Running Head: FIGHTING INVASIVE 1

Fighting Invasive

Alyssa Watts

First Colonial High School

Legal Studies Academy

Abstract
FIGHTING INVASIVE 2

This paper will discuss the damages of the introduction of invasive species to new ecosystems

around the world. Invasive species can be defined as species that are nonnative to an ecosystem

and overtake that ecosystem through outcompeting the native species and damaging the natural

food web. Laws and regulations have been passed regarding invasive species, yet the issue

continues to expand. This paper will discuss the true issue of invasive species, awareness. If

people are more aware of what to do to prevent the spreading of invasive species and the true

effects invasive species present, management plans will actually be put to use. Most people do

not actually grasp the true danger nonnative species present, nor are aware the real issues at

hand. This paper will present solutions to this growing issue.

Keywords: invasive, nonnative, prevention, awareness, introduction

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Fighting Invasive

The growing problem is called by many names; nuisance, pest, introduced, and invasive.

A nonnative species that is introduced into an ecosystem and has detrimental effects to

economies and the environment. Invasive species can include plants, animals, diseases, and

viruses. Essentially, invasive species compete with the native species which cause imbalances in

food chains, disrupt the order of the ecosystem, and diminish the qualities of economies (Center).

Examples include but are not limited to swans, kudzu, purple loosestrife, and the emerald ash

borer. Due to the unwelcome effects of invasive species laws are put into place to either prevent

the introduction of invasive species, or control the growing populations of invasive species.

Negligence laws are also put into place to prevent humans from releasing invasive species that

may cause issues. Invasive species disrupt the natural order of ecosystems which cause a domino

effect and damage the lives of other organisms as well as humans.

Invasive Species in America

Most countries in the world are affected by invasive species, among these countries is the

United States of America. In the United States, examples include but are not limited to the
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Africanized honeybee, kudzu, and Burmese pythons. Each of these subjects arrived in the United

States through different means. The Africanized honeybee was bred in captivity to create more

honey, but ended up escaping and population grew. The kudzu was introduced as an ornamental

plant and was admired for its beauty. Eventually, the kudzu overtook the southern United States

and its growth can no longer be measured. Burmese pythons were kept as pets, but their massive

sizes often overwhelmed owners, and were forced to release the pythons to the wild. The

Burmese pythons now have affected the ecosystem in the Everglades, and importation of the

pythons was banned in 2012 (Invasive).

Effects

The effects of invasive species vary when applied to a certain community, but all have a

similar consequences. Nonnative species compete with the native species for food, resources,

and space (Russell, 2014). The native species could become endangered because the species has

no access to resources. Plant invasive species cloud out bodies of water, therefore blocking

sunlight and preventing oxygen to pass through (Stohlgren, Chong, Schell, Rimar, Otsuki, Lee,

Kalkhan, Villa, 2002). Marine life that lives in a habitat affected by aquatic plants can suffocate

due to lack of oxygen. The economy could also be affected because of invasive species. For

example, in a fishing community an invasive species can be introduced and wipe out the

population of a fish. The communitys economy will be affected because there are not as many

fish to sell, therefore the community will have less money. Tourist cities with many variations of

plants can have a change in economy as well. Diseases such as the chestnut blight disease may

affect the beauty of the plants. When the tourist cities cannot control the outbreak of disease, less

people will come to that city, therefore the city will make less money. The effects of invasive

species cannot be measured and cause difficulty not only for animals but humans as well.
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Spreading

Invasive species can be brought into a country either deliberately or accidentally. Cargo

ships and airplanes may unintentionally bring invasive species into a country and cause

irreversible damage. Poachers may bring a species to a new habitat in order to harvest materials

from invasive animals such as their fur. When the poachers see no longer use for the kidnapped

species they are either released into the wild or killed (Invasive). These species that are now in a

new habitat can either easily adapt or perish. Those that can adapt and function in this new

environment become invasive. The true issue of invasive species is their ability to adapt. When

moving from one habitat to another, the climate or food resources may differ from the original

habitat. Invasive species have the ability to change their natural abilities to essentially fit any

habitat, and not only adjust but succeed greatly. The power of an introduced species can be

underestimated, simply because their actions are unpredictable. An introduced species could

overcome any obstacle or could simply dwindle in population. The possibilities are unlimited.

