Index

Cambridge University Press
0521781582 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History,
Second Edition
K. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. Moldowan
Index
More information
Index
abietane 543, 600 Akata Formation, Niger Delta 573, alkyl esters 974
abietene 547 94950, 951 alkylnaphthalenes 599, 670
abietic acid 552, 596 Akilia Island, Greenland 712 alkylphenols 670
abiogenic methane see methane akinete 796 2-alkylsteranes 5323
abiotic origin of life 709 Akkas Formation, Iraq 791 3-alkylsteranes 5323
abiotic oxidation 653 Akkas well, Iraq 791 alkyl-substitued alkanes 4936
abiotic synthesis 601 Alagamar Formation, Brazil 846, 849 alkyltoluenes 600
abnormal pressure see overpressure Alagoas stage 835 Allen Hills meteorite (ALH84001),
Abo Formation, USA 813 Alaska National Wildlife Refuge Antarctica 602, 980
Abu Durba seep, Gulf of Suez 915 (ANWR) 896 Allgau Formation, Germany 591
accessory pigment see carotenoid Alberta Basin 968 Allison Guyot, Mid-Pacic Mountains
accommodation 8378 Alberta tar sands 658, 700 921
accretion disk hypothesis 709 Alberta Trough, Canada 832 alloxanthin (see carotenoid)
acenaphthene 644 albertite 478 alluvial facies 924
acetate 646, 656, 657 Albinia Formation, Australia 770 Alpine Field, Alaska 826, 883
acetogenic bacteria (acetogens) 656 Albion-Scipio Field, Michigan 722 Alps, Europe 737, 741
acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme A) 650, 654, Alcaligenes 652 Al Shomou Formation (see Athel
711 Alcanar Formation, Spain 947, 948 silicilyte)
acid gases (H2 S and CO2 ) 649 Alexander the Great 934 Altamont-Bluebell Field, Utah 479, 925,
acidic catalysis 630 algae 524, 716, 725, 777 927
acidic clay minerals 533 algaenan 520, 777, 780, 928 Alum Shale (Alunskieffer), Sweden 540,
acidophilic alginite 923, 928, 936 720, 774, 777, 778
acid rain 746, 748 Aliambata Well, Indonesia 529, 544 Alunskieffer (see Alum Shale)
Acinetobacter 652 alkadienes 517 Amadeus Basin, Australia 770, 783
acritarchs 531, 588, 714, 716, 785 alkaline facies 923 Amal well, Gulf of Suez 915
actinomycete 716 alkaline hydrolysis 539 Amazon Basin, South America 732, 802
Actinpterygii 724 alkalinity 533 Amborella 739
activating hydrocarbons 650 alkane Amino acids 711, 726
activation energy 814, 966 alkyl-substituted 4936 Ammonifex 497
active source rock 976 branched (see isoalkane) ammonites 740
acyclic isoprenoids see isoprenoids degradation 651, 653, 659, 666, ammonoids 724, 732, 745
adamantanes 699700 669 amphibians 724, 731, 744
Adiyaman region, Turkey 915, 917 macrocyclic 5201 Amposta Field, Spain 507, 520, 947
Adriatic Basin 527, 535, 559, 613, 705, normal (see normal alkane) amyrin 547
977 alkatriene 517 amyrone 547
Adriatic Sea 630 alkylated benzenes 665, 6702 Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700, 806,
aerobic biodegradation 651, 652, 658 alkylated monocyclic alkanes 6678 808, 809, 810
aerobic degradation rate 650 alkylation 582 anaerobic
aerobic respiration 713 alkylbenzenes 599, 653, 654, 670, activation 654
Agathis 550 672 biodegradation 6536, 658, 6678
Agbada Formation, Niger Delta 94951 alkylbenzthiophenes 798 degradation rate 650
Agelas 495 alkylbiphenyls 665, 672 methane oxidation 507, 509, 511,
age-related biomarkers 4901, 493, 526, alkylcyclohexanes 668, 669, 767 6567
541, 573, 588, 979, 980 alkyldibenzothiophenes 485, 798 Ancestral Rocky Mountains 731, 809
Aglaophyton 727 alkyldiphenylmethanes 665, 672 Andes, South America 735
Agrio Formation, Argentina 8945 alk-1-enylbenzenes 599 Andic cycle 8945
1132
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angiosperms 491, 493, 547, 5723, 577, archaeocyathid 720, 747, 749 asymmetric carbon atom 556
597, 617, 697, 699, 724, 729, 730, Archaeoglobus 648 Athabasca heavy oil, Canada 475, 645
736, 737, 7389, 741, 942 Archaeopteris 728 Athabasca tar sand 544, 678
Angola Basin, Africa 850, 935 archaeopyle 714 Athel silicilyte (Al Shomou Formation)
Anguille Formation, Gabon Basin 850 Archean Eon 71114, 763 771, 772
anhydrite 487, 584, 946 Archean petroleum systems 75564 atisane 490, 543, 551
animals 71619, 744 archenteron 717 atisene 550
air-breathing 723 archeols 510, 511, 957, 961 Atlantic Ocean 736, 737, 738
anoxia 499, 500, 561, 725, 744, 748, 749, archosaurs 733 atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
750, 774, 814, 892 Ardennes 723 (APCI) 603, 605
anoxic see anoxia Ardjuna Basin, Indonesia 931 Atoka limestone, USA 732
anoxic carbonate 569 Ardmore Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700 atomic H/C 777
Antarctica 740, 742 re (Hitra) Formation, Norway 8278 atomic H/C vs. O/C see van Krevelen
Antares Field, Alaska 826, 827 argon 749, 750 diagram
anteisoalkanes 493 Arkoma Basin, USA 809 atomic S/C 563
Antelope Shale, California 679 armored sh 721 Austin Chalk, USA 882
Antes Shale see Utica Shale Aroh well, Niger Delta 950 Austral Basin, Argentina 894
Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) 726 aromatic derivatives of the fernane/ authigenic carbonate 510
anthracene 834 arborane series 5923 automated data inquiry for oil spills see oil
anthrasteroids 586 aromatic dinosteroids 490 spills
anthraxolite 478 aromatic hopanoids 580 autoscale preprocessing 480
antioxidant 500 aromatic hydrocarbon UCM see autotroph 711
Antofagasta Province, Chile 688 unresolved complex mixture Avalonia 722
Antrim Shale, USA 803 aromatic hydrocarbons (aromatics) 477, Avile Member, Argentina 895
ANWR see Alaska National Wildlife 594, 596 Azerbaijan 932
Refuge aromatic pseudo-reactions 975 Azile Formation, Gabon 849, 852
apatite 712 aromatic steroids 665, 6989, 798
apatite ssion track 686, 752 aromatization 582, 586, 612 Bachaquero Field, Venezuela 911
Apex Chert, Australia 712 aromatization-isomerization (AI) diagram Bach Ho Field, Vietnam 648, 939, 940
API gravity 619, 631, 641, 658, 659, 660, 968 Bachu Uplift, China 785
662, 663, 666, 706, 707 aromatized C31 8(14)-secohopanoid 588 Bacillus 649, 652
see also American Petroleum Institute Arrhenius constants (see rate constants) bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) 815,
Appalachian Basin, USA 803, 805 Arrhenius equation 968 946
Appalachian Mountains, USA 731 Arrhenius plot 967 bacteriochlorophyll
Apsheron Peninsula, South Caspian 648 Arthrobacter 681 a and b 499
Apulian Block, Mediterranean 830, 831 Arthropleura 731 d 605, 606
Apure Basin, South America 907, 908 Arthur Creek Formation, Australia 774, bacteriohopanepolyols 552, 588
aquifer 702 777 bacteriohopanetetrol 552, 566
Aquifex 497 aryl isoprenoids (trimethylbenzenes) 485, bacterivorous ciliates 576
Aquinet Ouernine (see Tanezzuft Shale) 593, 780, 781, 798, 801, 811 Baghewala well, India 500, 530, 566, 567,
Arab D, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 Ashgill mass extinction 743, 749 772
Arabian Basin 855, 859 Asmari Limestone, Iran 929 Bahamas Basin, Florida 879
Arabian Plate 855 Aspen Shale, USA 900 Bahia Sul Basin, Brazil 847
Arabian Platform 859, 860, 861, 862 asphalt Baikalian tectonic event 768
Ara Group, Oman 526, 771 Madagascar 680 Bakken Shale, USA 477, 8035
Aramachay Formation, Peru 825 Malagasy 675, 685 Bakr Field, Saudi Arabia 864, 865
Arang Formation, Natuna Sea 941 asphaltenes 477, 479, 658 Baku, South Caspian 934, 935
Araripe Basin, South America 834 asphaltite 907 balanced-ll lake 817, 837, 838, 840, 844,
Araucariaceae 550, 551, 596, 600 Asri Basin, Sumatra 939 845, 846, 858, 923
arborinone 577 assemblage A 779, 780, 783, 784, 788 Balcones Shale, Peru 930
archaea 497, 498, 499, 511, 599, 647, 656 assemblage B 779, 780, 788 Balikpapan Formation, Mahakam Delta
lipids 503, 5045, 506 Assiniboine Member, Favel Formation, 9507
archaeal acids 5056 Canada 903 Balingian Delta, Borneo 942
archaeal alcohols 5056 Asteroxylon 727 Baltica 715, 719, 720, 722, 723, 730
archaeal lipids 928 Astrosclera 495 Bambui Formation, Brazil 768
archaebacteria see archaea Asuka-881458 see carbonaceous Banded Iron Formation (BIF) 712, 714
Archaefructus 572, 739 chondrite Banff Formation, Canada 803

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1134 Index
bangiophyte 716 benzo(e)pyrene 746 biomarker maturation index (BMAI)

Bangladesh Basin 920, 922 benzo[g,h,i]perylene 746 62930
Banuwati Shale, Sumatra 939 benzohopanes 588, 798 biomarkers (biological markers, molecular
Baragwanathia 727 benzoic acids 702 or chemical fossils) 476
Baram Delta, Borneo 942 benzoperylene 602, 750 age-related 4903, 980
Barents Sea, Norway 483, 648 benzopyrene 750 extraterrestrial 9802
Barentsia 722 benzothiophenes 485, 562, 672 oldest indigenous 714
Barinas Basin, Peru 908 benzothiophenic acids 653 Proterozoic rocks 765
Barnett Shale, USA 813 benzoyl-CoA (benzoyl-coenzyme A) source-dependent 476
Barney Creek Formation, Australia 765, 654 taxon-specic 491
766, 767 benzylsuccinate 654 biomass 5045, 725, 729, 730, 749, 764
Barreirinha Formation, South America benzylsuccinic acids 702 biomineralization 716
725, 802 Bering Land Bridge 743 biopolymer 517, 548
Barreirinhas Basin, South America 837 Beryl Complex, North Sea 884 bioremediation 662
barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) 7567 Beta Field, California 563 biosphere 647
Barrow Arch, Alaska 826 betulinic acid 580 biosurfactant 646
Barrow-Dampier Basin, Australia 874 betulins 572, 580 biotic see biogenic
Barrow-Prudhoe oil family 826 beyerane 490, 54351 biphenyl cyclization 975
Barrow-Prudhoe oils 898 beyerene 550 biphenyls 593, 673, 816, 817
Barrow Sub-basin, Australia 563, 875 bicadinane maturity index (BMI) 626 biphytane (bisphytane) 498, 504, 506,
basement rocks 939 BMI-1 621, 622, 624, 627 507
basin and range, USA 929 BMI-2 621, 624 biphytanediol 506
Baston Field, Texas 687 BMI-3 6212, 624 biphytanol 506
Bata Formation, Jordan 791 bicadinanes 485, 547, 548, 549, 620, 621, birds 736
Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 878, 622, 624, 739 Birdhead Formation, Australia 736
879 bicadinanes/hopane 549 Birkhead Formation, Australia 873, 874,
Baykit High, eastern Siberia 767 bicadinane T/(bicadinane T + hopane) 895
Bazhenov Formation, western Siberia 549 bisabolene 582
619, 681, 736, 888 bicyclic diterpanes 5417 25,30-bisnorhopane 675, 677, 678, 680,
Bazhenov-Neocomian(!) 755 bicyclic sesquiterpanes 5401, 542 689
Beatrice Oil, North Sea 477, 522, 523, bicyclic terpanes 66870 28,30-bisnorhopane (BNH, 28,30-
525, 526, 527, 528, 561, 583, 584, BIF see Banded Iron Formation dinorhopane) 485, 5613, 581,
794, 795, 884 Big Horn Basin, Wyoming 815 611, 61819, 678, 686, 945,
BeaufortMackenzie Basin, Canada 580, Bighorn Group, North America 805 960
95960 biocide 649 29,30-bisnorhop-17-hopane 562, 691
Bedo Formation, Africa 791 biodegradation 535, 645705 24,28-bisnorlupane 581, 699
Beeri Sulfur Mine, Israel 571, 572 aerobic 658 bisnorlupane/hopane 580
Beggiatoa 562, 715, 945 bitumen 702 23,28-bisnorlupanes 485
Bekes Basin, Hungary 947 branched alkanes 665, 6667 28,30-bisnorlupanes 580
Belait Formation, Brunei 943 coal 702 bisphytane see biphytane
belemnites 740, 745 anaerobic 658, 669 Bitter Springs, Australia 716, 770
Belle Fourche Formation, USA 901 effects on petroleum composition bitumen 477, 608
Belluno Trough, Italy 830, 831 65864 bituminites 816
Belut Formation, Natuna Sea 941 kerogen 702 bivalves 733
Bemidji, Minnesota 669 methane 6567 Biyang Basin, China 575
Benakat Shale, Sumatra 939 oil seeps 7045 Blaa Mountain Group, Canada 825
Benin Formation, Nigeria 949 parameters 664705 Black Band Unit, UK 738
Ben Nevis Field, Newfoundland 888 quasi-sequential 661, 664 Black Rock Member, Falkland Islands
Ben Nevis Formation, Jeanne dArc Basin scale 660, 661, 672, 701, 703 812
686 sterane versus hopane 685 Black Sea 508, 519, 594, 657
Benue Trough (Basin), Nigeria 579, biolm 982 black shale 770
837 biogenic CO2 664 black shale facies see Green River
benzene 650, 658 biological marker see biomarkers Formation
biodegradation 652, 654, 659 biological oxygen demand (BOD) 725 Black Warrior Basin, USA 809
benzo(a)pyrene 602 biomarker biodegradation scale 6612, Blake Nose, DSDP Site 390, North
benzocarbazole ratio 966 664, 666, 670, 674 Atlantic 890
benzocarbazoles 966 biomarker kinetics 966 Blanca Lila Formation, Argentina 946

