Professional Documents
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1/2013
Abstract Abstract
Studiul de fa reprezint o incursiune n istoria The present study represents a foray into the
omenirii ncepnd cu teza lui Darwin i continund cu history of human beings starting with Darwins thesis
Th P. Milllemann, a crui concluzie este c evoluia and going on with Th. P. Millemann, whose conclusion
omenirii etse o evoluie paralel cu cea a altor specii, is that the evolution of the human beings is an
iar apariia omului modern se bazeaz pe evolution parallel with that of other species and the
descoperirile anterioare. emergence of the modern man is based on the
Demersul ne nlesnete prezentarea teoriei discoveries of the previous species.
valurilor a lui Toffler, ce analizeaz tranziia i The endeavour enables us to introduce Tofflers
evoluia societii umane pe parcursul valurilor theory of waves, analyzing the transition and evolution
vzute ca repere de abordare a etapelor civilizaiilor of the human society along the waves as landmarks
umane i culminnd cu Marea Ruptur for approaching different stages of the human
dezindustrializarea Rust Belt i n ultim instan Era civilizations, culminating with the Great Breach
Informaiei, cu consecine att de vaste. deindustrialization of Rust Belt and ultimately the
Information Age, whose consequences are so vast.
1
Cartea apare n Romnia la Editura Humanitas n 2002 i este prefaat de Liana V. Alecu, reeditare 2011
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
Lumea postindustrial poart amprente The post industrial world bears the
serioase ale unei tranziii zbuciumate, imprints of a tormented transition, imprints
amprente generatoare de crize i concretizate generating crises and substantiated in:
n: creterea delicvenei, destrmarea increase of law infringement, individualism
familiilor, individualism i nencredere. Toate and distrust. All these justify a fundamental
acestea justific o ntrebare fundamental: Ce question: What are the chances for the
anse au societile contemporane s contemporary societies to overcome the
depeasc momentul de criz i s refac moment of crisis and to restore the social
ordinea social? Construcia intelectual de order? The highly refined intellectual
mare rafinament, ntemeiat deopotriv n structure, set up alike in history, sociology,
istorie, sociologie, economie, religie, filosofie economics, religion, political philosophy,
politic, biologie, logic, antropologie logics, and anthropology, represents the
reprezint rspunsul pe care Fr. Fukuyama l answer which Fr. Fukuyama gives to this
d la aceast ntrebare, filosoful punnd n answer and includes in the debate the bases
discuie nsi fundamentele organizrii themselves of the social organization.
sociale.
1. Cum s-a nscut omul modern? 1. How Was the Modern Man Born?
Pn la impunerea geneticii n sistemul Until genetics imposed in the system of
tiinelor teza lui Darwin care prezenta sciences, Darwins thesis, according to which
evoluia uman ,,ca pe o succesiune de the human evolution was presented as
evoluii, pornind de la specia biped successive evolution starting from the biped
apropiat de maimu i terminnd cu o species close to the ape and ending with a
nlnuire de specii intermediare omului a chain of species intermediate to human,
dominat gndirea uman. Darwinismul dominated the human thought. Darwinism
ptrunsese adnc i n perimetrul tiinelor had deeply pervaded the domain of society
despre societate, multe din metodele de sciences, many of the investigation methods
investigare, dar mai ales multe rezultate ale but especially many of the investigation
investigaiei fiind vulgarizate. Lanul results were vulgarized. The evolutionist
evoluionist descris de Darwin avea, ns, chain described by Darwin lacked many
multe verigi lips, discontinuitile fiind links; the discontinuities were present over
prezente pe perioade de timp extrem de mari. great periods of time. Understanding this idea
20
InRomaniathebookispublishedwiththePrintingHouseHumanitasin2002withaPrefacewrittenbyLiana
V.Alecuandreeditedin2011
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nelegerea acestei idei este nu doar necesar, is not only necessary, but illustrative too. Th.
ci i ilustrativ. Th. P. Millemann exemplific P. Millemann exemplifies through different
prin diverse specii umane care, dei au fost human species that even considered
considerate ascendente n evoluia altei ascendant within the evolution of another
specii, n-au avut nici un rol n evoluia celor species, had no role in the evolution of the
de pe urm: ,,ntr-adevr, fr s ne former:
ntoarcem prea mult n trecut, n epoca Without going far too back in the
dispariiei dinozaurilor, nainte ca Homo history, in the dinosaurs age, before Homo
sapiens, strmoul nostru, s apar pe sapiens, before our ancestor to appear on the
pmnt, acum o sut cincizeci de mii de ani, earth, it is true that Homo Neanderthals lived
tria deja Homo neanderthalis, prezent de on earth; he had been present for more than
mai bine de dou sute de mii de ani, i care a two hundred thousand years and seemed to
trit, pare-se, timp de nc o sut de mii de have lived in harmony for more than one
ani n armonie cu omul modern, fr s se hundred thousand years with the modern
amestece cu el, ca s dispar abia acum man, without entangling with it, to disappear
treizeci de mii de ani, atunci cnd trebuia s fi only thirty thousand years ago when he must
fost la cel mai nalt nivel al civilizaiei sale. have been at his highest level of civilization.
Oamenii de Neanderthal care populau Neanderthals people populating France, by
Europa, la acea vreme nconjurai de marea then surrounded by the great ice cap in the
calot glacial la nord i ghearii Alpilor la North and the Alps glaciers in the South, had
sud, au trit, naintea apariiei strmoului lived before our ancestor appeared on earth
nostru, timp de peste o sut cincizeci de mii for more than 150 thousand years along his
de ani, alturi de vrul lor, Homo erectus, cousin Homo erectus who seemed to have
care se pare c era o fiin mai inteligent, cu been a more intelligent being with a cranium
o cutie cranian superioar omului de astzi, superior to the man today, who mastered the
care stpnea tehnicile preistoriei posednd prehistoric techniques with a high tribal and
un sim tribal i religios. religious sense. This Homo erectus also lived
Acest Homo erectus a trit i el peste un over one million years and disappeared with
milion de ani, disprnd cu treizeci de mii de 30 thousand years before Homo sapiens.
ani naintea sosirii lui Homo sapiens. n Varying with the criteria of species evolution,
funcie de criteriile evoluiei speciilor, his adaptation to the environment must have
adaptarea la mediul su nconjurtor trebuia come to a head in the moment of his
s fie i ea la apogeu n momentul dispariiei disappearance. The situation is the same for
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
sale. Situaia este aceeai pentru Homo Homo habilis, called as such since he could
habillies, numit astfel deoarece tia s use the tools. He lived at the same time with
foloseasc uneltele. El a trit acelai timp cu Homo rudolfensis whose evolution led to
Homo rudolfensis, a crei evoluie a dus la Homo ergaster, who mastered the fire. The
naterea lui homo ergaster, care stpnea last had lived two million years before Christ
focul. (B.C.) and for approximately one million
Acesta din urm a trit, cu dou milioane three hundred thousand years. Before them,
de ani nainte de Hristos, timp de aproximativ going back over four million years, we find
un milion trei sute de mii de ani. different species of Australopithecus related
naintea lor, ntorcndu-ne cu peste patru to biped beings, which descended from trees
milioane de ani n urm, gsim diferite specii but disappeared the same mysterious way.
de Australopitecus nrudite cu bipezii, care au They disappeared because they were not
cobort din copaci i care au disprut i ei necessarily the descendants and did not
ntr-un mod la fel de misterios. represent the others evolution21.