Ways of Arrival

An invasive species can come into a new country through boats, airplanes, human

contact, and smuggling. Humans have effectively transported thousands of species around the

globe and, with accelerated trade; the rate of introductions has increased over time (Havel,

Kovalenko, Thomaz, Amalfitano, Kats, 2014). As stated before, boats and airplanes can

mistakenly bring in invasive species through shipping from country to country. Human contact

can include bringing in the species for ornamental or pet usage. The purple loosestrife was first

brought to the United States as an ornamental plant but grew out of control. This also happened

to the kudzu plant (Kudzu, 2006), the kudzu plant has outgrown its natural habitat and has spread

throughout the southern United States. Another example of an invasive species that was
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introduced as a pet is the Burmese python. The python has grown to overtake the Everglades in

Florida, and the prevention techniques are not helping the issue.

Types

Nonnative species are not limited to just plants and animals, but also diseases and

microbes. All types of invasive species can be found on every continent except Antarctica.

Insects, plants, and animals are the most recognized types of invasive species.

Animals

Animals are mainly brought to foreign countries through cargo transportation. Animals

are the most recognized type of invasive and introduced species, because animals can be

smuggled into country for different reasons. Animals can be intentionally brought into a new

country for food resources or to better the function of an ecosystem. The wild boar was first

brought to the Americas as a new food source, but escaped captivity and now damage

forestation. The Africanized honeybee was introduced to North America as a new type of bee

that could create an increased production of honey. Invasive animal species have the ability to

adapt to a new environment through discovering, and are also able to change food resources

based on their new environments (Sadler, 2006).

Plants

With every 1,000 nonnative plant species introduced into a region, about 100 will

escape into the wild and establish reproductive populations, 10 species will become firmly

established, and 10 percent of those species will become a problem (Sadler, 2006). Invasive

plant species were brought to a foreign land for either intentional use, medicinal use, ornamental

usage, and food value. Plant species have an easier ability to spread from place to place because

of seed production. Air, water, and humans have the ability to transport seeds from place to
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place, and if the conditions are correct, the plant could survive and spread. Plant invasive species

can also include but are not limited to noxious weeds. Noxious weeds have the ability to to

overcome virtually any environment because the native plant species has not evolved to defend

itself. Noxious weeds are virtually immune to the effects of herbicides and pesticides, and

include the strawberry guava, pampas grass, and the velvet tree. Plants are often introduced as

ornamental gifts, but when conditions to survive are unlikely, the plant dies but the seeds are left

behind. People do not always realize that the left behind seeds, will reproduce and the plant is

not truly gone (Buczynski, 2007). The effects of invasive plants can include limiting oxygen for

native plants, disrupting the natural beauty, and crowding out native plants. The purple

loosestrife is a water plant, and grows so rapidly that the oxygen supply of the fish and plants of

the ecosystem will die. The crowding of plant species may also be uncontrollable, the plant will

reproduce rapidly. The characteristics of an invasive plant species includes: quick growth to

reproduce, root suckers, long growth rate, seeds will not grow in unfavorable characteristics,

biological toxin substances, spines/thorns, ability to become a parasite (parasitism), large food

reserves, and survival under adverse environmental conditions (Buczynski). Plants are often

referred to for medicinal use among several cultures. Some plants are believed to contain healing

properties and are brought to a new land continuously for this purpose. The food value is also

considered with invasive plant species, yet the dangers could be severe. Once again, the seeds of

invasive plants can be easily spread and are often left behind. Plant invasive species are the most

silent destructive force in an ecosystem, mainly because not all plants have evolved to defend

themselves, nor do people know how to prevent the spread of invasive species.

