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Lecture 7
Phase Changes and Diagrams
Pure Substance
A substance with fixed chemical composition
throughout i.e. water, N2, He, CO2, etc. Gas: gas molecules move randomly
A mixture of chemical elements or compounds
is treated as a pure substance as long as
mixture is homogeneous i.e. Air
A mixture of two or more phases is still a pure
substance as long as chemical composition of
each phase is same i.e. ice and liquid water
but not liquid and gaseous air
Properties - Page 1 Properties - Page 2
Keep adding heat
Phase Change Process for Pure Substances
1. Phase change at constant pressure
p = 1 atm
Consider pure water in a sealed container with a T = 300oC
floating top having no mass (atmosphere exerts
vapor
constant pressure)
Add heat until water just Q
Initially at room conditions
begins to boil (e) superheated vapor
p = 1 atm
Temperature vs. specific volume (T vs. v)
p = 1 atm
T = 20oC T=? T
300oC
liquid liquid
Q
(a) compressed liquid (b) saturated liquid
20oC
p = 1 atm p = 1 atm
vapor T=? vapor T=?
liquid v
Q Q
(c) liquid-vapor mixture (d) saturated vapor
Properties - Page 3 Properties - Page 4
Suppose that mass is added above the piston and T-v diagram for water
the experiment is repeated!
T = 20oC
Q-2 A saturated mixture of liquid and vapor water is
contained within a rigid tank at the condition liquid
depicted as Point A on the T-v diagram below. Q
Heat is then added until only one phase is
present. Which phase is it?
p
A. Solid
B. Liquid
Critical Point
C. Vapor Tcrit
D. Not enough
information
vapor A
Q liquid vcrit
v
Properties - Page 7 Properties - Page 8
P-v diagram of a substance that contracts on freezing.
vapor
vapor
liquid
solid solid
Properties - Page 9