Au disprut, deoarece nu sunt n mod Though the line of exemplifications seems
obligatoriu descendenii i nu reprezint too long, it is far from being useless. On the
evoluia celorlali2. contrary: it questions the continuity of the
Dei irul exemplificrilor pare prea lung, species immanent succession within the
el nu este nici pe departe inutil. Dimpotriv. evolution and it proves in essence that:
El pune sub semnul ntrebrii continuitatea n The relation of concomitance and
succesiunea imanent a speciilor n evoluie, succession between Homo sapiens and other
dovedind n esen c: human species are purely accidental;
ntre Homo sapiens i alte specii Homo sapiens is not the first human
umane raporturile de concomiten i species, there were others before it, many of
succesiune direct sunt mai mult them disappeared tens or hundreds thousand
ntmpltoare; before Homo sapiens emergence;
Homo sapiens nu este prima specie Previous human species disappeared
uman, naintea sa existnd o serie de alte when they came to a head concerning their
specii, multe disprute cu zeci sau sute de mii adaptation to the environment.
de ani anterior apariiei lui Homo sapiens; Under the circumstances that none of the
Specii umane anterioare au disprut civilizations that were brilliant on the stage of
atunci cnd i-au atins apogeul n privina history and dominated Ancient times, could
2
Th. P. Millemann, op. cit. p.p. 26-27
21
Th.P.Millemann,op.cit.pp.2627
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3
Ibidem, p.27
22
Ibid,p.27
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despre plauzibilitatea lor. Cert este ns c though, that the biped mammals are not the
mamiferele bipede nu sunt strmoii omului, ancestors of the human being, that all the
c ,,toate speciile bipede evoluate, mai mult evolved species, more or less human,
sau mai puin umane, au disprut, mai puin disappeared though not the same can be said
omul, singur i unic, indiferent de culoarea about the human being, alone, unique,
pielii sale i a locurilor de evoluie sau irrespective of the colour of his skin and of
existen4. his places of evolution and existence23.
Genetica pune din nou la lucru Genetics again has the anthropologists,
antropologii, istoricii, politologii. Ei se afl historians, political scientists work. They
confruntai cu certitudini, dar i cu multe meet both certainties and uncertainties.
incertitudini, Printre certitudini, pot fi Among real facts one can enumerate:
enumerate: inexistena unei relaii ntre between Australopithecus (the relatives of
australopiteci (rudele maimuelor) i omul apes) and the present man, the common
actual, originea comun a oamenilor, origin of human beings, irrespective of race
indiferent de ras i culoare, relaia mediu and colour, their relations with the
ambiant (elemente climaterice i geologice) environment there were no kind of relations
diferenieri n interiorul speciei umane, (climate or geological elements
nevoia intrinsec a traiului n comunitate, differentiations within the human species, the
nevoia de inovaie (ca atribut exclusiv al intrinsic need of living, an attribute described
omului, atribut descris de J. W. Lapierre) by J. W. Lapierre) for the community
pentru perenitatea comunitii, rolul jucat de everlasting existence, the role played by
factorul clim n constituirea civilizaiilor, climate in the civilizations setting up, the
rolul mitologiilor i religiilor n conservarea role of mythologies and religions in
unor popoare sau n dispariia altora .a. preserving some peoples and the
disappearance of others and so on.
4
Ibidem
23
Ibid
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
antichitate, dar au fost cucerii de romanii ce- unifications took place and the theocrat
i asociaser cele zece curii, la rndul lor power played a significant role. By
cucerii de popoarele barbare germanice, unification of phratries, the Greeks built an
popoare ,,care vor avea nevoie de mai multe envied civilization in Ancient times; yet they
secole de evoluie ca s ating nivelul de were conquered by the Romans who unified
via al nvinilor5. their ten curries; in turn the Romans were
Puine au fost cazurile n istorie n care conquered by the Germanic barbarian
civilizaiile s-au constituit i dezvoltat prin peoples, peoples who would need more
utilizarea resurselor proprii. Expansiunea centuries of evolution in order to get to the
economic a civilizaiei occidentale s-a bazat living standards of the conquered peoples24.
aproape continuu pe nsuirea i exploatarea Few were the cases in history when the
resurselor altor popoare, nu doar n civilizations set up and developed by utilizing
antichitate. Cum precizam anterior, their own resources. The economic expansion
mijloacele s-au schimbat, esena problemei of the Western civilization rested
rmnnd aceeai. continuously upon taking possession and
Statele occidentale au declanat exploiting other peoples resources, and this
colonizarea mondial cu acelai scop, ns did not happen in ancient times only. As we
consecinele acestei colonizri au fost stated before, despite the changing of means,
diferite, funcie de particularitile fiecrui the essence remained unchanged.
continent dar i de particularitile fiecrei The Western states started the global
civilizaii. Mai mult, ,,Valurile prin care colonization for the same reason, though the
Alvin Toffler6 analizeaz tranziia i evoluia consequences of this colonization were
societii umane reprezint repere n different varying with the particularities of
abordarea particularitilor colonizrii each continent and the particularities of each
mondiale n sensul c primul val (cel al civilization. Moreover, the theory of Waves
tranziiei de la societile arhaice de vntori through which Alvin Toffler25 analyzes the
i culegtori la societile agricole) este transition and evolution of the human society
specific expansiunilor i anexiunilor represents landmarks in approaching the
teritoriale prin violen n epoca veche, avnd particularities of global colonization to the
ca obiect dobndirea de pmnturi roditoare, sense that the first wave (that of transition
5
Ibidem, p. 31
6
Vezi Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave, William Morrow, New York, 1980
24
Ibid,p.31
25
SeeAlvinToffler,TheThirdWave,WilliamMorrow,NewYork,1980
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cel de-al doilea val, (cel al tranziiei de la from archaic societies of hunters and
societile agricole la cele industriale) este gatherers to agricultural) specific to the
specific perioadei acumulrii primitive de violent territorial expansions and annexations
capital i are ca obiect dobndirea, prin in ancient times aims at taking possessions of
violen a bogiilor solului i subsolului fertile ground; the second wave (transition
necesare industrializrii, iar cel de-al treilea from agricultural to industrial societies)
val (cel al trecerii de la societatea industrial specific to the accumulation of primary
la ,,societatea informatizat) are ca obiect capital and aims at violent taking possession
instituirea i dominaia megacapitalului of the ground and underground riches
informaional ntr-o ,,er a informaiei necessary for industrialization, and finally the
(neleas ca ,,epoc postindustrial), epoc third wave (passing from Industrial Age to
n care violena de tip clasic este nlocuit Information Age) aims at instituting and
prin forme (mai mult sau mai puin) voalate domination of information mega-capital in
ale violenei psihice. Information Age (understood as post-
Analiza atent a proceselor de tranziie de Industrial Age), where the classic violence
la o epoc la alta nvedereaz un fapt supersedes (more or less) veiled forms of
incontestabil: consecinele majore ale psychological violence.
colonizrii mondiale se traduc n termeni de Thorough analyses on the transition
dominaie prin expropriere a celor puternici, processes from one age to another makes
prin cuceriri (de teritorii, de poziii, de zone evident a cogent fact: the major consequences
de influen, de potenial cognitiv- of global colonization are rendered through
informaional, de amplasamente de capital n domination terms of the powerful states,
afara granielor etc.) i de ascultare, supunere, conquering (territories, positions, influential
deposedare, golire de suveranitate pentru cei areas, cognitive-informational potential,
slabi. Vectorii utilizai n colonizarea placement of capital outside the borders etc.),
mondial sunt multiplii: puterea armat obedience, sovereignty deprivation for the
(rzboaiele), puterea economic susinut de weak states. There are many vectors utilized
puterea militar (despolierea de resurse i by global colonization: army power (wars),
amplasamentele de capital n exterior prin economic power upheld by the military
ameninarea cu arsenalul militar sau (dispossession of resources and capital
recurgerea la acest arsenal), puterea placement outside the borders by threat with
informaiei susinut prin politica pretextului the military arsenal or recourse to this
(cucerirea i ntreinerea poziiilor dominante arsenal), the power of information upheld by
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
7
Fr. Fukuyama, op.cit. p. 36
26
Fr.Fukuyama,op.cit.p.36
10
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11
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pune, referitoare la natur, via sau moarte, intermediates between the humans and gods.