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Blankenship Member, Alaska 883 Brown Limestone, Gulf of Suez 738, 915, camphene 981
Blueberry Debolt oils, Western Canada 916 camphor 981
Basin 610 Brown Shale see Pematang Brown Shale Campins Basin, Spain 945
Blue Hill Shale, USA 901 Brunei oils 624 Campos Basin, South America 835,
Blue Mountain Shale, Canada 788 Brushy Canyon Formation, USA 813, 8423, 846, 847, 852
Buller Coal, New Zealand 573 814 Candeias Field, Brazil 842
BNH see 28, 30-Bisnorhopane Bryophyta (mosses) 724, 725, 726, 727 Canning Basin, Australia 511
(BNH + TNH)/hopanes 61819 bryophyte see Bryophyta Canol Shale, Canada 725
boat conformation 564, 569 bryozoans 720, 733 canonical variable (CV) 499, 500, 569,
BOD see biological oxygen demand BSR see bacterial sulfate reduction or 939
BOE see barrels of oil equivalent bottom-simulating reector Canyon Formation, USA 813
boghead coal 517, 597 Buah Formation, Oman 771, 772 Carapita Formation, Venezuela 942
Bohai Basin, China 538, 540, 772, 926, Buckner Anhydrite, Gulf of Mexico Caravaca, Spain 746
928, 965 877 carbocation 583
Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic 764 Bucomazi Formation, West Africa 575, carbohydrates 725
bolide 764 604, 8412, 843, 844, 845, 853, carbonaceous chondrite 601, 711, 746,
impact 7457, 749, 750 858 750, 981
Bolivar Coastal Fields, Venezuela 695 Bunte Breccia, Germany 830 carbonate
Bombay Basin, India 741 Buracica Stage, 835 anhydrite 569
Bonaparte Gulf Basin 809 Burgan Formation, Arabian Platform clay ramp 861
Bonarelli Horizon, Europe 738 867 evaporite 555, 808
Bone Spring Formation, USA 813 Burgan Rumaila High, Kuwait 863, 864 oils 915
Bonny Light oil 653 burial history chart 751, 753 carbonate ramp intershelf system 861,
Boreal Ocean 899, 901 butane 664 862
Borglum Formation, North Sea 885 butanoyloxyfucoxanthin see carotenoid carbonate rock 487, 499, 613, 629
Borsk (Pilsk) Formation, Russia 9412 carbonate source rock see source rock
Boscan Field, Venezuela 603, 605 C27 C28 C29 distribution see ternary carbon cycle 724
botryals 495 diagram carbon dioxide (CO2 ) 919
botryococcanes 484, 487, 490, 507, C30 ent-isocopalane see Carboniferous coals 729
51618, 812, 930, 937 tricyclohexaprenane Carboniferous (Early) paleo-plate
botryococcenes 516, 517, 812 C30 -sterane index 52730 reconstruction 730
Botryococcus 487, 493, 51618, 520, 600, C30 tetracyclic polyprenoids see Carboniferous (Late) paleo-plate
721, 780, 784, 810, 812, 844, 853, tetracyclic polyprenoids reconstruction 731
895, 926, 936, 939, 945, 948 Caballos Formation, Colombia 908 Carboniferous Period 7302
race A 496 Caballos Formation, South America 738 Carboniferous source rocks 776, 80712
race B 812 Cabinda, Angola 853 carbon isotope ratio ( 13 C) 510, 657, 749,
race L 519 Cache Creek Formation, USA 733 750
rubber 518 cadalene (1, 6-dimethyl-4- carbonium ion see carbocation
Boundary Creek Formation, Canada 959 isopropylnaphthalene) 582, 596, carbon preference index (CPI) 490, 493,
Bowen Basin, Australia 702 597, 624, 981 6412, 781, 783
brachiopods 724, 733, 747 cadinanes 490, 5479 carboxylic acids 701
brackish 488, 489, 838 cadinene 548, 582 carcinogen 602
Brainard Formation, USA 788 cadinol Cariaco Trench, Caribbean Sea 508, 518
branched alkane 6667 calamenene 981 Carlile Shale, USA 901
BraNobel 935 calamites see sphenopsid Carnarvon Basin, Australia 595, 597,
Brazilian oils 856 Calcaires en Palquettes Formation, Jura, 875
breccia 523, 527, 529, 574, 668, 830 France 495 Carneros oil, California 585, 616
Brent Formation, North Sea 885 calcite 479, 533 -carotane (perhydro--carotene) 483,
Bridge Creek Limestone, USA 901, spurs 816 485, 487, 5214, 527, 593, 594,
903 Caledonian Mountains 723 796, 817, 818, 921
Bright Angel Shale, Arizona 771 Cambay Basin, India 920 carotene 483, 522, 523, 593, 594, 726
Brookian Sequence, Canada 95960 Cambay Shale, India 920 carotenoid 5214
Brooks Range, Alaska 812 Cambrian explosion 718, 747 Carpathian Mountains, Europe 947
Brora Beach, Scotland 523, 527, 529, 561, Cambrian paleo-plate reconstruction Carpentaria Basin, Australia 905
574, 668 719 Carrizo Field, Peru 930, 932, 933
Brora Coal, Scotland 574 Cambrian Period 71920, 771 Casablanca Field, Spain 947, 948
Browne Formation, Australia 770 Cambrian source rocks 7747 casbene 541

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1136 Index
Caspian basins 742 chemometric analysis 47982 coal 551, 811, 837, 870, 950, 955
Cassipore Basin, Brazil 847 Cherokee Shale, USA 732 coalbed methane 902
castaprenols 589 Cherry Canyon Formation, USA 813 coal/resin source rock 499, 500
catabolism 661, 670 chert 712, 716, 727, 771, 796, 909, 917 coccolithophorid (coccolithophore) 526
catagenesis 580, 608 Chiapas-Tabasco Basin 878 co-elution 613
Catalan oil shale, Spain 9456 Chicxulub Impact Crater, Yucatan 738, coenzyme Q see ubiquinone
catalase 713 745, 747, 883 Coetivy Island, Seychelles 873
Catatumbo Basin, Venezuela 907 Chimney Rock Shale, Paradox Basin 810 Cold Lake heavy oil, Canada 645, 667
Cat Canyon Field, California 945, 946 Chira Formation, Peru 930, 932 cold seep 497, 509, 510, 511
catechol 650, 652 Chloranthaceae 739 Colechaetales 726
Catlin oil shale plant 931 Chlorella 777 Collingwood Member, Lindsey
Cavone Field, Italy 824 chlorite 479 Formation, Canada 779, 785
CDT (see Canyon Diablo Troilite) chlorobactane 593 collision-activated decomposition (CAD)
Ceara Basin, South America 837, 846, Chlorobactene 593 612
847, 849 Chlorobiaceae (green sulfur bacteria) 496, Colorado Shale, USA 900
cell-surface hydrophobicity 653 593, 603, 604, 605, 606, 797, 801 Colpachucho Formation 801
cellulose 725, 726 chlorococcalean algae 561 Columbus Basin, Venezuela 907
cembranoid diterpanes 53840, 541, chlorophycean algae 716, 928 Colville Basin, Alaska 812
542 chlorophyll Colville Delta, Alaska 826
cembrene 541, 542 chlorophyll a 499, 606, 726 comets 709
Cenomanian-Turonian transgression and chlorophyll b 726 compound-specic isotope analysis
oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) 890, chlorophyll c 603 (CSIA)
908, 909, 911 chlorophyll d 603, 604 correlation 476
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province 748 Chlorophyta 561, 725 meteorites 981
Central Atlantic Ocean 734, 735 chloroplast 716 porphyrins 603
Central Basin Platform, USA 812 5-cholestanol 535 condensates 478
Central Brooks Range, Alaska 826 5-cholest-5-en-3-ol see cholesterol Condor Oil Shale, Hillsborough Basin,
Central Colorado Trough, USA 810 cholest-5-en-3-ol 525 Australia 518
Central Graben, North Sea 884 cholesterol (5-Cholest-5-en-3-ol) 713 congurational isomerization see
Centralian Superbasin, Australia 774 Chonta Formation, Peru 561, 738, 907, stereoisomerization
Centralian Supergroup, Australia 770 908 conformation 556, 564, 569
Central Saudi Arabian oils 631 C35 hopane index see hopanes Congo Basin, Africa 841, 935
centroid clustering 480 chordate 717 Congo Delta 850
cephalopod 724, 736 Chorhat Sandstone, India 718 congressane see diamantane
Cerdanya Basin, Spain 945 Chromatiaceae (purple sulfur bacteria) conifers (Gymnosperms) 539, 544, 547,
Cerro Negro, Venezuela 668 593 551, 577, 592, 596, 597, 600, 728,
certainty of correlation 751 chromatography see gas or liquid 729, 730, 731, 733, 736, 739
Chacra Group, Peru 930 chromatography coniferophytes 578
chain elongation 655 chromium isotope ratio 745 conifer resins 547
Chainman Shale, USA 732, 807 chronostratigraphic unit 951 conodont 744, 747
chair conformation 564, 569 chrysenes 479 contamination 599
Chaishiling Formation, China 871 chrysophyte algae 527, 561 bitumen and oil 964
chalcocite 815 Chuar Group, Arizona 530, 540, 576, 771 meteorite 602, 9812
chamaecydin 546 cigarette smoke 602 rock 764
Charales 724, 726 Cimmeria 735 continental crust 709
Charco Bayo Field, Argentina 895, 896 cladoxylate 728 conversion factors 762
charcoal 750 cladoxylophyte 728 Cook Inlet, Alaska 8334
charge 475 Clara Group, UK 720, 774 Cooksonia 724, 727
charophytes 724, 7256 Clarkia Formation, Idaho 547, 579 Cooper Basin, Australia 596, 702, 820,
Chattanooga Shale, USA 725, 803, 805 clay 562, 629 821, 822, 874
Chaunlinggou Formation, China 714 Clearfork Formation, USA 813 coorongite 517
cheilanthanes see tricyclic terpanes Cleopatra 915 Copacabana Formation, South America
Chela Formation, Africa 841, 845 climate 837, 841 811
chemical fossil see biomarker Clinograptus 722 copper 814, 816
chemical ionization (CI) see ionization Clinograptus Shale, Europe 777 Coquinas Sequence 843
chemoautotroph 562 cluster distance 481 coral 539
chemocline 594, 749 Cnidaria 717 cordaites see gymnosperms