Insects
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Insects are invasive species that can be man made in order to benefit the overall good, but

are also the most populous type of invasive species. Invasive insects include but are not limited

to certain species of moths, bees, and mosquitoes. Species such as the Africanized honeybee

were brought to a new country to produce more honey. In this case, the invasive subject was

brought into a country in order to benefit the economy rather than have a negative impact. The

Africanized honeybee does the complete opposite, the bees are aggressive and do not help the

production of the honey industry (Center). In the state of Virginia, the Emerald Ash Borer

damages forestation and brings diseases such as the chestnut blight disease, which kill trees

within three to four years.

Diseases and Microbes

Diseases and microbes are not always recognized as invasive species, but truly should be.

Diseases and microbes move silently but create huge impacts, especially on the plant community.

The bird (Avian) flu is considered an invasive species because its introduction affects the poultry

industry due to birds being affected (National). Nonnative diseases have large impacts on not

only plants and animals but also humans. A recently identified invasive species is the Zika virus.

The Zika virus has mainly spread to countries in Latin America/ South America, and has severe

effects on the health of pregnant women and their baby.

Aquatic Species

Aquatic invasive species are classified as any type of invasive species that lives in water.

Aquatic invasive species are not as easily spread as other invasive species, due to specific water

types. Most aquatic species lack the means for active dispersal into isolated drainages and

instead use a variety of transport vectors for passive dispersal (Havel, 2014). Aquatic plants still

possess the ability to spread their seeds through wind and human interaction. Reservoirs also
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play a role in introducing invasive species. Reservoirs act as stepping stones for establishing

invaders in new watersheds. Reservoirs serve this role by providing a propagule source close to

uninvaded water bodies and simultaneously altering the habitat, making it more prone to

invasions (Havel, 2014). Aquatic species are considered to be

Effects

The effects of invasive species is unmeasured. The economy can be affected, the status of

any species that may come into contact with that certain species, and deterioration of the quality

of a habitat. Other theories imply that invasive species do not always provide negative effects,

but introduce positive outcomes.

Human Activity

Human activity is the most noticeable effect of invasive species, the species that invades

an environment takes complete control, and humans are the ones that have to take action. The

economy of a city or community can be affected by invasive species because that species could

damage property or endanger the native species that already play a role in that communitys

economy. When a species takes over a community or ecosystem, the tourism aspect can be

damaged. For instance, beautiful forestry could be damaged by a disease either invasive itself or

by an invasive species. Due to people no longer wanting to view the beautiful forestry which has

been damaged, the money gained from tourism will decrease. Humans have the responsibility to

prevent the spreading of invasive species, and to decrease the effects that invasive species bring.

Often when a species is introduced by a human, it is used for personal use, whether that be for

decorations or any other use (A, 2010).

Other Animals
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Nonnative species do not only affect humans and their environments, but the animals in

the ecosystem that was invaded. When an introduced species is actually brought into an

ecosystem, the chances of the species failing or succeeding are equal. The multiple

characteristics of an ecosystem may have varying effects on that one species. For instance,

climate can affect a species with a thick coat. The temperature could be too warm for this species

which would cause issues adapting. The species that have the ability to adapt easily and

overcome any biological obstacles are the species with potential to become invasive (Rossman,

2001). When a species actually becomes invasive and has begun to take effect on the other

species, problems begin to arise. Because this invasive species, has a great amount of potential to

spread easily, the species in that ecosystem are unsuspecting of the upcoming danger, and when

realization sets in, nothing can be done. Competition is the issue at hand, invasive species are the

team that will win. The nonnative species stand no chance against an adaptable species, that will

grow in population and decrease food resources (Rossman, 2001). Food resources are not only

affected, oxygen availability can be damaged as well. Aquatic plant invasive species grow

quickly, and cover the surface of water preventing sunlight to access plants underwater. Without

the usage of sunlight, nutrient transaction and photosynthesis cannot take place, causing native

plants to die (Bucyznski, 2007). Animals may have extreme effects, such as becoming

endangered. Over a long period of time these species may have deteriorated an ecosystem to the

point to which the native species can no longer live there and thrive. An example of aquatic

invasive species that damage an already endangered species is the lionfish. The lionfish and the

coral reef fish of the Caribbean possess the same dietary habits, yet the lionfish continues to

overcome the coral reef fish ( Rocha, Rocha, Baldwin, Weigt, McField, 2014). In this case the

coral reef fish, are already endangered due to their small stature and the damage to the coral reefs
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is irreversible (Rocha et.al). The introduction of the lionfish to this environment has caused the

health of the coral reef fish to deteriorate because of the decreased availability of food resources.