aveau un rspuns. Their mythology was complete; all the
n Egipt, situaia era cu totul alta. naintea possible questions, an individual might have
mileniului al IV-lea, triburile care triau aici asked on life and death had already had an
erau relativ dezorganizate victime ale answer.
creterii apelor Nilului, binefctoare i In Egypt, the situation was different.
devastatoare n acelai timp. Epidemiile erau Before IV millennium, the tribes living here
numeroase, iar foametea fcea ravagii. La fel were relatively disorganized, victims of the
ca n toate rile situate n Africa, fauna floods caused by the waters of the river Nile,
slbatic era prezent, iar raidurile triburilor at the same time beneficial and devastating.
negre din sud destul de frecvente. There were numberless epidemics, whereas
Abia n mileniul al IV-lea, n jurul anului hunger played havoc. Just as in all African
3200 . Hr., s-au format primele dinastii. countries, the savage fauna could be found,
Impetuozitatea Nilului a forat unificarea and the raids of Southern black tribes were
rii, care s-a produs spre nceputul mileniului frequent enough. It was not until IV
al III-lea, sub egida lui Narmer, zeul uman, millennium, 3200 BC to be more specific,
fiu unic al Soarelui i suveran, faraon. that the first dynasties emerged. The
Civilizaia egiptean se va nate cu adevrat tumultuous Nile forced the unifying of the
odat cu aceast unificare dirijat n mod country, which took place at the beginning of
teoretic, dar n jurul unui singur III millennia, under Narmer, the human god,
comandament i al unei puteri politice, the sole son of the sun and sovereign. The
militare i religioase. A fost un regim Egyptian civilization would be truly born
dictatorial, n care asprimea climei interzicea with this unification theoretically controlled,
libertile individuale, n scopul proteciei i yet revolving around a sole political, military
prosperitii comunitii. Mitologia Egiptului and religious power-commander. It was a
a fost, fr ndoial, cea mai poetic, iar dictatorial regime, in which the bitterness of
civilizaia sa, cea mai savant pentru vremea weather contributed to interdict the individual
respectiv8. liberties aiming at protection and community
Prin urmare: ,,n cele dou regiuni vecine, prosperity. Egypt mythology was
dar cu climat diferit i un mediu nconjurtor undoubtedly the most poetic and its
deosebit, oamenii au dezvoltat dou civilizaii civilization the most learned for those
distincte. Totui, prospere i instalate times27.
8
Th. P. Millemann, op. cit. pp 30-38
27
Th.P.Millemann,op.cit.,pp.3038
12
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9
Ibidem, p. 31
28
Ibid,p.31
13
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ndeletnicite nu cu fertilizarea inuturilor the communion between man and nature and
proprii n vederea sporirii avuiei i thus to a plentiful living; military or
satisfacerii nevoilor mereu n cretere odat preponderantly military in the case of people
cu creterea populaiei, ci cu cuceriri de owning arid territories and insufficient
teritorii aparintoare altora, apropriindu-i resources engaged not in fertilizing their
astfel, odat cu teritoriile fertile i sporul de lands to increase their wealth and meeting
bogie produs prin eforturile celor cucerii. their needs ever increasing at the same time
Apoi, tipul de organizare politic i pune with the population increase, but conquering
amprenta asupra valorilor ce ntemeiaz n the territories pertaining to other peoples,
aceast perioad civilizaiile, valori traduse n taking possession of the fertile territories and
norme de comportament: panic sau wealth obtained through hard work by the
rzboinic, orientat spre aprarea comunitii conquered populations. Then the type of
n faa nvlitorilor sau orientat spre cucerirea political organization influenced the values
teritoriilor altora. underlying those period civilizations, values
Victime ale primului val n-au fost doar as norms of conduct: peaceful or belligerent,
Mesopotamia i Egiptul ci, cum afirm Th.P. oriented towards defending their community
Millemann, au devenit, la rndul lor victime, against the attacks of invaders or invading
polisurile greceti, cetatea Romei, aezrile others populations territories.
germanice .a.m.d. Cert este c n primul val Mesopotamia and Egypt were not the only
s-au succedat numeroase fluxuri i refluxuri victims of the first wave, but, as Th. P.
ntr-un interval de timp extrem de vast Millemann ascertains, the Greek polis, Rome,
(comparativ cu urmtoarele valuri), tranziia the Germanic settlements and others became
la societile agricole fcndu-se n perioade in turn victims. Obviously, the first wave
variate. De altfel, revoluiile agrare au pus ebbs and flows succeeded in an extremely
bazele societii cu cea mai mare longevitate. vast period (comparatively to the following
Numai c societile agricole ncep s fie waves), transition (shift) to agricultural
ameninate de dumanii lor, venii pe societies taking place in varied periods. As a
creasta celui de-al doilea val. matter of fact, Agricultural Revolutions
laid the basis of the most lasting society.
2.b. Civilizaia occidental colonizatoare With the only difference, the agricultural
i declanarea celui de-al doilea val societies began to be menaced by their
Fac mai nti dou remarci n privina enemies come on the crest of the second
subtitlului. Prima referitoare la sintagma wave.
14
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10
Ibidem
29
Ibid
15
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16
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
numr att de mic de ndatoriri. Fr ndoial that if the priests had not had the idea to write
c, dac preoii nu ar fi avut niciodat ideea down in mythology about the apocalypse of
s nscrie n mitologie apocalipsa civilizaiei their civilization provoked by metal gods,
lor provocat de zei de metal, clare sau ceva riding or something similar, with weapons
asemntor, cu arme care scuipau fulgere, spitting fire, Cortes in armour, with his horse
Corts n armur, pe calul acoperit cu valtrap, covered with caparison and his men wearing
i oamenii lui narmai cu muschete ar fi fost muskets, the latter would have been the
cei exterminai! exterminated ones!
Francisco Pissaro a distrus Imperiul Inca Francisco Pissarro destroyed the Inca
n 1523, rezervnd aceeai soart poporului Empire in 1523 with similar treatment for its
su. n final, englezii i francezii au cucerit people. Finally, English and French
America de Nord, exterminnd i ei conquered North America also exterminating
popoarele autohtone. the native populations.
