukhi 11 km from Baijnath).

The town offers splendid views of the Dhauladhar Ranges and numurous mountain
streams. Tibetan Monasteries at Sherabling (Bhattu) (5 km) ,Chauntra and Chowgan on
the Mandi Highway and at Bir(14 km).

Billing (28 km) is an international paraglding site which is considered as one of the best
in the world for paragliding and other aerosports .The site has been the host to
international events such as the Paragliding Pre-World Cup multiple times and other
national and international events.
VAJRESHWARI DEVI MANDIR

Source: www.esamskriti.com Photo Gallery

Kangra is a city and a municipal council in Kangra district now


in Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Historically it was known as Nagarkot.

Kangra is a composite word made out of Kaann (meaning ear) + gaddha (create/mold).
This name was given to Kangra because of the famous ancient plastic surgeons of the
region who were known to provide plastic surgery for royals who wanted to improve
their looks and warriors who had lost facial features during wars

The Shree Vajreshwari Devi Mandir is a Hindu temple dedicated to the


goddess Vajreshvari, located in the town Nagarkot, in the Kangra district of Himachal
Pradesh, India.Vajreshwarila devi temple is also situated in Maharashtra state, District
Thane, Taluka:_Bhiwandi.village_Vajreshwari.Hot spring are also situated at vajreshwari
village near akloli kund and Ganeshpuri.

A legend says that after Goddess Sati sacrificed herself in the honor of Lord Shiva in her
Fathers Yagya. Shiva took her body on his shoulder and started Tandav. In order to stop
him from destroying the world Lord Vishnu divided the body of Sati into 51 parts with
his Chakra. The left breast of Sati fell at this spot, thus making it a Shakti Peeth.

The original temple was built by the Pandavas at the time of Mahabharatha. Legend says
that one day Pandavas saw Goddess Durga in their dream in which she told them that she
is situated in the Nagarkot village and if they want them self to be secure they should
make a temple for her in that area otherwise they will be destroyed. That same night they
made a magnificent temple for her in the Nagarkot village. This temple was looted a
number of time by the Muslim invaders. Md Gaznavi looted this temple at least 5 times,
in the past it used to contain tonnes of gold and many ghantas made of pure silver. In
1905 the temple was destroyed by a powerful earthquake and was subsequently rebuilt by
the government.

The temple of Vajreshvari is located in the town of Nagarkot, Kangra district, Himachal
Pradesh, India and is 11 km away from the nearest railway station of Kangra. The Kangra
Fort is situated nearby. Its location on a mountain near Chamunda Devi temple, is 16 km
from Nagarkot

The temple celebrates Navaratri (nine nights dedicated to worship of Hindu Goddesses)
once from the first day of the fortnight of the waxing moon of the Hindu month
of Chaitra (March) to the ninth day of Ram Navami, and then from the first day of the
bright half of the Hindu month of Ashvin (October) to the 10th day Vijayadashami.

A huge fair in honour of Goddess Vajreshwari is held on Amavasya (new moon day) in
the month of Chaitra. The fair commences on the 14th day of the fortnight of the waning
moon of the month with ceremonial worship of the Goddess. On Amavasya at night,
lamps are worshipped. On the next day, the first day of the Hindu month Vaisakha, the
ceremonial procession with a Palkhi (palanquin) carrying an image of the goddess, is
taken out.

Other festivals the temple celebrates are Shiva worship in the Hindu month of Shravana;
Kojagiri Poornima - full moon day of Hindu month Ashvin; Diwali (festival of
lights); Holi (festival of colours); Datta Jayanti (birthday of the deity Datta); Hanuman
Jayanti (birthday of the monkey god Hanuman) and Godhadebuwa Jayanti (birthday of
the saint Godhadebuwa).

The temple is taken care of by the Shree Vajreshwari Yogini Devi Public Trust. The
members of the Giri Gosavi sect are members of the trust and have been responsible for
worship and maintenance of the shrine since its establishment in 1739.

There are around twenty-one hot water springs in a five-kilometer radius of the temple.
According to tradition, the hot water is the blood of demons and giants who were slain by
the goddess Vajreshwari. According to scientists, their proximity to the former volcano in
the region accounts for their creation. Pilgrims who visit the temple also have a holy bath
in the springs, which are referred to as kundas in Sanskrit and are named after Hindu
deities like Surya (sun-god), Chandra(moon-god), Agni (fire-god), Vayu (wind-god),
Rama (Vishnu's incarnation), Sita (Rama's wife and incarnation of the goddess Lakshmi -
wife of Vishnu) and Lakshmana (Rama's brother).
A small shrine at Gunj and Katai in Wada taluka, Maharashtra, where the original temple
stood.

Vajreshwari Temple, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh: a Shakti Peetha, where a part of the
body of the goddess Sati (first wife of Shiva, who was reborn as Parvati - Shiva's
nominally second wife) fell.

Vajreshwari Temple, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.

Vajreshwari Temple, Ider, Gujarat, Kiran Modi Kheralu.

BAGALAMUKHI

Source:www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/baglamukhi-temple-kangra.