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Index 1137
Corg see total organic carbon cycloalkane (naphthene, cycloparafn) demethylated hopanes see 25-norhopanes,
Cormorant Field, Australia 540 650 28,30-bisnorhopane, 25, 28,
Cormorant Field, UK 886 cycloalkanoporphyrin (CAP) 6045 30-trisnorhopane
Cornbrash Formation, UK 875 cyclohexane 651, 668 demethylated tricyclic terpanes 694,
coronene 602, 746, 750 cyclohexyl alkane 485 695
Corynebacterium 652 cycloparafn see cycloalkane dendrogram, HCA 480, 481
cosmic rays 745 cyclopentadecane 521 Dengying Formation, China 772
cotyledon (seed leaf) 738 cyclothem 731, 736 Denver Basin, Colorado 478, 810
CPI (see carbon preference index) p-cymene 582 deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin
cracking reactions 612 Cymric Field, California 646, 679, 680, (DPEP) 602
Crenarchaeota 503, 505 682, 683, 684 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 711, 715,
Cretaceous mass extinction see Cytochrome 714 726
CretaceousTertiary boundary Cytophaga 652 Derdere Formation, Turkey 915
Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events 88993 des-A-triene 593
Cretaceous Period 7368 Dacrydium 550 des-E-hopane 559
Cretaceous paleo-plate reconstruction Dadas Formation, Turkey 791 16-desmethylbotryococcane 484, 516
737 Daekhurin Formation see Pilenga 10-desmethylhopanes see 25-norhopanes
Cretaceous source rocks 823, 907 Formation desmethylhopanes 561
CretaceousTertiary (KT) boundary Dagong Field, China 628 desmethylsteranes 527
602, 7401, 745, 746, 747, 749, Damar Field, Sumatra 517 desmethylsterols
764, 883 Damborice Well, Czech Republic 538, Desulfosarcina 657
Cretaceous-Tertiary paleo-plate 566, 586, 636, 637 Desulfosarcinales 657
reconstruction 737 Dameigou Formation, China 871, Desulfotomaculum 647
C-ring monoaromatic steroids see 872 Desulfovibrio 648
monoaromatic steroids dammar resin 548, 622 deuterostomes 717
crinoids 721 Daqing Field, China 904, 905 DevonianCarboniferous boundary see
critical moment 753, 754, 789 Dead Sea, Eastern Mediterranean 503, DevonianMississppian
crocetane 484, 502, 50710, 511, 512 boundary
657 Dead Sea asphalt 672, 917 Devonian mass extinction 743, 746
crocetene 509 Deadwood Sandstone, Williston Basin Devonian-Mississippian boundary 747,
crocodiles 736 789 7978, 799, 803
crustal stretching () 967 dealkylation 582 Devonian paleo-plate reconstruction 723
-cryptoxanthin see carotenoid Dean Formation, USA 813 Devonian Period 7235
Crytograptus Shale, Europe 723 de-A-steroidal tricyclic terpanes 696 Devonian source rocks 776, 794807
CSIA (see compound-specic isotope Debolt Formation, Canada 807 Dezful Embayment, Iran 741, 855, 867,
analysis) decarboxylation 582, 700 928, 929
C27 Ts see Ts Deccan Traps, India 748, 920 Dhahaban Formation, Oman 526, 772,
C29 Ts 552, 564, 565, 581, 617 Decorah Formation, USA 540, 765, 780, 775, 966
C29 Ts/(C29 hopane + C29 Ts) 617 781, 783 Dhruma Formation, Saudi Arabia 860,
C30 Ts 581, 613 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP; later 864
Cunaloo Member, Australia 875 called Ocean Drilling Program, Diacholestanes 537
Cupressaceae 547, 550, 551, 600 ODP) 889, 921 dia/(dia + regular) C-ring monoaromatic
curcumene 981 Deer-Boar(.) hypothetical petroleum steroids 584
Curima Field, Brazil 846, 849 system 753, 754, 9613 diadinoxanthin see carotenoid
Curtis Sea, Utah 834 degraded aromatic diterpanes 596 diagenesis 580, 603, 608
Curtisite 479 degradation index 909 diahopanes (C29 *C34 *) 564, 565,
Curua Group, Amazonas Basin 802 dehydration 582 696
cuticle 724, 725 6,7-dehyroferruginol 546, 547 17-diahopane/18-30-norneohopane
cutin 725, 727 dehydrogenation 582 (C30 */C29 Ts) 563
Cuu Long Basin, Vietnam 938, 939 Delaware Basin, Texas 809, 810, 812, diamantane (Congressane) 700
Cuyo Basin, Argentina 893 813 diaminopimelic acid (DAP) 720
cyanobacteria 494, 569, 71214, 725, 781, Delaware Mountain Group, USA 813 diamond anvil 649
784 Delle Phosphatic Member, Nevada 807 diamondoids 611
cyanobacterial mats 493 delta log R 755 biodegradation 699
cycads 730, 733 demetallation 602 diaromatic bicadinane ratios 624, 626
cyclicity of extinctions 747 demethylated D-ring aromatized 8, diaromatic carotenoid 801
cyclization 582 14-secohopanes 6935, 798 diaromatic secobicadinane 620

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1138 Index
diaromatic secobicadinane ratio (DSR) dinoagellates 491, 526, 531, 561, 588, drilling mud 479, 649, 671
622, 623, 627 843, 859, 926 drimane 5401, 542, 552, 597, 670
diaromatic 8(14)-secohopane 589 bloom 483, 487 Dry Piney Field, Wyoming 814
diaromatic secotricadinane 620 cysts (hystrichospheres) 491, 588, 714, Duchesne River Formation, USA 479
diaromatic tricadinane ratio (DTR-1, 919 Dukham Formation, United Arab
DTR-2) 623, 627 28,30-dinorhopane (DNH) see 28, Emirates 863, 864
diaryl isoprenoids 593 30-bisnorhopane Dunaliella 522
diasterane index see diasteranes/steranes dinorlupanes 697 Dun Caan Shale, Scotland 970
diasteranes (rearranged steranes) 485, 24,25-dinorpentene 593 Dunlin Formation, UK 885
500, 662 dinosaurs 736, 737, 740, 744, 745 Duri Field, Sumatra 518, 519, 520, 936
biodegradation 665, 675, 676 dinostanol 531 Duvernay Formation, Canada 725, 801,
C27 diasteranes 500 dinosteranes 483, 485, 490, 491, 528, 802, 970
C30 diasteranes 561 5312, 588, 859 Duwi Member, Middle East 915
20S/(20S + 20R) 631 dinosteranes/(dinosteranes + dysoxic see suboxic
diasteranes/steranes 483, 5336, 617, 3-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes)
6301, 856 787 Eagleford Formation, USA 881
diasterenes 533, 535, 630 dinosteroid 491 Eagle Mills Formation, Gulf of Mexico
diatomaceous 742, 942 dinosteroids/(dinosteroids + 877
Diatomaceous Zone, South Caspian 932, 3-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes) Early Proterozoic petroleum systems 764
934 787 Early Toarcian anoxic event 82930
diatomite 958 dinosterol 483, 531, 588 East Africian interior rift basins 853
diatoms 491, 492, 512, 51316, 526, 538, dipentene see limonene East Berlin Formation, Connecticut 616
607, 725, 859, 917, 943 diphenylmethane 673 Eastern Drava Depression, Croatia 947
dibenzo[a,h]uorene 479 diphenylethane 673 East Greenland 81011
dibenzofuran 816 diploid see sporphyte East Shetland Basin, UK 886
dibenzothiophenes 651, 672 diploptene 509, 552 East Texas Basin 880
Dicellograptus 722 diplopterol 552, 957, 960 East Texas Field 881
Dicellograptus Shale, Scandanavia 777 Dipterocarpaceae 547, 620, 621, 624, 942 east Texas oil boom 688
dicot see angiosperm discriminant analysis 487, 983 East-Zeit well, Gulf of Suez 915
Dicroidium 578, 733 disproportionation 582 EASY%Ro 611
Dictyonema Shale, Estonia 777 diterpanes 543, 544 echinoderms 717
diesel 668 Diyab Formation, United Arab Emirates ectothermic (cold-blooded) 733
diether lipids 497, 5035, 506 863, 864, 866 Ediacara fauna 717, 718, 719, 747
dihydro-ar-curcumene 582, 596, 6701 DNA see deoxyribonucleic acid Ediacara Hills, Australia 716
dihydrophytol 499 Doba Basin, Chad 837 Eel River Basin, California 587, 618, 634
Dillinger Ranch Field, Wyoming 814 dodecane 654 effective source rock 608
dimer 547 dodecylsuccinic acids 654 Egret Member, Rankin Formation,
dimethylalkane 493, 494 Doig Formation, Canada 735, 825 Newfoundland 686, 736, 887,
dimethylbiphenyls 672, 973 dolichols 498 8889
23,24-dimethylcholestane 485 Dolni Lomna well, Czech Republic 538, Egyhazaskeszo Crater, Hungary 948
17, 18-dimethyl-des-E-hopane 572 541, 566, 586, 636, 637 Eh 533, 604, 617, 630
2,6-Dimethylheptane 497 dolomite 575, 772, 783, 788, 794, 824 eigenvector 480
dimethylnaphthalene ratio (DNR, DMN, Domanik Basin, Russia 725 analysis see principal component
DBR, DPI) 625, 6434, 671, 672, Domanik Shale, Russia 798, 799800 analysis
974 Dong Ho, Vietnam 939 Elko Formation, Nevada 526, 576, 92930
dimethylnaphthalenes 643, 670, 973, 974 Dongying Depression, China 926 Elk Point Basin, Canada 7967
1,6-dimethylnaphthalene 596, 624 Dotternhausen Quarry, Germany 500, Ellesmerian(!) 825, 883
1,8-dimethylnaphthalene 644 829 electron
12,17-dimethyloctacosane 497 Douala Basin, Cameroon 502, 851 acceptor 646, 655
13,16-dimethyloctacosane 494, 497 Douglas Creek Formation, Uinta Basin donor (food) 646
1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (DMP) 582, 923 impact (EI) see ionization
596 DPEP see Elenburger Formation, USA 813
dimethylxanthones 673 deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin Elika Formation, Iran 861
Dinaric Alps, Europe 947 DPEP/etio 635 embryo 726
Dingo Claystone, Australia 736, 821, 874, Drake, Colonel Edwin L. 934 Emeishan-Panjal Volcanics 748
875 Draupne Shale, North Sea 736, 827, 885 endosymbiotic hypothesis 715
Dingo Gas Field, Australia 770 drepanophyte 727 endothermic 735

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Index 1139
Ene Basin, South America 812, 813 exploratory data analysis (EDA) 480 Forties Field, North Sea 884
Ene Formation, Peru 812, 813 Exshaw Formation, Alberta 477, 725, Fort Kent Thermal Project, Alberta 667
enhanced oil recovery 647 8035, 808 Fort Worth Basin, Texas 809
Enteromorpha 513 extended hopanes (see homohopanes) FrasnianFamennian boundary 743, 748,
Enterophysalis 779 extended tricyclic terpane ratio (ETR) see 801
EoceneOligocene boundary 747 tricyclic terpanes free-base porphyrins 603
Eocene paleo-plate reconstruction 740 extraterrestrial biomarkers 9802 free radical scavengers 713
eoembryophytic 727 Exuma Sound, Bahamas 713 frequency factor 966
eotracheophytic 724, 727 freshwater 488, 489
epicuticular wax 493 Fahud Salt Basin, Oman 855, 859, 867 fritschiella 725
Epiya well, Nigeria 855 Fairport Chalk Member, USA 901 Frontier Shale, USA 738, 901
Equaluik oil, West Greenland 692 Falciferum zone 828, 829, 891 Fruitland Formation, USA 900, 9024
equilibrium reactions 610 Falkland Plateau, South America 837 frustule 492
Equisetum (horsetail) 728, 736 Farewell Formation, New Zealand 918 fucoxanthin see carotenoid
Eromanga Basin, Australia 596, 820, 821, farnesane 606 Fulin Basin, China 522
873, 874, 895, 905 farthest neighbor clustering 480 fullerenes 745, 746, 749, 750, 764
Escabana Trough, Gorda Ridge, Pacic fatty acids fumarate 6545
Ocean 964 C4 C14 701 addition 6545
Escherichia 720 fermentation 498 fungal hyphae 716
Esprito Santo Basin, South America 835 fernanes 5778 fungus 595, 645
ester decomposition 974, 975 fernenes 5778, 592, 593 fusulinids
estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) 736, fernenol 577
738, 955 Fernie Formation, Canada 830, 832 Gabon Basin, Africa 835, 841, 847, 849
Estonian oil shale 520 ferns 579, 724, 728, 729, 731, 733 Gadvan Formation, Khuzestan 866
ethane 664 Ferrar Province, Gondwana 829 Galembo Member, Colombia 909
ether bond 504 ferrocenecarboxylic acid 670 Galena Group, USA 783, 788
ether-bound lipids 496 ferruginol 546, 547 Gama well, Gulf of Suez 915
ether-bound methylated alkanes 4967 caprenols 589 gametophyte 726
ethylbiphenyls 672 chtelite 5437 gamma-ray response 905
24-ethylcholest-5-en-3-ol 525 eld ionization (FI) see ionization gamma-ray zone, Alaska (GRZ) 826, 885,
ethylnaphthalene isomer ratio (ENR) Filicopsida 728 8958
6434 Filletino oil, Italy 568 gammacerane 485, 554, 578, 591, 665,
10-ethyl-2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane ngerprint 483 697, 780, 801, 814, 818, 820, 885,
511 m/z 191 5515 921, 923
etioporphyrin 602 m/z 239 586 gammacerane index 501, 5757
ETR (extended tricyclic terpane ratio) see First White Speckled Shale, Canada 902 gammacer-2-ene 575, 591
tricycylic terpanes sh 724, 731 gammacer-3-ol see tetrahymanol
eudesmane 485, 5401 Fish River Shale, Canada 960 Garau Formation, Lurestan 860, 865
eukarya see eukaryote Fish Scales Zone, Canada 900 Garden Banks well, Gulf of Mexico 878,
eukaryote 7136 ssion tracks see apatite ssion tracks 879
oldest multicellular fossils 716 at spot 705 Garoupa Field, Brazil 843, 847
Eumeralla Formation, Australia 9045 uid inclusions 580, 599, 650, 755, 763 gas chromatography/atomic emission
Euphorbiaceae 577 Flavobacterium 652 detection 670
euphotic zone see photic zone ood basalt 735, 747, 748, 749, 829, 889, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
euphylloophytes 724 891, 919, 920 see GCMS
Euramerica see Laurussia Florina Basin, Greece 551 gas chromatography/mass
Eurasia 734, 735, 811 owering plants see angiosperms spectrometry/mass spectrometry
Europa 716 owers 738, 739 see GCMS/MS
eustatic sea level rise 774 uorenes 702 gas hydrate 657, 749, 919, 960
eutracheophyte 724, 727 uvial deltaic oils 549 gas/liquid chromatography see gas
euxinic 892 uvial-lacustrine lithofacies 838, 844, 846 chromatography
evaporite 744, 845 Foinaven Complex, UK 574 gasoil ratio (GOR) 976
even-carbon preference see carbon foraminifera (forams) 725, 731, 732, 921, gas petroleum systems 7567
preference index 922, 957, 960 gassource rock correlation 752
events chart (timing-risk chart) 752, 754 forecasting efciency 475, 476 gastropod 737
Excello Shale, USA 732 formation water 649 Gautier Formation, Venezuela 907
exopolymer 713 Fortescue Group, Australia 714, 755 GC see gas chromatography