n acest fel, europenii au nimicit popoarele As a result, the Europeans destroyed the
din cele dou Americi, fiind nevoii s peoples in the two Americas, and then sold
recurg la comerul cu sclavi11. Observnd the native as slaves30. Noticing the
c exist unele diferenieri n privina differentiations concerning the modalities of
modalitilor prin care occidentalii au cucerit Westerners to conquer the American
continentul american, diferenieri date de continent, differentiations given by cultural
particulariti culturale ale localnicilor, particularities of the native populations,
particulariti n care mitologia btinailor a which in the native mythology played an
avut rol esenial, judecnd n termeni de essential role, judging in terms of liabilities
responsabilitate n privina efectelor, on effects, the only conclusion is that:
concluzia este una singur: colonizarea care a colonization following the conquering is
urmat acestor cuceriri este n ntregime fully responsible for the current political
responsabil de structurile politice actuale, structures and also for the economic, cultural,
dar i de situaia economic, cultural, social social and sanitary situation31. Accordingly,
i sanitar12. Aceasta face ca, i pe on the American continent, too, the
continentul american, consecinele colonizrii consequences of colonization were different
s fie diferite, funcie de raporturile numerice varying with the numerical relation between
11
Ibidem, p. 32
12
Ibidem
30
Ibid,p.32
31
Ibid
17
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
dintre cuceritori i btinai, de modul n care the conquerors and natives, with the
europenii au reuit s-i impun propria Europeans ways to impose their own culture
cultur sau s-i adapteze cultura proprie la or adapt their culture to that of the natives:
cea a populaiilor autohtone: Dac anglo- Whether the Anglo-Saxons in the North,
saxonii din nord, emigrai masiv, au creat o massively emigrated created a powerful and
zon prosper i puternic, salvndu-i prosperous area, saving their culture without
cultura, fr s se amestece cu alte rase, interfering with other races, the Spanish and
colonitii spanioli i portughezi, mai puin Portuguese colonists in a smaller number in
numeroi, n America Central i de Sud, au Central and Southern America failed since
euat, deoarece au fost nevoii s se integreze they had to integrate the environment,
n mediul ambiant, adaptndu-i cultura la adapting their culture to that of the natives
cea a populaiilor autohtone, cu care, prin with which by cross-breeding gave rise to
metisaj, au dat natere unor noi popoare. new populations.
Doar cretinismul, important, a fost Only the important Christianism was
pstrat, cu fervoare13. preserved fervently32.
i epopeea african i are particularitile The African epic had its particularities
ei, particulariti date de condiiile geografice given by the geographic conditions favorable
facilitatoare de epidemii, ndeletnicirile de to epidemics, basic occupations, poverty,
baz ale btinailor, starea de srcie i backwardness and the colonists interests. It
napoiere, interesele colonizatorilor. is important to observe the direct relation
Important de observat este relaia direct between the political and economic structures
dintre structurile politice i economice ale of the current states in Africa and the
statelor actuale din Africa i colonizarea colonization itself, relation substantiated
nsi, relaie concretizat n perpetuarea through perpetuating the endemic poverty.
strii de srcie endemic. Succint, Th. P. Th. P. Millemann presents the situation
Millemann prezint astfel situaia: succinctly as it follows:
n Africa, amploarea comerului cu In Africa, the amplitude of the slave
sclavi, coroborat cu condiiile climaterice i commerce corroborated with the climate and
sanitare adeseori defavorabile omului i sanitary conditions often unjust to man and
deplasrilor sale, a fost, ntr-o prim faz, n his mobility, was, in the first stage, directly
mod direct responsabil de slbiciunea responsible for the weakness of the African
populaiei negre africane. Totui colonizarea black people. Although, by fighting against
13
Ibidem
32
Ibid
18
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14
Ibidem p. 33
33
Ibid,p.33
19
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Instrumentele prin care se menine political domain) by the former colonizers are
dominaia economic (dominaie ce-i varied: balances of trade, price balances, the
extinde sfera i asupra politicului) a fotilor discretionary price policies, the mechanism of
colonizatori sunt diverse: balanele monoculture and mono-industrialization etc.
comerciale, balanele de pli, politicile It goes without saying that the independence
discreionare de preuri, mecanismele de gained by the former colonies is formal, the
monocultur i monoindustrializare .a. Este practices of economic neo-colonialism
de la sine neles c independena dobndit diminish the political regimes to ancilla:
de fostele colonii este una formal, practicile Gaining the independence Millemann
neocolonialismului economic reducnd ascertains did not alter this situation. On the
regimurile politice la rangul de ancilla: contrary, fostering the current regimes is
,,Dobndirea independenei constat useful only to the former colonists by no
Millemann nu a modificat cu nimic aceast means to native populations34.
situaie. Dimpotriv, susinerea regimurilor The second wave, on which Alvin Toffler
existente este doar n folosul fotilor debates, has nothing in common with
colonizatori, niciodat n folosul popoarelor sustainable development of the colonized
autohtone15. states. Their future was both put in pawn and
Cel de-al doilea val de care vorbete A. sacrificed in favor of a present which only
Toffler nu are nimic n comun cu dezvoltarea apparently furnishes solutions to their own
durabil a statelor colonizate. Viitorul lor a peoples. The Western colonial societies were
fost i amanetat i sacrificat, n favoarea unui principally built on exploiting the internal
prezent care doar n aparen ofer soluii potential but also on the colonies resources;
propriilor popoare. Societile industriale with insignificant prices (in many cases for
occidentale s-au cldit n mare parte prin free) for colonists, but with overwhelming
explorarea potenialului intern, dar i n mai prices for colonies. The motive of the specific
mare parte pe seama exploatrii resurselor colonization of the second wave was not at all
coloniilor. Cu preuri insignifiante (n multe the concern for the native populations, but
cazuri chiar gratuit) pentru colonizatori, dar underlying their expansionist policies were
cu preuri mpovrtoare pentru colonii. Nu justifications of this type, the Westerners had
grija pentru popoarele btinae a fost always followed their aims. Third World is
mobilul colonizrilor specifice celui de-al not a natural born fact; Third World is a
doilea val, ci, ntemeindu-i politicile double produce. On the one hand it is the
15
Ibidem
34
Ibid
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21
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22
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excepia Marocului i a Andaluziei, aflate Vienne in 1529. The Ottoman Empire was at
atunci n minile succesorilor dinastiei its heights. It was not until XIX century that it
Almoravizilor care unificaser Magrebul, lost its colonies, first by acknowledging
apoi cele din Orientul Mijlociu, cu Siria, Greece independence in 1830, then agreed to
Palestina i Egipt. Au btut i la porile annex Algeria to France, same year, and then
Europei, asediind Viena n 1529. Imperiul Egypt in 1840 became autonomous under the
Otoman se afla n acel moment la apogeu. i- English pressure35.
a pierdut coloniile abia n secolul al XIX-lea, Once World War I ended, the Ottoman
mai nti recunoscnd independena Greciei Empire disappeared (the Empire later lost
n 1830, apoi acceptnd anexarea Algeriei de Serbia, Romania, Tunis and Bulgaria). In
ctre Frana, n acelai an, apoi Egiptul n 1922, Mustafa Kemal also called Ataturk
1840, care a devenit autonom sub presiunea took over the leadership and created modern
englez16. Turkey.
ncheierea Primului Rzboi Mondial s-a The disappearance of the Ottoman Empire
soldat i cu dispariia Imperiului Otoman effected also in the disappearance of the
(Imperiul pierduse anterior i Serbia, united Arab world, in those countries
Romnia., Tunisia i Bulgaria). n 1922 becoming colonies or protectors of the Great
Mustafa Kemal (numit i Atatrk) a preluat European Powers, especially France and
puterea i a creat Turcia modern. Great Britain. Nevertheless all the peoples
Dispariia Imperiului Otoman a avut ca conquered by Westerners have always kept a
efect ncetarea existenei lumii arabe unite, unifying fundamental value Islam36. Islam
rile respective devenind colonii sau will be manipulated by the Westerners
protectorate ale marilor puteri europene, contextually and justifying, the shift as policy
ndeosebi ale Franei i Marii Britanii. Totui, has not been beyond some relations with
toate popoarele cucerite de occidentali i-au Islam.
pstrat ntotdeauna o valoare fundamental de In referring to preserving the Islam,
unificare - islamul17. Islamul va fi mnuit de Millemann writes down: Not knowingly,
ctre occidentali contextual i justificativ, Europe has just laid the bases of a future
pretextul ca politic nefiind n afara unor independence, but above all established the
legturi cu islamul. bases of an exquisite political counter-power,
16
Ibidem, p. 37
17
Ibidem, p. 38
35
Ibid,p.37
36
Ibid,p.38
23
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18
Ibidem
37
Ibid
38
Ibid
24
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Universitii Constantin Brncui di n Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Socciale, Nr. 1/20
013
19
Ibidem
m
25
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Mai mult, azi grupuri din ce n ce mai Moreover, there are more and more
numeroase de musulmani populeaz teritorii Muslim groups populating the Western
ale statelor occidentale. countries.