Bagalamukhi or Bagala is one of the ten mahavidyas (great wisdom goddesses)


in Hinduism. Bagalamukhi Devi smashes the devotee's misconceptions and delusions (or
the devotee's enemies) with her cudgel. The word Bagala is derived from the
word Valga (meaning bridle or the rein that we put in the mouth to control the
movements of tongue and direction) which, became Vagla and then Bagla. The goddess
has 108 different names (some others also call her by 1108 names). Bagalamukhi is
commonly known as Pitambara Maa in North India, the goddess associated with yellow
color or golden colour.

Bagalamukhi is one of the ten forms of the wisdom goddesses, symbolising the potent
female primeval force. Bagulamukhi means the back side of Shiva.

"Bagalamukhi" is derived from "Bagala" (distortion of the original Sanskrit root "valg")
and "mukha", meaning "bridle" and "face", respectively. Thus, the name means one
whose face has the power to capture or control. She thus represents the hypnotic power of
the Goddess.[3] Another interpretation translates her name as "Kalyani".In Kubjika Tantra
there is a reference to yet another interpretation of the meaning of the name Bagala.

In the initial chapter of the text there is a verse Bakare Baruni Devi Gakare Siddhida
Smrita. Lakare Prithivi Chaiba Chaitanya Prakrirtita (Ba, the first letter of the name
Bagala, means Baruni or She Who is filled with the intoxicating mood to vanguish
the demon. Ga, the second letter, means She Who grants all kinds of divine powers or
siddhis and successes to human beings. La, the third letter, means She Who is the
foundation of all kinds of sustaining powers in the world like the earth and is
Consciousness Herself.

Bagalamukhi has a golden complexion and her dress is yellow. She sits in a golden throne
in the midst of an ocean of nectar full of yellow lotuses. A crescent moonnded. adorns her
head. Two descriptions of the goddess are found in various texts- The Dwi-Bhuja (two
handed), and the Chaturbhuja (Four handed).

The Dwi-Bhuja depiction is the more common, and is described as the Soumya or milder
form. She holds a club in her right hand with which she beats a demon, while pulling his
tongue out with her left hand. This image is sometimes interpreted as an exhibition
of stambhana, the power to stun or paralyse an enemy into silence. This is one of the
boons for which Bagalamukhi's devotees worship her. Other Mahavidya goddesses are
also said to represent similar powers useful for defeating enemies, to be invoked by their
worshippers through various rituals.

Bagalamukhi is also called Pitambaradevi or Brahmastra Roopini and she turns each
thing into its opposite. She turns speech into silence, knowledge into ignorance, power
into impotence, defeat into victory. She represents the knowledge whereby each thing
must in time become its opposite. As the still point between dualities she allows us to
master them. To see the failure hidden in success, the death hidden in life, or the joy
hidden in sorrow are ways of contacting her reality. Bagalamukhi is the secret presence of
the opposite wherein each thing is dissolved back into the Unborn and the Uncreated.

In Bagalamukhistotratram, a part of Rudrayamala (a famous Tantra work), there are


hymns in praise of the powers of Goddess Bagalamukhi Vadi Mukati Rankati
Kshitipatirvaishwanarah Sheetati Krodhi Samyati Durjanah Sujanati Khsipranugah
Khanjati. Garvi Khanjati Sarvaviccha Jarati Tvanmantrinaamantritah Srinitye
Baglamukhi Pratidinam Tubhyam Namah.

(By the effect of Your Mantra good conversationalists become speechless; rich become
beggars; devastating fire gets cooled. The anger of the angry person is removed; an evil
minded person becomes good. The quick moving person becomes crippled. The conceit
of the conceited person is reduced. Knowledgeable person nearly becomes a fool.
Salutations to the compassionate Bagalamukhi!)

Other Bagulamukhi temples in India

1. Pappankulam:

South It is a small village in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu State. Sree Bagalamukhi
Devi Temple is here. Pappankulam is 9 km from Ambasamudram and 4 km from
Kalladaikurichi Railwastation.

2. Nalkhera:
It is a nagar Panchayat in Shajapur district of Madhya Pradesh State. Bagalamukhi
Temple is here. Nalkhera is 36 km from Agar and 107 km from Ujjain.

3. Sameli:

It is a small village in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh State. Bagalamukhi Temple is


here. This temple is 25 km from Kangra on Ranital-Dehra road.

4. Aligarh:

It is the district headquarter in Uttar Pradesh State. Maa Bagalamukhi Temple is here in
Biharipuram. This temple is 4 km from Aligarh Railway Station. Aligarh is 135 km from
New Delhi and 64 km from Mathura.

5. Tewar:

It is a small village near Kachnar city in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh State.
Bagalamukhi Temple is here. This temple is just 16 km from Jabalpur city.

6. Ludhiana:

It is a district headquarter city in Punjab State. Ma Bagalamukhi Mandir is here in Vivek


Dham Colony. This temple is just 6 km from Ludhiana Junction Railway Station.
Ludhiana is 96 km from Chandigarh and 60 km from Jalandhar.

