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ME 200 Thermodynamics 1 Phases of a Pure Substance

Chapter 3 In-Class Notes


for Spring 2014 Solid: molecules oscillate about fixed positions

Properties of Pure Substances


Phases of a pure substance
T-v and P-v diagrams
Properties tables for real fluids
Ideal liquid & solid properties
Ideal gas property models Liquid: groups of molecules float about each other

Lecture 7
Phase Changes and Diagrams
Pure Substance
A substance with fixed chemical composition
throughout i.e. water, N2, He, CO2, etc. Gas: gas molecules move randomly
A mixture of chemical elements or compounds
is treated as a pure substance as long as
mixture is homogeneous i.e. Air
A mixture of two or more phases is still a pure
substance as long as chemical composition of
each phase is same i.e. ice and liquid water
but not liquid and gaseous air
Properties - Page 1 Properties - Page 2
Keep adding heat
Phase Change Process for Pure Substances
1. Phase change at constant pressure
p = 1 atm
Consider pure water in a sealed container with a T = 300oC
floating top having no mass (atmosphere exerts
vapor
constant pressure)
Add heat until water just Q
Initially at room conditions
begins to boil (e) superheated vapor

p = 1 atm
Temperature vs. specific volume (T vs. v)
p = 1 atm
T = 20oC T=? T
300oC
liquid liquid
Q
(a) compressed liquid (b) saturated liquid

Keep adding heat as Keep adding heat until


liquid vaporizes liquid is just gone
100oC

20oC
p = 1 atm p = 1 atm
vapor T=? vapor T=?

liquid v
Q Q
(c) liquid-vapor mixture (d) saturated vapor
Properties - Page 3 Properties - Page 4
Suppose that mass is added above the piston and T-v diagram for water
the experiment is repeated!

Does the initial specific


volume change?
p = 2 atm
m Does the saturation
T = 20oC temperature change?
liquid
Q

Property: Any characteristic of a system


Extensive: Depends on the size (extent) of the
system, such as volume, mass
Intensive: Does not depend on the size of the
system, such as specific volume, density
State: The condition of a system as described
by its properties
v State Principle: The equilibrium state of a simple
homogeneous substance is fixed by any two
independent, intensive properties.
Properties - Page 5 Properties - Page 6
Q-1 A butane lighter contains a mixture of liquid and 2. Now consider phase change at constant
vapor butane at room temperature. What are the temperature
minimum properties necessary to determine the
pressure of the butane mixture? Consider pure water in a sealed container with a
floating top with weights above
A. Temperature only Remove weights to reduce pressure (p)
B. Temperature and specific volume Add heat to keep constant temperature
C. Mass and specific volume
D. None of the above

T = 20oC
Q-2 A saturated mixture of liquid and vapor water is
contained within a rigid tank at the condition liquid
depicted as Point A on the T-v diagram below. Q
Heat is then added until only one phase is
present. Which phase is it?
p

A. Solid
B. Liquid
Critical Point
C. Vapor Tcrit
D. Not enough
information

vapor A

Q liquid vcrit
v
Properties - Page 7 Properties - Page 8
P-v diagram of a substance that contracts on freezing.

Triple point: all 3 Sublimation: at pressures


phases coexist below triple point

vapor
vapor
liquid

solid solid

Properties - Page 9

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