Iat un tablou al fenomenului The following lines present a picture of
imigraionist, generat ndeosebi de immigration phenomenon caused particularly
demografia galopant i insuficiena by the fast-growing demography and
resurselor: Africa de Nord Vest, dei are insufficient resources: North-Western Africa
minoriti berbere musulmane nearabe, ce is entirely Arabian, despite the fact that there
pun nc guvernelor locale probleme de are Berber minorities, non-Arabian Muslim
integrare, este n ntregime arab. Ea este that cause a lot of integration problems to
nchis ntr-un spaiu plcut, n zona local governments. The region is enclosed by
mediteranean cuprins ntre mare i regiunea sea and Atlas Mountains, thus creating a very
muntoas a Atlasului. n rest, se ntinde picturesque Mediterranean area. Beyond this
deertul Sahara. Cele trei ri componente region, Sahara desert stretches. The three
dein resurse diferite, dar au o problem component countries own different resources,
comun pe care Frana nu o poate ignora i but have a common problem which France
care va deveni grija sa principal n urmtorii cannot ignore and will become its main
ani: demografia galopant. concern in the years to come: the fast-
n Europa, procentul de natalitate nu growing demography.
depete 10, exceptnd natalitatea In Europe, the birth rate does not exceed
imigranilor. n Maghreb el depete 30! 10%, except for immigrants. In Maghreb it
Jumtate din aceast populaie are sub exceeds 30%!
cincisprezece ani, iar sperana de via este Half of the population is under 15 of age,
superioar vrstei de aizeci de ani. n and the life span is higher to 60 of age. The
momentul dobndirii independenei, moment it gained its independence,
Maghrebul avea jumtate din populaia Maghrebs population was half of Frances
francez de la acea vreme, adic mai puin de population that is less than 25 million
25 de milioane de locuitori. Astzi, el numr inhabitants. Today the population is 72
72 de milioane, iar n 2025 va depi 98 de million and in 2025 will exceed 98 million!
milioane! Unlike Maghreb, the population of France
Populaia Franei crete doar cu imigraia grows only with immigrants and their birth
i natalitatea acesteia, n cea mai mare parte rate. When a French woman of European
musulman. Cnd o franuzoaic de origine origin for many generations Judeo-Christian
26
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european de mai multe generaii iudeo most of the French populations derives
cretine majoritatea poporului francez from European immigration has a Christian
provine din imigraia european face un child, the immigrant in North Africa or the
copil, cretin, imigranta din Africa de Nord French woman of Maghreb origin has 4
sau franuzoaica de origine maghrebian face Muslim children. Without the immigrants
patru musulmani. Fr contribuia contribution and their birth rate, France
imigranilor i a natalitii lor, Frana ar would have only 54 million inhabitants
numra doar 54 de milioane de locuitori, n instead of 60 million, the current population.
loc de 60 de milioane ct are la ora actual. The growth of 6 million of French belongs to
Creterea de 6 milioane de francez este, de its immigrants and in the first place of the
fapt, cea a imigraiei i, n primul rnd, a Muslim birth rate in the last 20 years53.
natalitii musulmane din ultimii douzeci de The great issue of Maghreb is the lack of
ani39. perspective, the unemployment rate exceed
Marea problem legat de maghrebieni 30% today, even if they can speak French and
este cea a lipsei de perspectiv, rata omajului know a lot of things regarding French culture.
depind azi 30% chiar n condiiile n care In front of the phenomenon described above,
vorbesc limba francez i cunosc cultura Millemann asks himself: Should France be
Franei. n faa fenomenului descris supra, ready to accept on its territory a great part of
Th.P. Millemann se ntreab: S fie oare the young people candidates to immigrant
Frana pregtit s accepte pe teritoriul ei o status, to accept their descent and finally a
bun parte a tinerilor candidai la imigraie, s Muslim country?54 His answer regards a
accepte descendena lor i s devin, n final, warning upon the costs caused by the disaster
o ar musulman?40. i ca rspuns, el of Muslim overpopulation. Morocco, Tunis,
avertizeaz asupra costurilor provocate de Algeria and Egypt also face the demographic
dezastrul suprapopulrii musulmane. explosion. This phenomenon will be
Marocul, Tunisia, Algeria, Egiptul sunt i ele discussed in detail in another study.
confruntate cu explozia demografic. Von
reveni asupra acestui fenomen ntr-un capitol 2. c. Third Wave and the Neo-
viitor. Colonization
The Industrial Age whose beginning is
39
Ibidem, p. 39
40
.
53
Ibid,p.39
54
Ibid
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2.c. Cel de-al treilea val i noua envisaged by the second wave, last until the
colonizare end of the decade 8 of last century in the
Epoca industrial ale crei nceputuri sunt modernized states, yet its particularities vary
prefigurate prin cel de-al doilea val se extinde with a number of factors (different levels of
ca durat pn spre sfritul deceniului al 8- development, industrial capital accumulation,
lea al secolului trecut n statele modernizate, geo-political position, the share of
dar se particularizeaz funcie de un complex occupations specific to the industrial sector,
factorial (niveluri diferite de dezvoltare, the cleavage urban-rural, the cleavages
acumularea capitalului industrial, poziia among the economic sectors etc.) Just as
geopolitic, ponderea ocupaiilor aferente modernization itself, one of its components,
sectorului industrial, clivajul urban-rural, industrialization was accomplished in distinct
clivajele dintre sectoarele economice etc.). Ca periods, speaking of time and intensity in
i modernizarea, i una din componentele sale medium intervals of time, fundamental
industrializarea s-a realizat n perioade differences being among states and
distincte, att ca durat, ct i ca intensitate geographical areas. The examples suggested
pe durate medii, existnd diferenieri by Samuel P. Huntington are to a certain
substaniale ntre state i zone geografice. sense self-evident, even if modernization is
Exemplele propuse de Samuel P. Huntington understood in the first place as
sunt ntr-o anumit msur edificatoare, chiar democratization, the three <<waves>> of
dac modernizarea este neleas n primul democratization with its ebbs and flows
rnd ca democratizare, cele trei <<valuri>> justify the approach. We specify that in
de democratizri cu fluxurile i refluxurile lor Huntingtons opinion both economic and
justificndu-i demersul. Precizm c n opinia social modernization yield political
lui Huntington, modernizarea economic i instability, the degree of instability is closely
social produce instabilitate politic, gradul related to the modernization rate. As a result
de instabilitate fiind legat de rata de the higher the modernity, the greater, the
modernizare. Prin urmare, cu ct rata political instability will be (fathomed
schimbrii ctre modernitate este mai statistically and dynamically).
