Version 1.

AQA Certificates
June 2013

Chemistry 8402/2
(Specification 8402)
Paper 2

Final

Mark Scheme
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the
relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any
amendments made at the standardisation events which all examiners participate in and is the
scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures
that the mark scheme covers the students responses to questions and that every examiner
understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each
examiner analyses a number of students scripts: alternative answers not already covered by
the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process,
examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer
these to the Principal Examiner.

It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further
developed and expanded on the basis of students reactions to a particular paper.
Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one years document should be
avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change,
depending on the content of a particular examination paper.

Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from: aqa.org.uk

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Information to Examiners

1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
the marks available for each part of the question
the total marks available for the question
the typical answer or answers which are expected
extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement and help to
delineate what is acceptable or not worthy of credit or, in discursive answers, to
give an overview of the area in which a mark or marks may be awarded.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the
mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where
consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be
on the diagram or at a different place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra
details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in
ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent.

2. Emboldening
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available any
two from is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the
following bullet points is a potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to
award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or.
Different terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; e.g. allow smooth / free
movement.

3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which
candidates have provided extra responses. The general principle to be
followed in such a situation is that right + wrong = wrong.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number
of error / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for
the question, no marks can be awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1)
are not penalised.

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? (1 mark)

Candidate Response Marks

awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0

Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system. (2 marks)

Candidate Response Marks awarded

1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1
2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0
Moon

3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae

If a candidate writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required
chemical name, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if,
in the context of the question, such action is appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Full marks can be given for a correct numerical answer, without any working
shown.
However, if the answer is incorrect, mark(s) can be gained by correct
substitution / working and this is shown in the extra information column or by
each stage of a longer calculation.
3.4 Interpretation of it
Answers using the word it should be given credit only if it is clear that the it
refers to the correct subject.
3.5 Errors carried forward
Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once
only.
Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors
can be carried forward are kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried
forward are most likely to be restricted to calculation questions and should be
shown by the abbreviation e.c.f. in the marking scheme.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited
unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be
awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer
required.
3.8 Ignore / Insufficient / Do not allow
Ignore of insufficient is used when the information given is irrelevant to the
question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct
amplification could gain the marking point.
Do not allow means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct
answer is given, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

4. Quality of Written Communication and levels marking

In Question 3(d) candidates are required to produce extended written material in

English, and will be assessed on the quality of their written communication as well as
the standard of the scientific response.

Candidates will be required to:

use good English
organise information clearly
use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

The following general criteria should be used to assign marks to a level:

Level 1: basic
Knowledge of basic information
Simple understanding
The answer is poorly organised, with almost no specialist terms and their use
demonstrating a general lack of understanding of their meaning, little or no detail
The spelling, punctuation and grammar are very weak.

Level 2: clear
Knowledge of accurate information
Clear understanding
The answer has some structure and organisation, use of specialist terms has
been attempted but not always accurately, some detail is given
There is reasonable accuracy in spelling, punctuation and grammar, although
there may still be some errors.

Level 3: detailed
Knowledge of accurate information appropriately contextualised
Detailed understanding, supported by relevant evidence and examples
Answer is coherent and in an organised, logical sequence, containing a wide
range of appropriate or relevant specialist terms used accurately.
The answer shows almost faultless spelling, punctuation and grammar.

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

question answers extra information mark

1(a)(i) CH4 allow H4C 1

do not allow lower-case h
do not allow superscript

1(a)(ii) single 1

1(a)(iii) alkanes 1

1(b)(i) carbon / C any order 1

hydrogen / H allow phonetic spelling 1
sulfur / sulphur / S 1

1(b)(ii) air / atmosphere 1

1(b)(iii) acid rain 1

damages trees / plants or kills allow harmful to living things 1
aquatic organisms or damages
buildings / statues or causes
respiratory problems

1(c) carbon / C accept soot / particulates / 1

charcoal

Question 1 continues on the next page

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 1 continued

question answers extra information mark

1(d) accept converse statements

any four from: 4
(supports hypothesis)
because when the fuel
contains more carbon the
temperature of the water went
up more / faster (in 2 minutes)
(does not support hypothesis
as) temperature change per
gram decreases as the
number of carbons increases
(does not support hypothesis)
because the more carbon in
the fuel the more smoke or
the dirtier / sootier it is
only tested hydrocarbons /
alkanes / fuels with between 5
and 12 carbon atoms
valid, justified, conclusion