7. Raigarh:

It is the district headquarter city of Chhattisgarh State. Bagalamukhi Mandir is here. This
temple is just 1.5 km from Raigarh Railway Station. Raigarh is 54 km from Sarangarh.

8. Haridwar:

It is the pilgrimage temple in Uttarakhand State. Maa Bagalamukhi Siddh peeth is here
near Bhagiradhi Vidyalayam (Deva Samkriti Viswavidyalam beside road)
CHAPTER- 3
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and
modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions,
and supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches,
encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science,
and social science domains.

Data mining is a particular data analysis technique that focuses on modeling and
knowledge discovery for predictive rather than purely descriptive purposes. Business
intelligence covers data analysis that relies heavily on aggregation, focusing on business
information. In statistical applications, some people divide data analysis into descriptive
statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and confirmatory data analysis (CDA). EDA
focuses on discovering new features in the data and CDA on confirming or falsifying
existing hypotheses. Predictive analytics focuses on application of statistical models for
predictive forecasting or classification, while text analytics applies statistical, linguistic,
and structural techniques to extract and classify information from textual sources, a
species of unstructured data. All are varieties of data analysis.

Data integration is a precursor to data analysis, and data analysis is closely linked to data
visualization and data dissemination. The term data analysis is sometimes used as a
synonym for data modeling

Several analyses can be used during the initial data analysis phase:

Univariate statistics (single variable)


Bivariate associations (correlations)
Graphical techniques (scatter plot)
Chapter 4

CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION

We as Indians have always had and will continue to have an obsession for Temples.
Temples have been a part of the Indian tradition since times Immemorial. The Concept of
improving the Tourism in India has always enthralled me and thats the reason for me to
choose Temple Tourism as a Topic for my minor project. It is an absolute pleasure to
know about the cultural diversity of our country. Any other kind of tourism has to be
developed to increase the popularity among people but when it comes to temple tourism
the situation is totally different weve got the Temples with such an amazing architectural
designs with us, its just a question of preserving the temples and promoting the temple
tourism among the tourists. India is famous for its temples and its architecture and that is
the reason that among the different kinds of tourism in India, pilgrimage tourism is
increasing most rapidly.

However there are spaces for improvement, it is possible to serve the domestic as well as
the foreign tourist in a better way say for example, by improving the safety and security
of tourists in India. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks such as shortage of hotel
rooms, According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot
from 20092018, because of India's 5,000 years of history, its length, breadth and the
variety of geographic features make its tourism basket large and varied. Indias heritage
and cultural is expected to significantly boost tourism in India.
RECOMMENDATION
India is a holy land inhabited by people of various faith and religions. The country
associates itself with an affluent historical as well as religious backdrop of Hinduism and
other religions. It is a country where people have immense faith in God and His powers
to cure human beings of all their problems and ailments. The country boasts of a rich
cultural heritage, which is truly reflected in its well-preserved temples that reflect superb
architectural skills and hold deep religious significance. Indian temples serve as the
haven of peace, solace and tranquility. It is a hub of many beautiful and sacred temples.
Devotees visit to these temples from all over the world. From North to South and East to
West, you will get some big and famous temples of India. The list of big temples in India
include about 400-500 temples and every temple has a story behind it.

India temples have amazing architecture which attracts tourists a lot. Indian temples are
biggest tourist places. Temple tourism is growing at a very fast rate in India. Every year a
big number of devotees visit to temples in India. But even though there are some loop
holes and if Indian Government wants to develop the Temple Tourism in India and wants
to increase the inflow of tourists the government should take some steps to make the
country more hospitable to foreign travelers.

Below are some suggestions as to how to accomplish that-

Government should establish a board which will protect and preserve temples of
India & also put special efforts to promote temple tourism in other parts of the
world.
The ministry of tourism should work for the improvement of the infrastructure
and hospitality services. Hotels aided with world class facilities i.e. with all the
comforts and convenience should be develop thought the India.
The markets which are near by the temples should be improved and made
standardized, also the local people should me made educated so that they know
that how they should behave with the tourist, and how they are benefited from
their arrivals.
In order to develop temple tourism in India in a systematic manner new tourism
policies should be developed by the ministry of tourism, the focus of which can
be
o Setting up of guest houses
o Rationalization in tax rates in hospitality sector
o Tourist friendly visa regime
o Procedural changes in making available land for construction of hotels, etc
The government should put their focus on the transportation system of India.
There is a high requirement to enforce some new traffic laws in India, so that the
condition of Indian traffic should be improved. All this will help the visiting
tourists to have an easier time traveling from place to place.
There should be an improved safety and security system for the tourists in the
county, so as to make them feel more secure in the country.
Now a day, every customer desire to be treated as a special one and wants
everything according to their requirements. So it should to kept in mind that
whenever a client will visit to a travel agency, a customer friendly approach
should be adopted to increase their level of satisfaction, and also it should be tried
that the tour packages should be made or designed according to the customers
requirement i.e. The option of Customized tours should be provided to the
customers.
Government should create awareness among people regarding temple tourism
through different methods like making small documentary films on different
temples showcasing their great architectural design, there history, or may be
through internet like through publishing videos on the net.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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