ridicat, cu att instabilitatea politic Making use of some authors conclusions
msurat statistic sau dinamic este mai such as: Feierbend and Conroe, Huntington
mare. obtains a general picture of an unstable
Utiliznd concluzii ale unor autori precum country that is:
Feierabend sau Conroe, Huntington The embodiment of modernity;
28
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41
S.P. Huntington, Ordinea politic a societilor n schimbare, Iai, Polirom, 1991, p. 41
55
S.P.Huntington,Ordineapoliticaasocietatilorinschimbare,Iasi,Polirom,1991,p.41
56
Ibid,pp.4849
29
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timpuriu le au asupra celor ntrziate mai statistical aspects, Huntington enhances his
nti le-a intensificat aspiraiile ca mai apoi, arguments in the domain. Thus, England the
s le exacerbeze frustrrile42. Prin first modernized country, went through the
prezentarea unor aspecte statistice, process of modernization in 183 years (1649-
Huntington i ntrete argumentaia n 1832); the United States of America, the
domeniu. Astfel, Anglia, prima ar second modernized country went through this
modernizat, a parcurs procesul de process in 89 years (1776-1865); 13 states
modernizare n 183 de ani (1649-1832); going through the process during Napoleons
Statele Unite ale Americii, cea de-a doua ar period, finished it in 73 years (1789-1862);
modernizat, a parcurs acest proces n 89 de for 21 of the 26 countries which started the
ani (1776-1865); 13 state intrate n process in the first quarter of XX century the
modernizare n timpul perioadei napoleoniene process lasted on average 29 years57. The
au parcurs modernizarea n 73 de ani (1789- prolific positive contamination, about which
1862); 21 din 26 de ri care au nceput Gianfranco Pasquino talks, continues to have
modernizarea n primul sfert al secolului al an important role. With the only difference
XX-lea, au ca perioad medie, 29 de ani43. that as he noticed, it has to be observed that
Fecunda contaminare pozitiv despre care resting on comparative studies how fragile
vorbete Gianfranco Pasquino a avut i are pe some democratic political regimes may
mai departe un rol important n modernizarea become in front of the great difficulties of
politic. Numai c, aa cum constat chiar el, economic nature: The great inequalities at
trebuie observat, n baza unor studii the level of socio-economic power cannot
comparatiste, ct de fragile devin chiar coexist with a political regime in which
regimurile politice democratice n faa power should be somewhat equally
marilor dificulti de natur economic: distributed. One can specify that the contrary
Inegalitile mari la nivelul puterii socio- is also possible, that it is democracy that
economice nu pot coexista cu un regim tends to diminish and control the socio-
politic n care puterea ar trebui distribuit economic inequalities and in case it fails to
ntr-o manier oarecum egalitar. Se poate do so, it opens the way for authoritarian
preciza c este posibil i susinerea solutions58.
contrariului, adic democraia tinde s reduc The relation modernization-modernity is
42
Ibidem, pp. 48-49
43
Ibidem, p. 49
57
Ibid,p.49
58
SeeGianfrancoPasquino,CursdeStiintapolitica,Iasi,InstitutulEuropean,2001
30
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44
Vezi Gianfranco Pasquino, Curs de tiin politic, Iai, Institutul European, 2001
45
Vezi i Adrian Gorun, Dan R. Mateiu, Horaiu T. Gorun, Introducere n tiina politic. Regimurile politice.
Participarea politic. Elitele politice, Presa Universitar Clujean, 2003, pp. 214-233
59
SeeAdrianGorun,DanR.Mateiu,HoratiuT.Gorun,IntroducereinStiintapolitica.Regimurilepolitice.
Participareapolitica.Elitelepolitice.PresaUniversitaraClujeana,2003,pp.214233
31
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32
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declanat de cel de-al doilea val de care many other countries where the GDP is under
vorbete Alvin Toffler este demult ncheiat $100 per capita. Of course the analysis may
n rile modernizate, mereu nceput sau be enlarged, yet I consider it is worth
inexistent n attea alte ri n care Produsul mentioning a general observation: Alvin
Naional Brut / locuitor este situat sub 100$. Toffler may be reproached and, as a matter of
Analiza poate continua, ns consider c este fact, political science generally and the
suficient o prim observaie de ansamblu: American one especially, with provincialism,
provincialismul, descriptivismul i descriptivism and formalism, when analyses
formalismul sunt imputabile i lui Toffler, ca are centred on a small number of states,
de altfel tiinei politice n general, celei without taking into account the solid
americane, n special atunci cnd analizele se examinations based on rigorous and clear
centreaz doar pe un numr restrns de state comparisons. In short the three values on
ale lumii, fr a se acorda atenie which the American futurologist speaks about
examinrilor concrete, n baza unor are far from being encompassing, but
comparaii explicite i riguroase. Pe scurt, inclusive for some and exclusive for many
cele trei valuri din istoria omenirii despre and very many players. Generalizations are
care vorbete viitorologul american nu sunt from the start inefficient and do not do any
nici pe departe atotcuprinztoare, ci inclusive good to the political science. Speaking from
pentru unii, exclusive pentru muli i foarte the perspective of the civilizations composing
muli actori. Generalizrile sunt din capul it, the world is extremely heterogeneous. It
locului ineficace i nu aduc servicii tiinei has to be stated, at this point, that the
politice. Lumea este extrem de eterogen din normative judgement included, circumscribed
perspectiva civilizaiilor care o compun. to progress understood exclusively in terms
Tocmai de aceea trebuie remarcat c inclusiv enforced by the Westerners, have also a
judecile de tip normativ circumscrise justifiable role. The same way colonisations
progresului neles exclusiv n termenii and certain civilizations (shown as superior)
impui de ctre occidentali au i un rol were justified, just as the Information Age
justificativ. Aa au fost justificate i and globalization. The approach is easy to
colonizrile i anumite civilizaii (prezentate reveal: the investigations are centred on a
ca superioare), aa sunt justificate i era group of states, definite criteria for that group
informatizrii i globalizarea. Demersul este are drawn (criteria that are applicable only to
unul uor de decelat: se centreaz that group, thus particular), the criteria are
investigaiile pe un grup de state, se extrag generalized by applying them to other groups
33
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46
Fr. Fukuyama, op.cit. p. 11
47
Ibidem
60
Fr.Fukuyama,op.cit.p.11
61
Ibid
34
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ca perioad cu Rzboiul Rece. n mod logic, particularly in USA and USSR required huge
cursa narmrilor i nevoia meninerii unui investments in intelligence and top capital.
echilibru printr-o dezvoltare inimaginabil a Scientific research intended for permanent
arsenalului militar, ndeosebi n SUA i modernization of vectors has become the
URSS, a necesitat investiii uriae de basic component of the Great military
inteligen i capital de vrf. Cercetarea Powers geo-strategy and their allies,
tiinific destinat modernizrii permanente particularly the allies of USA. All the more,
a vectorilor a devenit component de baz states like China and India, even if they
a geostrategiei marilor puteri militare i a applied a policy of non-alignment in front
aliailor, ndeosebi a aliailor SUA. Totodat, of the two military blocks, have also invested
state precum China i India, chiar dac au in developing the own military potential,
aplicat o politic de nealiniere fa de cele running on a parallel lane to the arming
dou blocuri militare, au investit i ele n race, which nevertheless has the same
dezvoltarea propriului potenial militar, finality. The war is no longer conceived in a
alergnd pe un culoar paralel la cursa classic manner, but it becomes
narmrilor, care, ns, are aceeai finalitate. preponderantly electronic. Who is in
Rzboiul nu mai este conceput n mod clasic, possession of information has the power a
ci devine unul preponderent electronic. Cine slogan decrypted by any player since Francis
deine informaia deine puterea - o deviz Bacon. Japanese for instance, have finally
decodat de oricare actor de la Fr. Bacon understood that starting the conflict with
ncoace. Japonezii, de exemplu, au neles c USA was a huge mistake due to an
au svrit o eroare declannd conflictul cu incomplete piece of information furnished by
SUA datorit unei informaii incomplete an infantry general in exchange for some
oferite de un general infanterist contra unor disclosures of a well documented admiral.
dezvluiri fcute de un amiral documentat. i Their subsequent attitude is well known to
este cunoscut atitudinea lor ulterioar - invest in information and informatics, by
aceea de a investi n informaie i utilizing their only available assets, human
informatizare, utilizndu-i capitalul uman i capital and silicon. Fr. Fukuyama going along
siliciul - singurele bogii pe care le aveau Alvin Tofflers line accomplishes a succinct
la ndemn. Fr. Fukuyama, n linia lui Alvin picture of what is to come after Industrial
Toffler, realizeaz un tablou succint a ceea ce Age, on what the third wave yields as
vine dup epoca industrial, adic asupra a transition to Information Age. It is to be
ceea ce produce cel de-al treilea val, ca bore in mind that the wave entails only a
35
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48
Ibidem
62
Ibid
36
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37
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munc angajat n domeniile dominate de turn the labour supply employed in the
munca intelectual, este supus, n intervale domains dominated by intellectual work will
scurte de timp, devalorizrii. shortly be subject to devaluation.