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 was created to protect these species of fish, wildlife, and

plants are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the

Nation and its people; ... the United States has pledged itself as a sovereign state in the

international community to conserve to the extent practicable the various species of fish or

wildlife and plants facing extinction (Endangered, 1973). Nonnative species have the ability to

overwhelm and swarm an environment, the outcome of this invasion can result in the rise of

endangered species and eventually extinction, if nothing is done.

Environment

Nonnative species that become introduced into an area can bring agents from their

nonnative land. The Beech Bark virus is a virus that affects trees, and is introduced through an

invasive insect ( National). This virus can affect the health of trees which impacts the

biodiversity of an environment, because the trees contribute to the diversity. The impact of the

Beech Bark virus can be underestimated because, the Beech tree can provide shelter and

nourishment for the animals in the environment (Beech). With the Beech tree species being

infected by this nonnative agent, the surrounding species will be severely impacted. Invasive

species are also a large factor in habitat destruction. The spreading of nonnative species occurs

so rapidly, that often times the environment has no time to react and create a defense mechanism.

Treetop habitats are extremely susceptible to damage by invasive species. Species such as the

European Gypsy Moth and the Old World Climbing Fern expand quickly, and either consume or

overwhelm the native plant (National). The Old World Climbing Fern also destroys habitats by

becoming widespread and packed therefore increasing the risk of fire (National). The
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environment is perhaps the most affected aspect by invasive species, because invasive species

introduce numerous factors of deterioration through multiple means of introduction.

Prevention

The introduction of nonnative species can occur easily, similar to the prevention of

introduction. Humans are the most common means of introduction whether that be for personal

use, ornamental use, or accidental. The accidental introduction of invasive species can be easily

decreased by remembering the means of introduction.

Prevention in Means of Introduction

Nonnative species are often introduced as results of trade between foreign countries.

Whether these countries trade by boats, ships, airplanes, or train, a species can attach itself and

arrive in a foreign land unnoticed. When countries trade raw materials, those materials can

possess agents or organisms that are foreign to the land that they are being transported to. Ships

carry ballast water, or water that is exchanged for materials transported, essentially for weight

purposes. When the ballast water is brought onto ships, the animals and organisms are also

brought onto the ship. The Red Imported Fire Ant was introduced to the United States through

ballast water and has caused damage to the human community due to aggression (National). A

solution to the effects of ballast water could be finding a different solution to fix the irregularities

in weight. When the ships transport their cargo, perhaps the trading country can give a material

in return. For instance, if a type of wood is transported, a new type of wood could be returned,

therefore the trade could be both equal in material and weight. Trading countries can take in

effect the Executive Order of 13112, which describes the issues that invasive species introduce

and modes of prevention. This order states that each federal body should recognize:
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not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that it believes are likely to cause or promote the

introduction or spread of invasive species in the United States or elsewhere unless,

pursuant to guidelines that it has prescribed, the agency has determined and made public

its determination that the benefits of such actions clearly outweigh the potential harm

caused by invasive species; and that all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of

harm will be taken in conjunction with the actions (13112, 1999).

By fully recognizing and putting these plans into action, the effects of trading and introducing

invasive species will be reduced.

Smuggling

Poachers and smugglers of invasive species do not recognize the true danger invasive

species bring into a community. Endangered and invasive species are both known to be

smuggled into foreign lands, for money purposes. Invasive species which could not be known to

be invasive, can be brought into a country for purposes such as animal fur/hide, valuable

materials, or to make the materials into a profitable item. By introducing endangered animals to

an ecosystem, these animals can present disease due to being from a foreign land (Inside The

Exotic Animal Trade," n.d.). Not only do exotic and possible invasive species bring disease, but

also create irregularities in the economy, food webs, and the health of ecosystems. Poachers and

smugglers do not always realize that a species can be released into the natural ground and can

bring drastic effects. If the released species survives both the smuggling and the adaptation into

the new land, this species has a higher chance of becoming invasive. According to the Executive

Order 13112; federal agencies should not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that it believes

are likely to cause or promote the introduction or spread of invasive species (13112,1999). This
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can be interpreted as, federal agencies should convict poachers in any position of smuggling

invasive species because it is a violation of the Executive Order 13112.