1(e)(i) 0.15 correct answer with or with or 2

without working gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, Mr carbon
dioxide = 44 gains 1 mark
allow 0.236 / 0.24 / 0.2357142
(ecf from Mr of 28) for 1 mark

1(e)(ii) 0.4(0) 1

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 1 continued

question answers extra information mark

1(e)(iii) C3H8 correct formula with or without 2

working scores 2 marks

0.15 / 0.05 = 3 allow ecf from (e)(i)

and
0.4 / 0.05 = 8 (1) allow ecf from (e)(ii)

allow 1 mark for correct empirical

formula from their values

If use fall-back values:

0.50 / 0.05 = 10
and
1 mark
0.20 / 0.05 = 4

C4H10 1 mark

if just find ratio of C to H using

fall-back values, get C2H5 allow 1
mark

Total 19

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

question answers extra information mark

2(a)(i) 22 allow any value between 22 and 1

23

2(a)(ii) same depth or same must be in the correct order 1

less depth or less 1
same depth or same 1
greater depth or greater 1

2(a)(iii) as volume of potassium iodide 1

increases, depth of precipitate
increases (directly) proportional scores
first 2 marks
linear or doubling one doubles 1
the other
(after 8.8 cm3 of KI has been 1
added) depth becomes constant
or
then levels off

2(b) filter (the mixture) allow decant (the solution) 1

marking points 2 and 3 are
dependent on marking point 1
wash residue (using distilled 1
water)
1
leave to evaporate or dry
between sheets of (absorbent)
paper or warm to evaporate water

2(c) ion / salt identification allow to produce insoluble salts 1

or
water treatment or softening
water or treating effluent or
removing unwanted ions from
solution

Total 12

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

question answers extra information mark

3(a)(i) distillation 1

3(a)(ii) 100 / one hundred 1

3(b)(i) measuring cylinder or pipette or allow phonetic spelling 1

burette
do not accept teat pipette
ignore any additional words or
volumes

3(b)(ii) (re)heat the evaporating basin accept heat to constant mass for 1
2 marks
1
weigh (again) or mass will not
change
if no other mark awarded allow 1
mark for a chemical test for water

3(b)(iii) 33.2 (g) correct answer with or without 2

working scores 2 marks
allow mass of residue =
(24.04 g-23.21 g) = 0.83
for 1 mark
allow ecf (mass of residue x 40)
for 1 mark

3(c) to kill microbes / bacteria or to allow to prevent disease 1

sterilise / disinfect water
ignore to make it safe to drink

Question 3 continues on the next page

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 3 continued

question answers extra information mark

3(d) 6

Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication (QoC)
as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer to the
information on page 4, and apply a best-fit approach to the marking.
0 marks Level 1 (12 marks) Level 2 (34 marks) Level 3 (56 marks)
No relevant A simple relevant At least two of the All the graphs have
content comment has been graphs have been been considered and
made on the data considered with a relevant comments
from at least one of relevant comment made about each.
the graphs. made.
A justified conclusion
may be given.

examples of chemistry points made in the extra information

response:
(graph 1 shows) fluoride ions reduce
the amount of tooth decay
(graph 1 shows) the effect in reducing accept any in range 55-64
tooth decay is greatest for 55-64 year
olds
(graph 2 shows) the fluoride ions
reduce percentage with decayed teeth
(graph 2 shows) effect is greatest at accept any in range 2.53
2.5 to 3 mg per 1000 g of water then
decay increases if more than 2.5 to 3
mg of fluoride ions per 1000 g water
(graph 2 shows percentage) decay
decreases from 0 to 2.5 / 3 mg per
1000 g
(graph 3 shows) more marked / brittle
teeth as fluoride level increases
above points linked together to draw a
justified conclusion

Total 14

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

question answers extra information mark

4(a) (s) (aq) (aq) (g) must be in this order 2

2 marks if all four correct
1 mark if 2 or 3 correct

4(b)(i) 55 ignore units 1

4(b)(ii) 54 allow ecf from (b)(i) 1

4(b)(iii) 0.92 correct answer with or without 2

working gains 2 marks
ecf from volume in (b)(i)
accept 2 d.p. up to calculator
value
if answer incorrect, allow
rate = (b)(i) / 60 for 1 mark

4(c)(i) circle round point at (48,22) 1

Question 4 continues on the next page

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 4 continued

question answers extra information mark

4(c)(ii) problem (1) and explanation (1) explanation must give lower 2
volume of gas or slower reaction
ignore human error unless
qualified
problem with bung
e.g. bung not placed in firmly /
quickly enough
so gas lost
or
problem with reagent
e.g. acid was diluted or acid not
replaced
so reaction slower
or
problem with temperature
e.g. temperature was lower than
recorded temperature
so reaction slower
or
problem with measurement
e.g. length of magnesium less
than 8 cm or timed for less than a
minute
so less gas produced