Vorbind despre era informaiei Fr. Speaking of the "Information Age", Fr.
Fukuyama i evideniaz att beneficiile, ct Fukuyama points out its benefits and negative
i efectele negative. Tensiunea dintre effects. The tension between epistemic and
epistem i doxa (paradoxul lui Taminaux) doxa (Taminiaux's paradox) is observed at
este observabil la filosoful american, the American philosopher, especially in
ndeosebi n abordarea aspectelor pozitive approaching positive aspects which can be
unde poate fi uor identificat propria-i easily identified by virtue of his own choice
opiune n virtutea apartenenei la civilizaia of belonging to American civilization: An
american: O societate bazat pe informaie information-based society tends to produce
are tendina s produc mai mult din cele more of the two things that people appreciate
dou lucruri pe care oamenii le preuiesc n in a modern democracy: freedom and
primul rnd ntr-o democraie modern: equality. Freedom of choice has exploded,
libertatea i egalitatea. A explodat libertatea whether it is cable television channels, the
de a alege, fie c e vorba de canale de budget shops filled with everything you need,
televiziune prin cablu, de magazine ieftine, or friends met over the Internet. Hierarchies
pline cu de toate, sau de prieteni cunoscui of any kind, whether political or corporate,
prin Internet. Ierarhiile de orice fel, fie are subjected to pressure and begin to
politice, fie corporatiste, sunt supuse collapse. Large and rigid bureaucracies,
presiunilor i ncep s se prbueasc. seeking to control what happens in their
Birocraiile vaste, rigide, care urmresc s sphere of activity through rules, regulations
controleze tot ce se ntmpl n sfera lor de and coercion, have been undermined by the
activitate prin intermediul regulilor, shift to a knowledge-based economy, which
regulamentelor i constrngerii, au fost <<strengthens>> the people through the
subminate de trecerea la o economie bazat access provided to information. Just as rigid
pe cunoatere, care i <<ntrete>> pe corporate bureaucracies as the old IBM and
oameni prin accesul pe care l ofer la AT & T have given way to smaller
informaie. Aa cum birocraiile corporatiste competitors, with more limited activity, but
rigide, precum btrnul IBM i AT&T au with a wider participation of employees in
cedat locul n faa unor concureni mai mici, decision making. Soviet Union and East
cu activitate mai restrns, dar cu o Germany collapsed because of their inability
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participare mai larg a angajailor la luarea to control and exploit information held by
deciziilor, Uniunea Sovietic i Germania de their citizens63.
Est s-au prbuit datorit incapacitii lor de a From a certain perspective, the benefits of
controla i valorifica informaiile deinute de the information-based society are real. We
proprii ceteni49 . consider enlarging the choices for available
Privite dintr-o anumit perspectiv, area, imminent reducing the time to achieve
avantajele societii bazat pe informaie sunt impending operations in various spheres of
reale. Avem n vedere lrgirea ariei activity, bureaucratic apparatus efficiency,
posibilitilor de a alege, reducerea iminent increased competitiveness, extending the
a timpului de realizare a operaiunilor din number of employee participation in decision
diverse sfere de activitate, eficientizarea making, disintegration of its traditional
aparatului birocratic, creterea monopolies through the decline of big
competitivitii, creterea sferei de cuprindere corporations and so on. With the only
prin extinderea participrii angajailor la difference that, reconsidering normative
luarea deciziilor, dezagregarea unor judgments depending on context, these "gifts"
monopoluri devenite tradiionale prin intrarea of the information society must be viewed
n declin a marilor corporaii .a.m.d. Numai with a certain reserve. Thus, Fukuyama's
c i aceste daruri oferite de societatea opinion on the fact that the new type of
informaional trebuie privite cu o anumit society produces more freedom and
rezerv, reconsidernd judecile normative equality in a modern democracy is in
funcie de contexte. Astfel, aprecierea lui contradiction with factual reality that
Fukuyama referitoare la faptul c noul tip de undermines the very foundations of
societate produce mai mult libertate i democratic regimes. Freedom and equality
egalitate ntr-o democraie modern intr n are values which originates principles that are
contradicie cu realitatea factual care founding fundamental human rights. They are
submineaz nsi bazele regimurilor enshrined in the rules that ensure their
democratice. Libertatea i egalitatea sunt objectivity in the individual or group
valori n care se origineaz principii care conducts which does not undermine, but
ntemeiaz drepturi fundamentale ale omului. strengthen a particular order because of the
Ele sunt consacrate prin norme ce la asigur majority. An order with non-entropic role in
obiectivarea la nivelul conduitelor individuale that society (it must be specified that a
sau de grup, conduite ce nu submineaz, ci democratic society is in discussion). This is
49
Ibidem, p. 12
63
Ibid,p.12
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ntresc un anumit tip de ordine dorit de where the problem is because the company
majoritate. O ordine cu rol de factor organized on a democratic basis requires
antientropic pentru societatea respectiv equal freedom and equal rights distributed to
(precizez c este n discuie o societate cu all citizens and with each other, the law (rule)
regim democratic). Ori tocmai aici apare representing standard reporting and
problema, ntruct, societatea organizat pe evaluation of conducts. Depending on the
baze democratice presupune libertate egal provisions of the rule it is estimated both
distribuit i o egalitate n drepturi a tuturor excess of power (coercion to freedom) and
cetenilor i a fiecruia cu ceilali, legea the excess of freedom (constraint on others
(norma) reprezentnd etalonul de raportare i freedom and contempt for rules). The
apreciere a conduitelor. Funcie de information society has created the most
dispoziiile normei se apreciaz att excesul suitable framework for the manifestation of
de putere (constrngere la libertate), ct i freedom but also to understand that excessive
excesul de libertate (constrngere la libertatea libertinism understood as freedom for some
celorlali i dispreul fa de norme). and inevitable restriction of freedom for
Societatea informaional a creat cel mai others. Internet use is a significant example of
propice cadru pentru manifestarea libertii this view, under the circumstances that the
ns i cadrul pentru libertinaj neles ca exces unlimited access to everyone who has
de libertate pentru unii cu ngrdirea major abilities and a microprocessor, avoids the
i inevitabil a libertii celorlali. Exemplul responsibility. Both responsible people and
utilizrii Internetului este semnificativ din irresponsible people participate to the same
acest punct de vedere n condiiile n care extent to communication over the Internet
accesul la utilizare, absolut nelimitat pentru "posting" on various sites both useful
oricine posed abiliti i deine un information and distorted information,
microprocesor, derobeaz de rspundere. manipulating and misinformation, threats,
Persoane cu discernmnt, ca i persoane incitement to violence, to social-institutional
lipsite de discernmnt particip deopotriv disorder. In turn, the receiver, consisting of
la comunicarea prin Internet postnd pe both responsible individuals and
diverse site-uri i informaii utile, i irresponsible, take over the information (and
informaii distorsionate, manipulatorii, i surrogates information) and is able whether to
dezinformri, ameninri, instigri la violen, select or filter or is incapable to distinguish.
la dezordine social-instituional. La rndul The receiver can be a good auditor, but also a
lui, receptorul, constituit din indivizi cu part of the intoxicated mass. Anonymity is
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41
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 1/2013
64
Ibid.