Breeding

All types of invasive species can spread extremely easily which is part of the reason why

invasive species are such a danger to the environment. Plant invasive species have the ability to

transport themselves as seeds through erosion or human activity (Buscyznski, 2007). Most times

the spreading of invasive plant species due to growing season is unknown until the problem has

reached an all time high. Humans can either accidentally or intentionally introduce invasive plant

species. People can unknowingly transport plant species through walking through the soil and

picking up the seeds or even purchasing a foreign plant for their garden without knowing the

impactful consequences. The plan once a species is introduced is to mainly maintain and

decrease the expansion of the plant species, which is rigorous to execute because the plant

species spreads rapidly (Bucynzski, 2007). Also the more vulnerable areas including those

containing endangered species should be kept from the growing invasive plant (Bucynzski,

2007). If the invasive plant reaches and takes control of an area with possible endangered

species, that species could face extinction. The method to truly control a plant invasive species is

to initially prevent the introduction of the species then to control the growth of the species.

Animals and insects such as the Africanized honeybee (Center) were introduced for economic

reasons and eventually spread and reproduced out of control after a small population was

released. A prevention technique for invasive animal species is to minimize the risk of the

introduction into a foreign land.

Personal Use
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Many humans are either unaware or oblivious to the dangers presented with foreign

animals. Animals such as the Burmese python were introduced into the foreign pet trade (Center)

and eventually overtook the Everglades in Florida. In this case, the pythons were released

because they either grew too large too quickly or their owners could no longer care for them. In

instances such as these the invasive species, were released at a large amount in a certain period

of time, therefore the invasion and population skyrocketed. The European Starling was

introduced for an unusual reason, in a plan to introduce all birds mentioned in the literary works

of William Shakespeare (Center). These starlings also reproduced at alarming rates and now

inhabit most of North America, damaging the ecosystem by eating crops and outcompeting

native birds. The reason for introducing the birds truly had no purpose, and could be easily

prevented. The main tool to prevent humans from either intentionally or accidentally introducing

invasive species is awareness. By educating the population on how to take small steps such as

disposing of seeds or large steps such as joining an activist and prevention group, we can steadily

decrease the introduction of invasive species.

Fighting Back

Many activist groups have resorted to different means of decreasing the population of

invasive species. One group, Eat the Invaders has created a website containing recipes and

methods of eating away the invasive species one bite at a time. The goal of this organization is

to show that there are multiple solutions to combating invasive species, and if humans come

together as a whole, the populations can be decreased. Recipes included on Eat the Invaders

website include that of the lionfish, prickly pears, and periwinkle ("Fighting Invasive Species,

One Bite At A Time!," n.d.). Another form of fighting against invasive species is to protect and
FIGHTING INVASIVE 16

conserve land one step at a time. By taking into account the steps of preventing the spread of

invasive species, humans earn the right to live in peace.

Suspected Benefits

Invasive species are not considered to have extreme effects. Some believe that invasive

species bring purpose when presented, for example medicinal purposes ( Bucynzski, 2007).

Ornamental and pet use is often a large reason for introducing invasive species, and are beautiful

to look at while the time lasts, but will eventually become dangerous. Some specialists believe

that invasive species may not be the true root to environmental issues in all ecosystems, a

possibility is that invasive species are beneficial by providing extra nutrients (Sagoff, 2005).

Law

Invasive species have been a prevalent issue in the world since before 1990, and the

people have taken action in efforts to prevent the spreading and introduction of invasive species.