Question 4 continues on the next page

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 4 continued

question answers extra information mark

4(d) repeat the experiment (several 1

times)
because anomalous results could
be excluded
and then the mean can be
determined / calculated
1
1
accept suggestion of alteration to
method, which is explained as to
why it would reduce the error, for
3 marks (e.g. place the
magnesium in a container within
the flask (1) so it can be tipped
into the acid once the bung is in
place (1). This will prevent
anomalous results or gas loss (1))
ignore idea of more accurate gas
syringe
ignore shorter time intervals

4(e)(i) use clean magnesium or use 1

magnesium without oxide coating
compare results 1

4(e)(ii) either
measure the temperature of the 1
acid before (adding magnesium)
and after adding magnesium 1
or
place the conical flask in a water
bath (at 40 oC) (1)
compare results (1)

Total 16

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

question answers extra information mark

5(a)(i) endothermic could be answered by indicating 1

the correct word in the box

5(a)(ii) final temperatures got lower or ignore comments on energy 1

temperature went down

5(b) polystyrene / plastic cup or ignore references to a lid 1

description of insulation / lagging
container
because (polystyrene) is an allow references to heat loss or 1
insulator or prevents heat / glass conducts / absorbs heat
energy gain (and so temperature
is more accurate)

5(c) 1 mark for variable and 1 mark for max.

reason linked to that variable 4
maximum of 4 marks for two
variables and two explanations
variable: volume or mass or
amount of water
reason: the greater the volume / do not allow time taken to heat
mass of water, the more heat
energy it contains or the smaller
the temperature change will be
variable: start temperature or
temperature of water
reason: the higher the start do not allow higher temperature
temperature, the more heat change
energy it contains or the higher
the final temperature will be
variable: the time at which the
temperature is measured
reason: if left longer may gain
heat energy from surroundings or
warm up or if measured too soon
not all ammonium chloride will
have dissolved so less
temperature change
variable: rate of dissolution or
speed of dissolving or amount of
stirring
reason: if it dissolves faster or is
stirred faster then it will cool more
quickly or small particles dissolve
faster
Question 5 continues on the next page

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 5 continued

question answers extra information mark

5(d)(i) all 7 points correct 2

at least 4 points plotted correctly
scores 1 mark

5(d)(ii) straight line through first 3 or 4 lines must be drawn with a ruler 1
points
straight line through last three 1
points
if no other marks awarded allow
curve joining lines for 1 mark

5(d)(iii) valid extrapolation of line back to 1

mass of 0 g
correct value read from graph award 1 mark for 2021 if no 1
extrapolation shown

5(e) not all of the ammonium chloride allow water limiting factor or all 1
would dissolve water used
so no more heat would be 1
absorbed
or
the solution is saturated (1) allow water limiting factor or all
water used
so some ammonium chloride
remains solid or not all will
dissolve (1)

5(f) greater volume of water was used allow different volume of water 1
or volume was twice as large
so temperature decrease was allow so final temperature was 1
less than the first students result higher
or
starting temperature / room
temperature was higher (1)
so final temperature was greater accept by 6 oC or was any value
than the first students result (1) in range 26-27oC

Total 18

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

question answers extra information mark

6(a)(i) red ignore pink 1

6(a)(ii) add silver nitrate (solution) 1

white precipitate dependent on addition of silver 1
nitrate
ignore addition of another acid
if hydrochloric acid added max 1
mark

6(b) if acid to acid titration described,

first two marking points not
available
suitable named alkali / sodium 1
hydroxide solution in burette
add alkali solution until (indicator) 1
becomes pink / red
any two from:
2
wash / rinse equipment
add dropwise or slowly
(near end point)
swirl / mix
read (meniscus) at eye
level
white background
read start and final burette
levels / calculate the
volume needed
repeat

Question 6 continues on the next page

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 Mark Scheme AQA Certificates Chemistry 8402/2 June 2013

Question 6 continued

question answers extra information mark

6(c) does not ionise / dissociate allow for acids of the same 1
completely concentration, weak acids have a
higher pH or fewer hydrogen ions

6(d)(i) ring round COOH O 1

O H

6(d)(ii) if not fully correct, allow 1 mark 2

for correct ester group minimum
O

C C

O C

Total 11

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