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informatizate sunt evidente, dar oare toate generation before. Then he follows arguing
consecinele acesteia au fost neaprat att de that abandoning the industrial production in
faste?50 70s of XX century in more advanced
Pentru a rspunde la aceast ntrebare, countries once the de-industrialization of Belt
Fukuyama prezint un tablou amplu al lumii Rust economic region in North-East of
occidentale n a doua jumtate a secolului al USA (comprising the states Illinois, Indiana,
XX-lea, preciznd c asocierea erei Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania) that had for
informaiei cu apariia Internetului (anii '90 ai long played a dominant role, yet reaching
secolului trecut) este una incomplet ntruct global decline and chronic unemployment
desprinderea de epoca industrial a debutat cu generated serious social consequences.
o generaie n urm. Astfel, el argumenteaz This period comprised between mid of
prin renunarea la producia industrial nc 60s and beginning of 90s was marked by
din anii '70 ai secolului al XX-lea n mai even harder social conditions in most
multe ri avansate, odat cu industrialized countries. Infringement of law
dezindustrializarea regiunii Rust Belt and social disorder began to intensify; the
(Centura de rugin) - regiune economic din urban centres of the richest societies on earth
nord-estul SUA (Statele Ilinois, Indiana, became uninhabitable areas. The decline of
Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania) care a jucat kinship to which we had been attending for
mult vreme un rol economic dominant, dar more two hundred years, also intensified in
care a ajuns la declin global i omaj cronic the second of XX century. In most European
urmare a abandonrii uzinelor. countries and Japan, fertility decreased so
Renunarea la producia industrial a much, that these societies would be
generat consecine sociale de mare gravitate: depopulated next century, unless a massive
Aceast perioad, cuprins aproximativ ntre immigration occurred; marriages and births
mijlocul anilor '60 i nceputul anilor '90, a reduced; the divorces rates reached alarming
fost, de asemenea, marcat de condiii sociale quotas; in USA one third of the children were
tot mai grele n majoritatea rilor born outside marriage, whereas in
industrializate. Au nceput s creasc Scandinavian countries more than half.
infracionalitatea i dezordinea social, Finally, in the last 40 years, confidence in
centrele urbane ale societilor celor mai people and institutions was in decline. At the
bogate de pe pmnt transformndu-se n end of 50s, most of the inhabitants in Europe
zone aproape de nelocuit. Declinul relaiilor and USA expressed their confidence in
50
Ibidem
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de rudenie ca instituii sociale, la care asistm government and their citizens; only a small
de mai bine de dou sute de ani, s-a precipitat share declared the same in the beginning of
n ultima jumtate a secolului XX. n the 90s. The nature of inter-human relation
majoritatea rilor europene i n Japonia, also altered. Though there are no clear
fertilitatea a sczut att de mult, nct aceste evidence that people established fewer social
societi se vor depopula n secolul urmtor, contacts, their relations tended to be shorter,
n lipsa unei imigrri masive; s-au mpuinat less intense and in smaller groups65. Can
cstoriile i naterile; rata divorurilor a atins these phenomena be neglected? The multiple
cote alarmante; n Statele Unite, o treime din phenomena enumerated above raise major
copii sunt nscui n afara cstoriei, iar n issues, if it is to take into consideration only
rile scandinave mai mult de jumtate. n the perspective of the counter-attack
sfrit, n ultimii 40 de ani ncrederea ntre necessity against the entropic factors
oameni i n instituii a intrat ntr-un declin regarding preservation of a society. These
accentuat. La sfritul anilor '50, majoritatea issues do not release from responsibility those
locuitorilor Statelor Unite i Europei i-au who lead communities, states or the world in
exprimat ncrederea n guvernele i n its entirety. They are not issues generated by
concetenii lor; numai o mic parte dintre ei natural factors, they are not natural
mai declarau acelai lucru la nceputul anilor catastrophes, but they make the object of
'90. Natura relaiilor interumane s-a modificat management modalities for human society.
i ea. Dei nu exist dovezi c oamenii They are the effects of a long management in
stabileau mai puine contacte sociale, many irresponsible situations, centred on
legturile lor tindeau s fie de durat mai fragments of objectives and non-convergent
scurt, mai puin intense i n grupuri de in many situations: objectives circumscribed
oameni tot mai puin numeroase51. Sunt to the struggle for domination and hegemony,
aceste fenomene de neluat n seama? i on the powerful part and struggle for survival
numai din perspectiva nevoii de contracarare in the simplest possible way for an
a factorilor entropici n vederea conservrii absolute human majority. And the major
unei societi, multiplele fenomene issues which we all meet today are deep
enumerate mai sus ridic probleme majore. rooted in history. Some of them have become
Aceste probleme nu absolv de so chronic that they cannot be solved
responsabilitate pe cei ce conduc comuniti, anymore. Others have solutions provided that
state, lumea n ansamblul ei. Ele nu sunt the decision-making factors really want that.
51
Ibidem, pp. 12-13
65
Ibid.p,1213
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probleme generate de factori naturali, nu sunt Yet none of them is above responsibility. At
catastrofe naturale, ci fac obiectul least the current ones have to involve
modalitilor de gestiune a societii umane. responsibility. And in order to set working
Ele sunt efectele unor gestionri ndelungate the mechanisms to hold responsible, those
n multe situaii iresponsabile, centrate n who cause people troubles willingly or
scopuri segmentate i n multe situaii unwillingly, they have to be known. This is
neconvergente. Scopuri circumscrise luptei the reason why we ask ourselves
pentru dominaie i hegemonie, din partea concomitantly with Serge Hutin: Are there
celor puternici i luptei pentru existen n unknown governors?66 This answer will be
cel mai simplu neles cu putin pentru o searched for in a future study.
majoritate uman absolut. Iar problemele
majore cu care ne confruntm deopotriv cu Bibliography:
toii azi au rdcini adnci n istorie. Unele s- 1. Fukuyama Fr., Marea ruptur. Natura
au cronicizat ntr-att, nct nu mai pot fi uman i refacerea ordinii sociale Editura
rezolvate. Altele au nc rezolvare, cu Humanitas n 2002 i este prefaat de Liana
condiia existenei voinei decidenilor. Nici V. Alecu.
unele, nici altele nu absolv de 2. Serge Hutin, Guvernantii din umbra si
responsabilitate. Dar mcar cele din zilele societatile secrete, Pro Editura si Tipografie,
noastre trebuie s implice rspunderea. Iar Bucuresti, Original title: Gouvernantes invisibles
pentru a pune n micare mecanismele de et societes secretes, Edition Jai Lu, 1971
52
Sege Hutin, Guvernanii din umbr i societile secrete, Pro Editur i Tipografie, Bucureti, p.11, Titlul
original - Gouvernantes invisibles et socits secrtes, Editions J'ai Lu, 1971
66
SergeHutin,Guvernantiidinumbrasisocietatilesecrete,ProEditurasiTipografie,Bucuresti,p.11,Original
title:Gouvernantesinvisiblesetsocietessecretes,EditionJaiLu,1971
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