Federal, state, international, and unwritten laws have been enacted. Federal laws and regulations

in the United States include but are not limited to the Lacey Act, Executive Order 13112, Clean

Boating Act of 2008, and the Ballast Water Legislation (Center). The Lacey Act highlights illegal

trafficking of foreign species to the United States ("U.S. Lacey Act | Forest Legality," n.d.). The

Lacey Act is the law that protects the introduction of invasive species from smuggling, and was

amended in 2008 to include a wider variety of foreign plants. The Executive Order of 13112 also

expands on the ideas implemented by the Lacey Act but also created the National Invasive

Species Council. This council was designed to implement the Executive Order of 13112 and

execute the Invasive Species Management Plan. This specific management plan is executed by

all federal agencies that apply to this issue, including the National Invasive Species Council. A

relevant international law to preventing the spread of invasive plant species is the Plant
FIGHTING INVASIVE 17

Protection Agreement for southeast Asia (Center). Multiple laws have been passed on the topic

of invasive species including specific regulations. The Asian Carp Regulations were enacted to

prevent the further spreading of Asian Carp in fisheries. Laws and regulations on all levels are

continuously introduced to the Senate and House of Representatives and are yet to be enacted.

Elise Stefanik is a New York congresswoman who has promoted the enacting of multiple bills

dealing with invasive species including the Stamp Out Invasive Species Act. Stamp Out Invasive

Species Act states

Congress finds that invasive species pose a serious threat to our natural ecosystems,

significantly harm native plant and animal populations, and cause detrimental economic

damage to local communities...(b) Semipostal.--In order to afford a convenient way for

members of the public to contribute to programs that combat invasive species, the United

States Postal Service shall issue a semipostal stamp in accordance with the provisions of

this section. Such semipostal stamp shall be known as the ``Combating Invasive Species

Semipostal Stamp'' (Text H.R. 5344).

This act was created to provide an incentive for raising money to prevent and decrease the effects

of invasive species.

Cases

In the case of Northwest Environmental Advocates; The Ocean Conservancy, Inc.;

Waterkeepers Northern California, Petitioners, and The States Of New York, Illinois, Michigan,

Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, v.United States Environmental

Protection Agency,Northwest Environmental Advocates; The Ocean Conservancy; Santa Monica

Baykeeper, San Francisco Baykeeper; and DeltaBaykeeper, the Clean Water Act is used in

connection to ballast water. The plaintiffs in this case were reprimanded by the United States
FIGHTING INVASIVE 18

Environmental Protection Agency for issues with the Clean Water Act. The plaintiffs asked for

the repealing of section 40, which speaks on vessel discharges. The vessel discharges and ballast

water are the main causes of species introduction from foreign lands. Essentially this case was

ruling over jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Agency.

Liability

The liability of introducing invasive species is in the gray area. As stated in the Lacey Act

and the Executive Order 13112, people are not able to introduce foreign species or illegal plant

species, whether through ignorance of the law or not. The nuisance law is considered to be more

flexible, any issues found in already enacted laws can be filled with nuisance law (Larsen). The

real meaning is that the liability laws can fill in the issues that enacted bills do not cover.

Virginia

In the State of Virginia the Virginia Invasive Species Council is used to regulate any

issues in Virginia. Examples include the zebra mussel, imported fire ants, and the Rapa Whelk

("Invasive Species in Virginia," n.d.). The Virginia Code has highlighted in section 2.2 is the

Development of Strategies to prevent the introduction to control, and eradicate invasive species.

This bill was enacted in 2009, and produces bills only specific to Virginia. This bill also

introduces the Virginia Invasive Species Council. The state of Virginia has several specific bills

and regulations on the the specific invasive species including the Red Imported Fire Ant

(Center). Virginia is susceptible to the invasion of aquatic species rather than land animals due to

more access to water.

Conclusion

The damage presented by invasive species has the possibility to be reversed if humans

recognize and take action to prevent the spreading of invasive species throughout not only the
FIGHTING INVASIVE 19

country but the world. Plenty of laws have been enacted to prevent the spreading of invasive

species, and invasive species has been recognized as an issue by the federal government. The

true issue is that not enough awareness is available for the public, and the issues presented by

invasive species can be easily prevented through fighting invasive species.

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