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1140 Index
GC/FID see gas chromatography Gloeocapsomorpha 492, 599, 721, 77983, Guelph-Salina Interval, Michigan Basin
GC GC see gas chromatography 784, 785, 788 794
GCMS 476 glossopterid 730 Gulf of Mexico 87583, 899
GCMS/MS 476, 612, 613, 617, 626, 629, Glossopteris 733 Gulf of Suez, Egypt 915, 916
630 glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers Gulf Stream 742
GDGT see gylcerol dialkyl glycerol (GDGTs) 503, 504 Gulf of Thailand 93941
tetraethers Glyptostrobus 546, 547 Gullfaks Field, North Sea 674
Gebel Zeit, Gulf of Suez 915 gnetales 739 Gumai Formation, South Sumatra Basin
Geiseltal lignites, Germany 547 Golden Trend Field, USA 806, 808 627
gene 717 Goldwyrn Formation, Canning Basin 765 Gunint Banded Iron Formation,
generation-accumulation efciency Gomo Member, Candeias Formation, Ontario, Canada 714
(GAE) 789, 809 Brazil 840, 841, 842 Gurpi Formation, Khuzestan 867
generation (conversion) parameters Gondwana 715, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, Guttenberg Member, Decorah Formation
6089 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 737, 765, 780, 781, 783
generative basins 751 739, 747, 811, 872 gymnosperm see conifers
geochemical fossil see biomarker GOR see gasoil ratio Gymnospermopsida 578
geochemical log 840, 844, 846, 849, 853, Gothic Shale, Paradox Basin 810
855, 872, 936, 950 Gotland, Sweden 777, 778 Hadean Eon 70911
geochromatography 629, 9646 Gotlandien Shale see Tanezzuft Shale hafnium 711
geographic extent 754 Gotnia Basin, Middle East 855, 859, 863, halite 503, 771
geoporphyrin see porphyrin 864, 865 halobacteria 483, 499
geopressure 64950 gracilicutes see Gram-negative bacteria halophile 647
Georgina Basin, Australia 770, 774, 777 grahamite 478 halophilic archaea 503
geranylgeranyl diphosphate 539, 541 grain size 646 halophilic bacteria see halobacteria
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) Graminaeae (grasses) 577, 741 Halsea 514
550 Gram-negative bacteria 652 Haltenbanken Area, Norway 8278
Ghaba Salt Basin, Oman 526, 771, 772 Gram-positive bacteria 652 Hamelin Pool, Australia 713
Ghadames Basin, North Africa 790, 791, Grand Canyon, Arizona 576 Hamersley Group, Australia 714
798 Grande Coupure (Big Break) 740 Hamilton Dome, Wyoming 532, 566, 814,
Ghakum Formation, Iran 861 Graneros Shale, USA 900, 901, 902 815
Ghareb Formation, Jordan 91718 graphite 608, 712 Hangenberg Event 797
Gharif Formation, Oman 772 graptolites 721, 748 Hanifa Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864,
Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia 645 graptolitic shale 722, 7901 865
gibbane 550 grasses see graminaeae haploid see gametophyte
gibberellins 550 Great Basin, Nevada 807 Hartford Basin, Connecticut 616, 824
Gigante Field, Colombia 913 Greater Green River Basin, USA 921 Hartland Shale, USA 901, 902
gigantopterids 572, 739 Greater Pangea 732, 733, 735, 825 Hassi Messaoud Field, Algeria 792
gilsonite 478, 479, 522, 523, 577, 604 Greenhorn Cyclothem 9001, 902 Haupdolomit Formation, Northern Alps
gilsonite dikes 479 Greenhorn Shale, USA 738, 901, 902, 824
ginkophyte (ginkos) 730, 733 903 Haushi Sandstone, Oman 771
Gippsland Basin, Australia 540, 547, 551, greenhouse 723, 749, 889, 891 Hawtah Well, Saudi Arabia 631
580, 613, 670, 672, 753, 91617, greenhouse gases 714 HBI see highly branched isoprenoids
918 GreenlandScotland Ridge 740 H/C see atomic H/C
GK well, South Sumatra Basin 626, 627 Green River(!) 926 HCA see hierarchical cluster analysis
glaciation 716, 732, 740, 744, 7478, 768, Green River Formation, USA 479, 502, head-to-head isoprenoids 484, 498
777 522, 523, 555, 575, 741, 9215, Heatheld Well, Australia 906
glaciers 720, 731 927, 946, 978, 979 Heather Formation, North Sea 828,
Glamo oil, Yugoslavia 568 greenschist facies (memorphism) 764 885
Glenwood Formation, USA 765, 783, Green sulfur bacteria see Chlorobiaceae Heath Formation, USA 809
788 Green well, Iowa 783 Heath Formation, Peru 742, 930, 932,
global oceanic anoxic event see oceanic greigite 980 933
anoxic event Grenzbitumenzone Formation, Southern Heath-Tyler(!) 809
global plume 770 Alps 824 heating rate 969, 970, 971, 975
global sea level 744, 890 Grypania 714 heat of formation 566
global temperature 744 GRZ see gamma-ray zone Hebron Field, Newfoundland 686
global warming 748, 749, 88993, 919 Guadalupian Series, Permian Basin 813 helium 745, 746, 749, 750
Gloeocapso 779 Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California 964 Helmsdale Fault, Scotland 574

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Index 1141
hematite 714 hopane isomerization [22S/(22S + 22R)] hydrothermal silicication 755

hepatophyta (liverworts) 726 61314, 626, 627, 635, 683, 684, hydrothermal vent 711
herbaceous 733, 739, 814, 828, 845 966, 967, 968, 970 hydrous pyrolysis 615, 630, 966, 969, 970,
Hercynides Mountains, Europe 731 hopanes 552, 566, 567, 570, 572, 573, 581, 971, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979
Hermosa Group, USA 80910 613, 662, 692, 797, 927 hydroxyarcheols 510
heterosporous 728 biodegradation 665, 681, 682, 683 hydroxyl radicals 713
heterotroph 711 C27 hopane II see Ts hydroxytriterpenoids 547
hexacyclic polyprenoids 591 C29 /C30 571 hypercarnia 748
hexadecane 656 C30 hopane 621, 663, 666 hypersaline 489, 499, 501, 503, 512, 575,
hexahydrobenzohopanes (hexacyclic C31 /C30 hopane 559, 569 576, 615, 628, 629, 808, 810, 812,
hopanoids) 485, 569, 570 C35 hopanes 485, 814 814, 817, 820, 845, 850, 917, 923
hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin see carotenoid C35 homohopane index (C35 hopane source rock 616, 641, 923
HI see hydrogen index index) 500, 573, 574, 684, 781, 952 hyperthermophile 648
Hibernia Field, Newfoundland 887, 888, C35 S/C34 S 571 hyperthermophilic archaea 649
889 distributions 566, 568, 615, 687, 691 hypothetical(.) 752
hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) 480 17,21(H)-hopanes (-hopanes) hystrichospheres see dinoagellate cysts
higher-plant ngerprint (HPF) 597 552, 553
higher-plant input 594, 596, 599 17,21(H)-hopanes (-hopanes) Iabe-Landana Source Rock, Angola 850,
higher-plant input (HPI) parameter 555, 614 853, 854, 936
5967 17,21(H)-hopanes (-hopanes) see Iapetus Ocean 719, 721, 722, 774
higher-plant parameter (HPP) 5967 moretanes Ice Age 720, 748
higher plants 524, 596, 725, 728 17,21(H)-hopanes (-hopanes) Icebox Member, Williston Basin 765
highly branched isoprenoids (HBI) 484, 614, 688 ichnofossil see trace fossil
51216 22S and 22R 565, 613 Icypachi Member, Peru 825
C25 HBI 513, 514, 515, 516, 917, 945, stability 614 ichthyosaurs 737, 740
958 C-10 hopanoic (hopanoid) acids 678, 689 Ichtyol Shales, Swiss Alps 824
highly branched isoprenoid thiophenes hopanoic (hopanoid) acids 688, 702, 703 Illinois Basin, USA 7889, 798
(HBIT) 515 hop-17(21)-enes 614 Illizi Basin, North Africa 798
highly radioactive zone (HRZ) see hopenes 830 illite 533
gamma-ray zone 2-hopenepolyol 571 immature 608
high-performance liquid chromatography Horneiophyton 727 Imperial Shale, Canada 725
(HPLC) 605 Horn Valley Siltstone, Australia 779, 783 independent petroliferous systems 751
highstand systems tract (HST) 481, 482, hornworts see Anthocerophyta India 737, 740
484, 862, 909, 910, 953, 955, 956 horses 741 inux of sediment, water 8378
high-temperature gas chromatography/ horsetail see Equisetum inner ramp 861
electron-impact mass hot shale 790, 791 Inoceramus Shale, South America 738
spectrometry (HTGC/EIMS) HPLC see high-performance liquid insects 724, 731, 733, 737
603 chromatography Interior Basin, Gabon 898
high-temperature gas Huab Formation, South Africa 812 Internal Zone, Betic Cordillera, Spain
chromatography/eld ionization Hue Shale, Alaska 825, 826, 8968 957
mass spectrometry Hue-Thompson(!) 896 intershelf basins 861
(HTGC/FIMS) 603 Humble, Texas 688 Ionian Basin, Greece 830, 831
Himalayan Mountains 742, 743 huminite 953 ionization
Himalayan orogenic collision 868 hump see unresolved complex mixture chemical ionization (CI) 587, 603
Hoggar Mountains, Algeria 834 Huqf Formation, Oman 530, 7712, 773 eld ionization (FI) 587
Hollin Formation, Colombia 908 2-hydroarchaeol 511 ionizing chamber see source
hominid 742 hydrocarbon activation 654 iosene see phyllocladane
Homo 743 hydrocarbon machine 751 Iquiri Formation, Bolivia 801
homodrimane 542, 670 hydrogen exchange 630 Irati Formation, Brazil 812, 81920
homohopanes see hopanes hydrogen index (HI) 567 Iremeken Formation, eastern Siberia 768,
homohopanoic acids 568 hydrogen index vs. oxygen index see van 769
homolog 476 Krevelen diagram, modied iridium 745, 746, 750
homologous series see homolog hydrogen iodide (HI) 504, 506 Irkutsk region, eastern Sibera 767
homolytic scission 632 hydrogen peroxide 713 ironnickel suldes 711
C(14a)-homo-26-Nor-17a-hopanes 692 hydrogen sulde (H2 S) 604, 646, 649, 815 iron-reducing bacteria 654, 655
homopregnane 485, 674, 676 hydrolysis isoalkane 493, 650
Hongyanchi Formation, China 818, 820 alkaline 539 isoarborinol 577, 592, 593

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1142 Index
isoarborinone 575 Jurassic (Late) paleo-plate reconstruction Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridge)

isocadalene (1,6-3-isopropylnaphthalene) 735 Formation, North Sea 496, 525,
623, 624 Jurassic Period 7356 527, 583, 619, 736, 827, 8848,
isocadalene/(isocadalene + cadalene) Jurassic source rocks 823 889
6234, 626, 627 Jusepin Field, Maturin Basin, Venezuela Bitumen extracts 526, 528, 562, 584,
isochamaecydin 546 696 588, 594, 611, 619
isodihydro-ar-curcumene 6701 Oil 611
isoheptane ratio see K1 K1 (Mango parameter) 667 Kimmeridgian transgressive shales 8849
isohexyl alkylaromatics 599600, 601, 602 Kaapvaal Craton, Australia 712, 7634 kinetic fractionation 977
isomerization 582, 612 Kaimiro Formation, New Zealand 919 kinetic model for biomarker maturation
isoparafn see isoalkane Kalavryta Basin, Greece 972
isopentadecane (2-methylpentadecane) Kalol Formation, India 920 kinetic parameters 845, 966
497 Kalubik well, Alaska 883 Kingak-Blankenship Interval, Alaska 826,
isopimarane 543, 544, 545, 547 Kamovsk Arch, Eastern Siberia 767 8834, 898
isoprenoid/n-alkane ratio 641 Kant-LaPlace hypothesis see accretion Kingak Formation, Alaska 557, 825, 826,
isoprenoids 764, 816 disk hypothesis 883, 885, 896, 897
acyclic 5067, 517, 665 Kap Stewart Formation, Greenland 828 Kiowa-Skull Creek cyclothem 900
acyclic (>C20 ) 4989 Kapuni coals, New Zealand 91819 Kisalfold Basin, Hungary 947
C13 C20 regular 502 Karababa Formation, Turkey 915 Kishenehn Formation, North America
C21+ regular 503 Karabogaz Formation, Turkey 915 579, 930, 934
C25 regular 508 Karalian shungite, Russia 764 Kissenda Formation, Gabon 844, 848,
3-isopropylalkanes 496 Karamay Black Hill Field, China 819 8989
24-isopropylcholestanes 490, 491, 530, Karamay Field, China 817, 818 K-nearest neighbor (KNN) 482, 955
749, 771 Karoo Basin, South Africa 812 KNN see K-nearest neighbor
24-isopropylcholestanes/n- Karoo-Ferra basalts 748, 919 known(!) 752
propylcholestanes 787 Karoo Formation, South Africa and Knox Dolomite, USA 788
6-isopropyl-1-isohexyl-2- Madagascar 763, 830 KOH see potassium hydroxide
methylnaphthalene (ip-iHMN) Karoo Province, Gondwana 829 Korea Bay Basin, Yellow Sea 635
596, 597 Karun Field, Iran 929 Kossen Marl Formation, Hungary 947
isorenieratane 485, 523, 591, 5934 Kashaf Formation 861 Koviktinskoye Field, Eastern Siberia 767
13 C-rich 593, 903 Katia well, Italy 568, 976, 977 Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle 606
isorenieratene 485, 593, 595, 901, 903 Kattegat, Denmark/Sweden 509 Kreyenhagen Formation, California
Isthmus of Panama 742 kaurane 490, 54351, 820 water 701
Isua, Greenland 712 kaurene 550 Krishna-Goodavari Basin, India 741
Izhara Formation, Qatar 860, 863 Kaveakak Field, Alaska 883 Kugmallit Sequence, Canada 960
Kavearak Point Field, Alaska 883 kukersite 765, 779, 7834
Jamison Formation 766 Kavearak Well, Milne Field, Alaska 557 Kuma Formation, South Caspian 932
Japan Trench, Pacic Ocean 519 Kawaruppu, Hokkaido, Japan 750 Kuna-Lisburne Interval, Alaska 812
Jatoba Basin, South America 834 Kazakhstania 723 Kuparuk Field, Alaska 826, 883
Jeanne d-Arc Basin, Canada 617, 6856, Kazhdumi Formation, Khuzestan 738, Kupferschiefer Formation, Germany 501,
887, 888 859, 860, 867, 868 566, 577, 593, 605, 733, 811,
Jenam Formation, Bangladesh 920 Keel Field, Michigan Basin 786 81417
Jet Rock, Yorkshire, UK 830, 892 Keg River Formation, Canada 7967, 798 Kurra Chine Formation, Iran 861
Jianghan Basin, China 531, 946 Kelamayi Field, China 522, 695, 696 Kutei Basin, Kalimantan 742, 950, 953
Jilh Formation, Abu Dhabi 861 kerogen assemblage A and B see Kwagunt Formation, Utah 771
Jingjingzigou (Jingingzigou, assemblage A or B Kwanza Basin, Angola 835, 841,
Zingjingzigou) Formation, China kerogen 499, 500, 502, 539, 608, 713, 749, 854
817, 818, 819, 820, 946 764, 777, 819, 972 Kyalla Member, Australia 766
Jiquia Stage 835 see also type I, II, IIS, II/III, III,
Jubaila Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 IV LaClede Bed (Lower Laney Member),
Junggar (Zhungeer) Basin, China 522, Khazdumi Formation see Kazhdumi Wyoming 923, 924
674, 695, 696, 732, 817, 819, 820, Formation labdane 543, 544, 550, 600
870, 871, 946 Khmer Trough, Gulf of Thailand 941 labyrinthodont see amphibian
Jura-Bresse Basin, Europe 735 Khuzestan, Iran 855, 859, 863, 928 lacustrine 487, 521, 560, 577, 83745
Jurassic-Cretaceous highstand 774 Khuzestan Basin see Dezful Embayment oils 561, 578, 856, 904
Jurassic (Early) paleo-plate Kimberlella 718 Laffan Formation, Southern Gulf Basin
reconstruction 734 Kimmeridge Bay Field, UK 875 860, 867

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Index 1143
Lagoa Feia Formation, Brazil 8423, 846, Liaohoe Basin, China 634 lup-20(29)-ene 580
847, 853 Liaoning Province, China 739 lupeol 580
Lahat (Lemat) Formation, Sumatra 939 Lias Shale, Europe 968 lurestan, Iran 855, 859, 863, 865, 928
Lake Gosiute, USA 921 Libros Basin, Spain 945 lutein see carotenoid
Lake Nyos, Cameroon 748 lichens 726 lycopadiene 517, 520
lakes 487 light hydrocarbons Lycopodium (club moss) 579
Lake Songliao, China 528 C2 C6 664 lycopa-14(E), 18(E)-diene see
Lake Thetis, Australia 720 light oils 478 lycopadiene
Lake Turkana, Kenya 853 lignin 725, 727 lycopane 498, 507, 51820, 524
Lake Uinta, USA 921 lignite 547, 613, 926 lycopene 519, 520, 524
Lake Valencia, Venezuela 577 limestone 495 lycophyte (club mosses) see lycopsids
Lake Vostok, Antarctica 716 limnic (lacustrine) coal 551 lycopsids (lycopsida) 724, 727, 728, 729,
Lakhanda Group, Siberia 716 limonene 582 731, 733, 811
Lalla Rookh Formation, Australia 755 limonite 479
La Luna Formation, Venezuela 529, 549, Lincoln Shale, USA 901, 902 Maceio Formation, Brazil 846
643, 738, 90711, 942 Lindsey Formation, Canada 785 Machareti Formation, South America 796
La Luna-Misoa(!) 90911 Linyi Basin, China 616, 968 Mackenzie Delta, Canada 580, 742
lamalginite 864 lipids 725 Mackenzie Mountains, Canada 716
Lameignere Quarry, Orthez, France 590 Locker Shale, Australia 8212, 875 Mackeral Field, Australia 918
laminae 713 liquid chromatography/mass Macrocyclic alkanes 485, 5201
lamination 488 spectrometry (LCMS) 603 Macroseeps 704
Landana Formation see Iabe-Landana lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4 ) 504, Madbi Formation, Yemen 863
source rock 506 Madison Group, USA 805
land plants 578, 721, 723, 724, 72530 lithology 646 Madre de Dios Basin, Bolivia 801, 811,
lanosterol 14-demethylase 714 Little Plains Basin, Hungary 947 813
Laramide Uplift 921 littoral facies 924 Madrin Formation, east Siberia 768
Late Ashgill event see Ashgill mass liverwort see non-vascular plant Mae Sot Basin, Thailand 959
extinction Llanos Basin, South America 907 Magwa Field, Kuwait 863, 864
Late Paleocene thermal maximum 919 loadings plot 482 magnetite 980, 981
Late Proterozoic (Neoproterozoic) Lodgepole Formation, USA 803, 804 magnoliidae 739
petroleum systems 76872 Logbaba Gas Field, Cameroon 851 Mahakam Delta, Borneo 481, 482, 613,
Late Proterozoic paleo-plate Loma Chimico Shale, Costa Rica 516, 942, 953, 955
reconstruction 715 917, 919 Mahogany Member see Green River
latex 547 Loma Montosa Formation, Argentina 894 Formation
laticifers 547 Lombardy Basin, Italy 831 Majaer Depression, China 785
Latrobe Formation, Australia 738, Lorca Basin, Spain 9578 Makassar Slope, Kalimantan 481, 482,
91617, 918 Los Angeles Basin, California 563 953
Laurasia 735 Los Molles Formation, Argentina 893 malabaricatrienes 556
Laurentia 715, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, Los Monos Shale, South America 796 Malay-Tho Chu Basin, Vietnam 938, 939
725, 730 Louanne Salt, Gulf of Mexico 735, 877 maleimides 485, 6056
Laurineae 739 Louka outcrop, Congo 675, 691 Malembo Formation, West Africa 853,
Laurussia 723, 730 Louise well, Mahakam Delta 950, 953 935, 936
Lava Basin, Greece 551 Lower Congo Basin, West Africa 841, Malm carbonates, Bavaria 501, 518
leaching see solubilization 850 Malongo West Field, Congo Basin 843
lead ore 825 Lower Kittanning coal, USA 970 Malossa Field, Italy 824
leaves see megaphylla Lower Magdalena Basin, Colombia 907 MA(I)/MA(I + II) see monoaromatic
Leduc Reef, Canada 801 lowstand systems tract 481, 482, 574, 749, steroids
legumes 726 862, 909, 953, 955, 956 mammals 736, 737, 741
Leigh Creek Coaleld, Australia 578 Lubna well, Czech Republic 538, 541, Mancos Shale, USA 901
Lemmaphyllum 579 566, 586, 636, 637 Mandal Formation, North Sea 885
lemurs 741 Lucaogou Formation, China 817, 818, Mandan, North Dakota 668
Leonard Shale, USA 733, 813 820 Mangahewa Formation, New Zealand 919
Leonard-Wolfcamp units, USA 812, 813 Lucina Formation, Gabon 898 manganese 655
Lepidodendron 579, 729 Luman Tongue, Washakie Basin 921, 923, Manicouagan impact crater, Quebec 746,
lexane 523 924 747
Leyte oil, Philippines 622 lupane 574, 575, 580, 581, 582, 697, 960 Maniguin Island, Visayan Sea,
LiAlH4 see lithium aluminum hydride lupanoid ketones 697 Philippines 518, 519

Second Edition
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1144 Index
Manilla Embayment, Gulf of Mexico 877 Meren well, Niger Delta 951 2-methylhopanes 485, 494, 571
Mannville-Grosmont reservoirs, Alberta, Meride Limestones, Italy 822 2-methylhopanes 569, 714
Canada 477 mesohaline 501, 824 3-methylhopanes 569, 571
Maoming Shale, China 516, 518, 519, Mesoproterozic petroleum systems see 3-methylhopanes 485, 571
926 Middle Proterozoic petroleum methylnaphthalenes 643, 670
Maqna Formation, Red Sea Basin 946 systems methylnaphthalene isomer ratios (MNR)
Maquoketa Shale, USA 779, 7889 Mesostigma 725 6434
Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 907, 911 Mesozoic source rocks 820918 Methylococcus 531, 571
Maranon Basin, South America 811, 812, Mesozoic source rocks, Arabian Platform methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1)
813, 907, 908 823, 85568 6423
Marathon Orogeny 809 jurassic 8624 MPI-1 vs. Ro 642
Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 489 Lower Cretaceous 8657 methylphenanthrene ratio (PP-1) 974
Maranon Basin, Peru 667, 825 Middle Cretaceous 867 methylphenanthrenes 582, 596, 642, 643,
Mara well, Canada 685, 686 Upper Cretaceous 8678 672, 973, 974
Marco Polo 934 Mesozoic source rocks, Gulf of Mexico methylsteranes 534, 674
Mardin Group, Turkey 915 876 2-methylsteranes 763
marine coal 551 Mesozoic source rocks, South Atlantic 4-methylsteranes 485, 487, 528, 5302,
marine oils 561, 856 margins 83448, 858, 908 533, 561
marine organic matter 524, 527 lacustrine 83745, 849 4-methylsterols 531, 927
marine reptiles 736, 740, 744, 745 marine carbonates 847 methylthioacetate 711
Marmoul Field, Oman 771, 773 marine shales 852 4-methyltriaromatic steroid 591
Marraat oil, west Greenland 581, 582 transitional carbonates 8457 methyltrimethyltridecylchroman
Marrat Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864 Messel Shale, Germany 494, 496, 497, (MTTC) 5001
Mars 716, 980 504, 518, 577, 589, 590, 591, 593, methylxanthones 673
Marrat Shale, Oman 736 603, 605, 635, 9268 Metula 695
marsupial see mammal metalloporphyrin see porphyrin Mexia-Talco Fault Zone, Texas 877
Martian bacteria 602, 980 metastable reaction monitoring see Miandoum Field, Chad 542
Marun Field, United Arab Emirates 867, MRM/GCMS Michigan Basin, USA 794, 803,
868 metaxylene see xylene 975
mass extinction 559, 721, 724, 733, 737, metazoa 713, 718, 720 microbial gas 509
7439, 797, 801, 919 methane 714, 763 microbial mat 494
MA-steroid see monoaromatic steroids biodegradation 6567, 664 see also cyanobacterial mat
mature 608 hydrate 829, 892, 919, 9601 microfossils 712, 713, 714, 764, 765
Maturin Basin, Venezuela 696, 907, 942 methane monooxygenase 656 microphylla (spines) 727
Mattoon Formation, Illinois 551 methane-oxidizing bacteria 572 microseeps 704
Maui Field, New Zealand 544, 547, 919 methanogen 498, 503, 509, 512, 656 microsphere 711
Mauritanide Mountains, North America methanogenic archaea 507, 508, 509 microtektites 746
731 methanogenic bacteria see methanogen microtubules 726
maximum ooding surface (MFS) 790, methanogenic biomass 5045 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 647
831, 894, 908, 909, 956 Methanosarcina 508 mid-chain monomethylalkanes
Maykop Series, South Caspian 9315 Methanosarcinales 657 (X-compounds) 484, 493, 767,
Mazalij well, Saudi Arabia 631 methanotroph 656, 688, 960 771, 772
McArthur Basin, Australia 719, 765, methanotrophic archaea 509 Mid-Cretaceous anoxic event 749
767 methanotrophic bacteria 571 Middle Green River Formation, Uinta
McArthur Group, Australia 7656, 767 methyladamantane/adamantane 700 Basin 923
McArthur River well, Cook Inlet 834 methyladamantane/nC11 700 Middle Magdalena Basin, Colombia 549,
McKittrick Field, California 616 methylalkanes 764 907, 908, 909
McMinn Formation, Australia 765, 766, methylbicadinanes 549, 621, 622 Middle Proterozoic (Mesoproterozoic)
767 methylbiphenyls 672 petroleum systems 7648
Meade Peak Member, USA 733, 814 methylcyclopentadecane 521 Midland Basin, USA 812, 813
Meganeura 731 methyldiamantanes 700 mid-ramp 861
megaphylla (true leaves) 728 methyldibenzothiophenes 672 Midway Formation, Gulf of Mexico 882
Melania Formation, Gabon 844, 848, methyldiphenylmethanes 672 migrated oil 477
8989 2-methyldocosane 484 Migration 616, 629
Melke Formation, Norway 828 methyluorenes 702, 973 distance 966
meiosis 726 2-methylhopane index 571, 781 Mikkelsen Bay State well, Alaska 898
Mereenie Field, Australia 783 methylhopanes 56971, 781 Milankovitch 824

Second Edition
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Index 1145
MillerUrey experiment 711 Moray Firth, UK 477, 523, 884, 885 Natih Formation, Oman 860, 861, 862,
Milligans Formation, Bonaparte Gulf Moreno Formation, California 509 867, 870
Basin 809 moretanes 552, 614, 616, 621 National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska
Milne Point Field, Alaska 883 22S/(22S C 22R) 614 (NPRA) 883, 896
Minagish Formation, Gotnia Basin 860, moretanes/hopanes 61415 Natuna Sea rift basins 93941
866 mosasaurs 740 Navay Formation, South America 907,
Minas Field, Sumatra 517, 518, 519, 520, Moschopotamos Basin, Greece 551 908
936, 937 Mosquito Creek Formation, Australia 755 nC29 alkane 750
Minnelusa Shale, USA 811 Moura coals, Australia 7024 nearest neighbor clustering 480
Miocene paleo-plate reconstruction 741 Mount Cap Formation, Canada 780 negative correlation 477
Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Period see Mount Holland Shale, UK 738 Neiber Dome, Wyoming 585
carboniferous period Mowry Shale, USA 738, 900, 901 Nemcicky well, Czech Republic 538
Mississippi Canyon Well, Gulf of Mexico MPI see methylphenanthrene index Nematothallus 726
881 MRM/GCMS 476, 528, 530, 612 Nemesis 747
mitosis 726 Msimbati, Tanzania 688 Neogene Period 7412
mixed oils 561, 685 MTTC see 18-neohopane
MNR see methylnaphthalene ratio methyltrimethyltridecylchroman C27 see Ts
Moho see Mohorovicic discontinuity mud volcano 497, 933 C29 see C29 Ts
M-2 oil, Danish North Sea 553 Mukluk well, Alaska 475 C30 see C30 Ts
Mokattam Shale see Tanezzuft Shale Mulhouse Basin, Alsace, France 604, Neoproterozoic Eon 71519, 771
Molasse Basin, Europe 699 605 Neoproterozoic petroleum sytems see
molecular clock 717 Multidimensional chromatography see Late Proterozoic petroleum
molecular dynamics (MD) 966 gas chromatography systems
molecular fossil see biological marker multiple ion detection (MID) see selected neoxanthin see carotenoid
molecular mechanics 556, 557, 565, 617, ion monitoring Nesson Anticline, Williston Basin 806
629, 684, 695 multivariate statistics 479 Neuquen Basin, Argentina 893, 8945,
molybdate 654 Murchison meteorite 602, 981 896
monazite 755 murein 720 neurotoxin 919
monoaromatic hopanoid parameter 6345 Muribeca Formation, Brazil 846 New Idria, California 479
monoaromatic polyprenoids 58991 Murta Formation, Australia 874, 895 New Albany-Chesterian(!) 798
monoaromatic steroids (MA-steroids) Murzuq Basin, Libya 791 New Albany Shale, USA 609, 636, 725,
583, 584, 585, 631, 632 Muskeg Member, Keg River Formation, 798
MA(I)/MA(I C II) 6323 Canada 796 Newark Basin, North America 968
[TA/(MA C TA)] see steroid Myanmar oils 622 Newark Supergroup, North America 824
aromatization Mycobacterium 652 Newporte impact crater, Williston Basin
monocot see angiosperm m/z 191 see terpanes 789
monoethylalkane 900 m/z 217 see steranes Niagaran pinnacle-reefs, Michigan Basin
monomethylalkane 493, 4946, 767, 900 794
monooxygenases 650, 651, 652, 653 Nahr Umr Formation, Arabia 738 nickel 663
monotreme see mammal Nahrum Shale, Arabia 738 nickel ion 604
Monte Prena, Italy 976, 977 Najmah Formation, Kuwait 860, 863, nickel sulde 604
Monterey Formation, California 505, 864, 866 Niger Delta, Nigeria 573, 618, 742, 837,
519, 540, 562, 568, 609, 615, 618, Nam Con Son 938, 939 851, 875, 949, 951, 952
679, 742, 944, 945 naphthalenes 651, 652, 672, 817 Niland Tongue, Wasatch Formation 921,
bacterial mats 562 naphthene see cycloalkane 924
biogenic silica 944 naphthenic acids 701 Niobrara cyclothem, USA 901
lithofacies 563 naphthenoaromatic Niobrara Formation, USA 901, 903
oils 475, 559, 562, 568, 603, 619, 628, acids 701 nitrate
641, 646, 680, 706, 707, 708, 946, Naples Beach, California 562 -reducing anaerobes 653
977, 978 Napo Formation, South America 738, -reducing bacteria 654
Phosphatic Member 971, 978, 979 907, 911, 912 nitrogen 641, 663
Siliceous Member 971, 978 nappe 742 xation 726
water 701 Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island Niuzhuang South Slope, China 965
montmorillonite 533, 535, 965 Narrows Gaben, Queensland, Australia Nkalagu Formation, Gabon 738
Montney Formation, Canada 825 928 NKomi Rift, Gabon 898
Moravia, Czech Republic 538, 587 Narryer Gneiss, Australia 711 Nobel family 935
Moraxella 705 NaSCH3 see sodium methane thiolate Nobel Prize 935

Second Edition
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1146 Index
Nocardia 652, 653 North Slope, Alaska 477, 827, 883, 897 oleanane 485, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,
Nocardioides 681 Norwegian-Danish Basin 885 529, 538, 547, 554, 573, 580, 600,
nomenclature (structural) Northwest Peciko Well, Mahakam Delta 621, 665, 675, 684, 696, 697, 698,
terpanes 695 952, 953 699, 725, 730, 739, 947
Nonesuch Shale, Michigan 610, 766 25-nor-triene 593 oleanane/hopane see oleanane index
non-marine oil 528 novaculite 798, 806 oleanane index [(Oleanane/(Oleanane +
non-vascular land plant see Bryophyta NPRA see National Petroleum Reserve in Hopane)] 527, 541, 549, 5725,
norcholestanes 538, 540 Alaska 61718
biodegradation 674 NSO compounds (resins) 477, 479, 658 18-olean-12-ene 697, 699
21/(21 + 27) norcholestane ratio 631 Nubian Plate 861 olean-12-ene 697, 699
C24/(C24 + C27) Nubian Shelf 867 oleanenes 618
21-norcholestanes 539 Nubian Shield 855, 861 olen 964
24-norcholestanes 490, 492, 5378, 859 nucleotide 711 olenic biomarkers 698
27-norcholestanes 560 nutrients 646 olnellids 747
Nordegg Formation, Canada 477, 8323 Nyalau Formation, Sarawak 942 Olpad Formation, India 920
24-nordiacholestane ratio [24/(24 + 27)] nymphaeales (water lilies) 739 Oman Salt Basin 771, 859
541, 787 onoceranes 57980, 930
24-nordiacholestanes 490, 491, 492, OAE see oceanic anoxic event Ontong-Java Plateau basalts, Pacic
5378 Ocal Section, Upper Magdalena Valley Ocean 919
27-nordiacholestanes 560 910 Onverwacht Group, South Africa 712,
Nordlinger Ries crater, Germany 539, 830 oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 505, 719, 829, 713
25-norhomohopane 20S 574, 675, 697 88993, 908, 919 Ooraminna well, Australia 770
norhopanes Oceanic oil, California 616 Oort Cloud 745, 747
,-norhopane 555, 662 octadecahydro-isorenieratene 594 optical activity 589
,-norhopane 689 odd-carbon preference see carbon optical rotation 593
norhopane (C29 norhopane) 485, 675, preference index Oquirrh Basin, Nevada 807
800 odd-to-even predominance (OEP) 493, Ora Field, Libya 914
15-norhopane ratio 6845 635, 6412, 783 Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico 875
25-norhopanes (10-desmethylhopanes) OEP see odd-to-even predominance Orcadian Basin, Scotland 794, 983
674, 67585, 692, 705 Ofcer Basin, Australia 770, 780 Ordovician mass extinction 743
25, 28-norhopanes 692 Ocina Basin 942 Ordovician paleo-plate reconstruction
28-norhopanes 689, 692 Oil City Field, California 509 721
30-norhopane/hopane 569 oiloil correlation 4779, 482, 9769 Ordovician Period 7212
30-norhopanes 570, 571, 676, 680, 690 oil sample see sample quality, selection, OrdovicianSilurian boundary 746
norisopimarane 543, 544 storage Ordovician source rocks 776, 77790,
norkaurane 543 Oil Shale Member, Dead Sea Graben 917 983
24-norlupane 580, 699 oil shales 9456, 958 organic acids 7002
norlupanes 697 oilsource rock correlation 4757, 752, organic carbon see total organic carbon
18-30-norneohopane see C29 Ts 754, 9769 organic matter
normal alkane (n-Alkane, n-Parafn) 484, oil spills depositional environment 487
493, 650, 668, 725, 750, 816 biodegradation 662 lacustrine 489, 560
biodegradation 651, 653, 654, 659, oil-to-oil correlation see oiloil correlation marine 489, 524, 527
6645 marine versus lacustrine 569
envelope 641, 659, 667, 669 oil-to-source rock correlation see marine versus terrigenous 48890,
Norphlet Formation, Gulf of Mexico 877 oilsource rock correlation 527
norphyllocladane 543 oil window (oil-generative window) 608, mineralogy 487
17-nortetracyclic diterpane 550 612 non-marine 524
North Caspian Basin see Pricaspian Basin oilwater contact (OWC) 646 terrigenous 489, 524, 580
North Equatorial Current 742 oilwater partitioning 966 type 487
Northern Arabian Basin 855 okenone 593 organic productivity see productivity
Northern Permian Basin 814 Oklahoma Basin, USA 809 organophosphorus insecticides 645
North Falkland Basin, South America oldest free-owing oil 710, 766 Orgueil meteorite see carbonaceous
834, 841 oldest giant oil eld 710 chondrite
North Pacic Gyre 519 oldest oil 710 Oriente Basin, South America 813, 907,
North Pole 712 Old Red continent see Laurussia 908, 911, 912
North Sea Old Red Sandstone, Scotland 7946 Orinoco Heavy Oil (Tar) Belt, Venezuela
oils 619 18/(18 + 18)-oleananes 61718 645, 658, 942

Second Edition
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Index 1147
ortho-substituted cyclization reacations Parachute Creek Member 923 Permian paleo-place reconstruction 732
973 Paradox Basin, USA 80910 Permian Period 7323
orthoxylene see xylene parafn, normal see Alkane Permian source rocks 776, 81220
Oseberg Field oil, Norwegian North Sea parafn dirt 6879 PermianTriassic boundary 746, 749,
692, 693 n-parafns see alkane 764
osmium isotope ratio 745 Paralic Basin, Europe 811 Pertatatak Formation, Australia 770
ostracodes 591 Paralic marine shale source rock 499, Perth Basin, Australia 511, 548
Ostracode Zone, Alberta 591 500 Pertica 728
Otuk Formation 825, 883 Para-Maranhao Basin, Brazil 847 perylene 5946
Otway Basin, Australia 9045, 906 Parana basalts, South America 748 Petapahan Field, Sumatra 517
Ouachita (Marathon) Mountains, USA Parana Basin, South America 812, Peterborough Member, UK 874
731, 779 81920 petroleum 608
Ouachita orogeny 809 parasequence 925 system name
Ouldburra Formation, Australia 780 paraxylene see xylene system processes
outer ramp 861 Pardonet Formation, Canada 825 volumes (production and reserves) 755
overburden 754 Parka 726 petroleum systems 752, 7567
overlled lake 817, 818, 837, 838, 840, Pasco Field, Australia 875 folio sheet 753, 754
844, 845, 846, 921 Pasenhor 915 modeling see thermal modeling
overmature see postmature Patchawarra Formation, Australia 820 nomenclature 7515
overpressure 479, 953 Pattani Basin, Gulf of Thailand 940 non-US 762, 763
Overthrust Belt, Wyoming 616 Pavlova 531 pH 533, 604, 617, 649
Oxford Clay, UK 8745 PCA see principal component analysis Phacoides oil, California 616
oxic 499, 567 Peace River heavy oil, Canada 645 Phaeophyta 726
oxicanoxic interface 562 Pearl River Mouth Basin, China 741 Phanerozoic Era 71950
oxidation 816, 817 Pearsall Group, East Texas 880 Phanerozoic petroleum systems 774961
-oxidation 650, 655 peat 811 phenanthrene parameter (PP-1 and
oxidative degradation 817 pebbleGRZTorok Interval, Alaska 826, PP-1modied ) 643
oxidationreduction reaction see redox 883, 895898 phenanthrenes 643, 651, 670, 672, 817
oxygen pebble shale unit, Alaska 738, 826, phenolic hydrocarbons 650
free 71315, 716, 747 897 phenylalkanes (linear alkylbenzenes) 598,
oxygen isotopes 922 Pediastrum 853 599, 600
oxygen-minimum zone 790, 950 Peedee Belemnite see PBD Phoenix well, Alaska 826
oxygen-producing cyanobacteria 569 Pelycosaurs 733 Phosphatic Member see Monterey
Pematang Brown Shale, Sumatra 518, Formation
Pabdeh Formation, Iran 741, 9289 741, 93539 Phosphoria Formation, USA 628, 649,
Pachuta Creek Field, Alabama 877 Pennsylvanian coals, Southern Gas Basin 686, 700, 733, 749, 814, 815, 972
Pacic Ocean 735, 737 811 photic zone
PAH see polycyclic aromatic Pennsylvanian lacustrine rocks, East anoxia 593, 901
hydrocarbons Greenland 810811 photoinhibition 522
PAL see Present atmospheric level Pennsylvanian-Permian Shales, North photosynthesis 713
Palegreda Formation, Peru 930 America 809 anoxygenic
PaleoceneEocene boundary 740 pentacyclic terpanes 662 oxygenic 714
paleoclimate 597 pentacyclic triterpenoids 552 photosynthetic bacteria 576
Paleogene Period 7401 pentane 664 photosystems I and II 713
paleoheat ow 969 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane phthalic acids 817
paleolatitude 524 (PMI) 484, 498, 505, 50710, 511, phyllocladane 485, 490, 54351, 600, 820
Paleozoic Eon 771, 776 512 phytane (Ph) 499, 5078, 543, 591, 657,
Palm Valley gas eld, Australia 783 pentakishomohopane 680 666, 668, 981
Palo Duro Basin, Texas 809 pepidoglycan see murein phytane/nC18 502, 641, 666, 674
Panca well, Mahakam Delta 953, 955 perhydro--carotane see -carotane phytanic acid 701
Pando well, Bolivia 811 peridinin see carotenoid phytenic acid 499
Pangea 731, 732, 734, 736, 740, 749, 824 Perintis well, Mahakam Delta 953, 956 phytol 499
Pannonian Basin, Europe 9479 periodic extinction 747 phytyl side chain 499
Pannotia 715, 719 permeability 646 Piceance Creek Basin, USA 479
Panthalassa 732 Permian coals 702 picene 479
Panthalassic Ocean 715, 719, 721, 722, Permian Basin, USA 806, 812, 813 Piedra Redonda well, Peru 932
730, 731, 732, 734, 735 Permian extinction 743, 749 Pierre Shale, USA 902

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1148 Index
Pilbara Craton, Australia 530, 712, 714, polymethylsqualanes 484, 487, 518, 937 pristane formation index (PFI) 972, 975
75563 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons see pristane/nC17 641, 659, 666, 705, 706
Pilenga Formation, Russia 9412 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pristane/phytane, pristane/(pristane +
Pilsk Formation see Borsk Formation polyprenoid suldes 561 phytane) 484, 499502, 562, 575,
pimarane 543, 544, 545, 550, 600 polysporangia 726, 727 781
pimaric acid 546 polysuldes 520 pristene 499
Pimenteriras Formation, South America Ponta do Tubarao Member, Brazil 846 prist-1-ene 500, 501, 972
725 Popigai impact crater, Russia 747 productivity 798
Pimienta Formation, Gulf of Mexico 878 Porifera 491, 530, 717 Progreso Basin, South America 907, 930
Pimienta-Tamabra(!) 878 porosity 646 progymnosperm 728
Pinaceae 551 porphyrins 6025, 664, 928 prokaryotes (bacteria) 712, 713, 766
Pinda Formation, Angola 853, 935 biodegradation 665, 700 propane 664
Pindinga Formation, Nigeria 579 distributions 604 24-n-propylcholestanes 485, 527, 529,
Pinnacle reefs, Western Canada Basin 475 V/(V + Ni) 6034 530, 537, 569
Pipeline Shale, USA 813 porphyrin maturity parameter (PMP) 24-n-propylcholesterols 527
Piper oil, North Sea 525, 526, 527, 528, 628, 6356 24-propyldiacholestane ratio 561
562, 583, 584, 611, 619 Port Gentil Ocean Field, Gabon 852 24-propyldiacholestanes 561
piston (seabottom) cores 704, 705 Port Sussex Formation, Falkland Islands prospect 751
placental see mammal 812 proteins 711, 725
placoderm 724 Posidonienschiefer, Europe 830 proteobacteria 657, 716
planetesimals 709 Posidonia Shale, Europe 830, 831 Proterozoic Eon 71419, 763
plate tectonics 712, 764, 836 positive correlation 477 proto-continents 712
Plattville Formation, USA 781, 783 postmature 608 Proto-Mediterranean 741
play 751 Post-Neocomian interval, Alaska 826 Protosalviania 726
Pleistocene paleo-plate reconstruction potassium hydroxide 701 Proto-South Atlantic Ocean 7356,
742 potential source rock 608, 976 847
Plenus Marl, Europe 738 Potiguar Basin, South America 834, 837, protostomes 717
plesiosaurs 740 846, 847 Prototaxites 726
Pleurosigma 515 Po Valley, Italy 822 prototracheophytes 724, 727
PMI see 2,6,10,15, Powder River Basin, Wyoming 811 Proto-Zagros 861
19-Pentamethylicosane PP-1 or PP-1modied see phenanthrene protozoa 576
PMP see porphyrin maturity parameter parameter Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska 477, 563, 616,
pod of active source rock 753 prasinophyte algae 790, 802 812, 826, 883, 896
Podocarpaceae 547, 550, 551, 600 prasinoxanthin see carotenoid prymnesiophyte algae 531
podocarpane 543, 600 Precambrian organic matter 493 pseudo-biomarker 501
Podocarpus 550 Precambrian oils and source rocks 495, Pseudofagus 579
Point Clairette Formation, Gabon Basin 763, 771 pseudohomologous series 498, 514, 516,
850 Precambrian-Cambrian 710, 717, 719 524, 532, 552, 556, 564, 565, 615,
Point Pleasant Formation, North America Pre-Caspian Basin see Pricaspian Basin 691
779, 785 prediction of physical properties 705, 706 Pseudomonas 652, 653
Point Thomson, Alaska 896 pregnane 485, 674, 676 psilophytes see vascular plant
Poker Chip Shale, Canada 830 prehnite-pumpellyite facies 755 psilophyton 728
polar compound 658 pre-rift facies 837 psychrophilic 503, 505, 506
pollen 573, 725, 739 present atmospheric level of oxygen pteridosperms (seed ferns) 578, 596, 729,
pollination 739 (PAL) 713, 714 733
pollution 507 preservation 725, 754, 798 pterosaur 745
polycadalene 623 pressure 64950 PTV see injection
polycadinenes 547, 548, 619, 620 Pricaspian Basin, Kazakhstan 807 Pucara Group, Peru 825
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, primary migration 965 Pueblo, Colorado 902
PNA) 479, 595, 6002, 6702 Prince William Sound, Alaska 705 Puente Formation Schist-Conglomerate,
biodegradation 665 principal component 480 California 563
Cretaceous-Tertiary 750 principal component analysis (PCA, Puertollano oil shale, Spain 693
Martian 980 eigenvector analysis) 478, 4802, Pujamana Member, Colombia 909
pyrogenic (pyrosynthetic) 602 983 Purana basins, India 768
polyester 645 Prinos Field, Greece 554 purple sulfur bacteria see Chromatiaceae
polyisoprenols 556 pristane (Pr) 499, 501, 513, 657, 666, 668, Putamayo Basin, South America 907
polymethylsiloxane 627 972, 973, 981 pycnocline 829, 875

Second Edition
Index
More information
Index 1149
Pyrenees 741 recovery see estimated ultimate recovery RNA-world 711

pyrite 815 Red Band fraction 498 Ro see vitrinite reectance
pyrobitumen 764, 816 red beds 714 Roberts Mountains, Nevada 789
nodules 755, 763 Redondo Shale, Peru 930 rock sample see sample quality, selection,
Pyrodictium 647 redox potential (oxidoreduction potential) storage
Pyrolobus 647 499, 566, 603 Rocky Mountains, USA 735
pyrolysis/gas chromatography (py/GC) Red River Formation, USA 765, 782, 789, rodents 741
828, 871, 906 804 Rodda Formation, Australia 770
pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass red tide 919 Rodinia 715
spectrometry (py/GCMS) 479 Redwater Reef Field, Canada 802 root nodule 726
pyrolyzate 664 reectance see vitrinite reectance Roper Groups Shale, Australia 7656,
pyrrhotite 980 regression 747, 749 767
regressive marine facies 837 rosane 543, 544, 545
Qaidam Basin, China 538, 544, 613, 871, Reindeer Supersequence, Canada 960 Rothschild family 935
872, 946 Renqui Field, China 772 Rotliegendes Group, Europe 814
Q compounds 591 reproduction 711, 716, 725 Rough range oil, Australia 600
Qingshankou Formation, China 738, reptiles 732, 733 Rovesti Oil, Italy 568
904 reservoir rock 475, 608 Rozel Point, Utah 512, 515, 520
Q oils, Oman 526, 772, 774, 775, 966 reservoir temperature 646, 647, 648, rRNA see ribosomal RNA
Quaidam Basin, China 871 659 Rub al Khali Basin, Middle East 855
quantum structureactivity relationship resinite 542, 573 Rubiales Field, Llanos Basin, Colombia
(QSAR) 684 resorcinol 784 555
Quaternary Period 7423 lipids 780 Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain 945
Queen Formation, USA 813 retene 544, 582, 596, 597, 602, 750 Rudeis Formation, Gulf of Suez 915
Quenguela Field, Angola 854 retention time 556 rudists 740, 745
Querecual Formation, South America 942 Retort Shale Member, USA 814 Ruhr District, Germany 551
quinones 655, 701 reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle 606 Rundle Group, Canada 807
Quiriquire Field, Venezuela 696 reverse methanogenesis see anaerobic Rundle oil shale, Australia 928
Qunituco Formation, Argentina 893, 894 methane oxidation Rundle-type oil shale see lacosite
Qusaiba Member, Qalibah Formation, Rhaetogonyaulax 531 Rutaceae 577
Saudi Arabia 631, 723, 791, 793 Rhenish Mountains 723 ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4 ) 568
Rhine Basin, Germany 566
Rabi Kounga Field, Gabon 848 Rhizobium 726 Saanich Inlet, British Columbia 596
racemic 972, 973 rhizoid 727 Saar District, Germany 551
radiogenic immobilization 755 Rhizolenia 51415 Sabah Delta, Borneo 942
radiolysis 698 Rhodoccoccus 652 Sabhka 487, 584, 880
Raghib well, Saudi Arabia 793 Rhynie Chert, Scotland 727, 796 saddle dolomite 816
Ragusa Basin, Sicily 827 rhyniophyte 724, 727 Sadlerochit Formation, Alaska 826
Rakopi Formation, New Zealand 919 ribonucleic acid (RNA) 711 Sag River Formation, Alaska 826
Raney nickel 512, 520, 568, 594, 689, 690 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 648, 657, 726 Sag River oil, Alaska 556, 557
rank see thermal maturity ribozyme 711 Saint-Cecile, Camargue, France 580
Rann Formation, United Arab Emirates Ribesalbes Basin, Spain 945 Sakhalin Island, Russia 695, 742, 9412
791 RIC see reconstructed ion Salada Member, Colombia 909
Ras Fanar well, Gulf of Suez 915 chromatogram Salado Formation, New Mexico 649
Rastrites Shale, Sweden 723 Richards Sequence, Canada 960 Salina A-1 carbonates, USA 794
Ratawai Shale, Iraq 867 Rimbey-Meadowbrook Trend, Canada Salina Basin, Gulf of Mexico 878, 879
rate constants 967, 968, 970, 971 966 saline 488, 838, 839, 850
Ravnefjeld Formation, Greenland 818 rimuane 543, 544, 545 salinity 4889, 501, 646, 649, 972
Ravni Kotari oil, Yugoslavia 554, 568 Rincon Formation, California 562, 944 stratication 576, 814, 817
Raya Formation, South America 908 ring-opening 582 salt diapir 649
Ray Formation, South America 738 Rinkabeena Formation, Australia 770 Salym Field, West Siberia 889
Raymond Field, Williston Basin 782 Rio da Serra Brazilian stage 834 San Andres Formation, USA 813
rearranged hopanes see diahopanes Riphean shales, eastern Siberia 7668 San Cristobal Formation, Peru 930
rearranged sterane see diasteranes risk for oil biodegradation 650 Sandakan Delta, Borneo 942
rearrangement 582 Riva di Solto Shale, Italy 822 sandstone breccia 527, 574, 668
recent sediments 5045, 512, 518, 704 RNA see ribonucleic acid Sangerhausen Basin, Germany 816
Reconcavo Basin, Brazil 840, 841 RNA enzymes see ribozymes San Joaquin Basin, California 479, 742

Second Edition
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1150 Index
San Jorge Basin, Argentina 894 secondary migration 965 Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA 735
San Juan Basin, New Mexico 834, 902, secondary porosity 700 Sigillaria 729
904 secondary processes 478 Siglia parafn dirt, Chile 688
Sanmiguelia 739 Second White Speckled (Second White sigma bond see covalent bond
Santa Barbara Basin, California 715, 957, Specks) Shale, Canada 901 signal-to-noise 527
960 sedimentation rate silica 714
Santa Barbara Channel, California 641 Pennsylvanian-Permian, USA 810 silicalite see ZSM-5
Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin, California Sedlec well, Czech Republic 538 silled basin 790
562, 945 seed coat 739 Silurian paleo-plate reconstruction 722
Santa Cruz-Tarija Province, South seed ferns see pteridosperms Silurian Period 7223
America 796 seed leaf see cotyledon SilurianDevonian highstand 774
Santa Maria Basin, California 510, 606, seed plants see vascular plants Silurian source rocks 776, 7904
619, 628, 641, 705, 706, 707, 945, seeds 729, 738 SIM see selected ion monitoring
946, 977, 978 seep oil 537, 706 SIMCA see soft independent modeling of
Santa Maria oil, Italy 570 selected ion monitoring (SIM, multiple class analogy
Santa Monica Basin, California 576 ion detection, MID) 221, 611 simonellite 596, 597, 834
Santos Basin, South America 835, selected ion recording (SIR) see selected Simpson Group, USA 765, 783, 812,
852 ion monitoring 813
Santos well, Middle Magdalena Basin, Senonian Limestone, Dead Sea see Simpson-Ellenburger(.), USA 789
Colombia 549 Ghareb Formation simulated distillation see distillation
Sao Francisco Basin, Brazil 768 sequence stratigraphy 483, 803, 862, sinister see S conguration
sapropel 741 909 Sirte Basin, Libya 91415
Sarcinochrysidales 527 Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil 835, 846, Sirte Formation, Libya 738, 91415
Sarcopterygii 724 847 Sisi well, Mahakam Delta 952, 953, 955,
sargasterol see fucosterol Serpiano oil shale, Switzerland 603 956
Sargelu Formation, Iran 736, 863, serratanes 5789, 691 Sisquoc Formation, California 562
866 Seychelles Microplate 8724 Skull Creek Shale, USA 738, 900
Sarriah Member, Saq Formation, Oman Shahejie Formation, China 522, 579, 772, Slave Craton, Canada 711
791 926, 928 Slavonija-Srijem Depression, Croatia 948
Sassendalen Group, North Atlantic Sharawra Formation, Qatar 791 slime molds 716
825 Shark Bay, Australia 713 Smackover Formation, Gulf of Mexico
saturate/aromatic ratio 641 sharks 731, 736 735, 877
saturated hydrocarbons (saturates) 477 Sharon Springs Member, USA 902 smoke 602
saturated hydrocarbon UCM see Shengli Field, China 610, 647 Smoking Hills Formation, Canada 959
unresolved complex mixture Shilaif Formation, Southern Gulf Basin Smoky Hill Member, USA 901, 903
sauropods 736 860, 867, 869 snowball Earth 768
Sava Depression, Croatia 947 Shinjo Basin, Japan 513 sodium methane thiolate 504
Sayindere Formation, Turkey 915 shocked quartz 745, 746 soft independent modeling of class
Sayyala Field, Oman 774, 775 ShoemakerLevy 9 comet 745 analogy (SIMCA) 482
S/C see atomic S/C Shuaiba Formation, Southern Gulf solanesol 589
Scales Formation, USA 788 Basin 772, 860, 867 solar are 745
scanning transmission X-ray microscopy Shublik Formation, Alaska 556, 557, 735, solar system 709
(STXM) 727 825, 827, 896, 897 solid bitumens 4789
scan run see scan analysis Shublik-Otuk oils 883, 885 solubilization 613, 9645
Schei Point Group, Canada 825 Shublik-Otuk source rocks 898 solvent-split injection see injection
Schistes Carton, Europe 8302, 833 shungite see Karalian shungite Somerset Island, Canada 716
scores plot 481, 482 Shuntar Formation, East Siberia 768 Song Hong Basin, Vietman 938, 939
Scotian Shelf, Canada 968 Shuram Formation, Oman 771, 772 Songliao Basin, China 904, 905
scuticociliates 576 Shushundi-Aguarico Field, Ecuador soot 602, 745, 750
Sdom Formation, Israel 503, 512, 912 sour crude see sulfur-rich oil
518 Sibang Limestone, Gabon Basin 849 Sour Lake Field, Texas 687
sea-bottom cores 704, 705 Siberia 715, 719, 723 source input and depositional
sea grass 489 Siberian Craton 767 environment 9823
sea level see global sea level Siberian Traps 748 source potential index (SPI) 872
seal rock (cap rock) 754 Sichuan Basin, China 772 Gulf of Mexico, Upper Jurassic 879
8, 14-secohopanes 600, 6923, 797 side-chain scission 632 source-related biomarker parameters 476,
17, 21-secohopanes 552, 559, 572 siderite 714 478, 48390, 606

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Index 1151
source rocks 475, 608, 647, 763 squalene 498, 506, 507, 509, 51112, 552, Stratigraphic-39 well, Saudi Arabia 631
carbonate 569, 571, 588, 616, 630, 641, 713 Strawn Formation, USA 813
744, 771, 776, 851 squalene-hopene cyclase (squalene Strelly Pool Chert, Australia 712
carbonate versus clastic 533 cyclase) 591 Streppenosa Formation, Sicily 827
carbonate versus shale 4878 stable carbon isotope ratios stretophyta 725
character from oil composition 48790 C29 n-alkane 746 stromatolites 569, 712, 713, 714, 720
evaporitic 588, 850 carbonates 816, 817, 829, 890, stromatoporid 530
gas-prone 752 891 strontium isotopes 749, 890
marine carbonate 536 forams 921, 922, 957 Sublett Basin, USA 814
marine deltaic 490, 536 oils 977, 978 sublittoral facies 924
marine shale 536 organic carbon 829, 892, 902 suboxic 567, 721
marl 569 wood 892 success ratio 753, 822, 874
oil-prone 752 Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation Sudbury Impact Crater, Ontario 747
South American basins 907 see SLAP Sudr Formation, Middle East 915
South Atlantic 835, 836, 858, 859 Statfjord Formation, North Sea 828 Suerte well, Middle Magdalena Basin,
South Barrow wells, Alaska 812 steam ooding 689 Colombia 549
South Belridge Field, California 686, 689, sterane isomerization, /( + ) sugiol 546, 547
691 628629, 634, 662, 706, 970, 978 Suket Shales, India 716
Southern Gas Basin, Europe 811 sterane isomerization, 20S/(20S + 20R) Sulaiy Formation, Iraq 860, 866
Southern Gulf Basin (Rub Al Khali 566, 622, 6258, 634, 674, 965, sulfate 657, 705
Basin) 859 966, 967, 968, 969 reducing bacteria 509, 604, 653, 654,
South Florida Basin, USA 555 C30 sterane index 52730 655, 656, 705
Southern Permian Basin, Europe 814 steranes 714, 763 sulfones 653
South Mekong Basin, Vietnam 940 biodegradation 537, 665, 6745 sulfur 488, 500, 573, 629, 641, 663,
South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia 573, C27 662, 772 707
624 C28 /C29 490, 5267 sulfur isotopes 749, 816, 817
South Terekheveskaya Field, Russia C29 607, 771, 818 sulfur-rich oils 563
800 C29 20S 625 Sumatra 931, 93539
South Timbalier Field, Gulf of Mexico C29 662 Sunda Basin, Sumatra 939
647 C30 sterane index 574 Sunsh well, Cook Inlet 834
space-lled projection see structural C30 steranes Sunniland Field, Florida 880
notation ngerprint 611 Sunniland Formation, Florida 87980
Sparta Formation, Gulf of Mexico steranes/hopanes 524 supercritical uid extraction 981
882 steranes/hopanes (regular supercritical uid chromatography/mass
Spechts Ferry Member, Decorah steranes/17-hopanes) 524 spectrometry (SFC/MS) 603
Formation 780, 781, 783 steranes/triterpanes 524 supernova 745, 749
speculative(?) 752 2-sterenes 533 superoxide anions 713
Spekk Formation, Norway 827 sterenes 830 superoxide dimutase 713
spermatophyte 726 sterilization 648, 702 superplumes 768
sphenophyte see sphenopsids sterols 483, 533, 583, 714 supralittoral facies 924
sphenopsids (sphenopsida) 724, 728, 729, stereoisomerization 611 surfactant 599
731, 733 steroid Surma Basin, Bangladesh 547
Spindletop, Texas 687 aromatization [TA/(MA + TA) 627, Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen
split injection see injection 6312, 705, 706, 966, 967, 968, 716
splitless injection see injection 970, 972 Sverdrup Basin, Canada 825
sponges see porifera ketones 653 Swanson River Field, Cook Inlet 554
sporangia 727 stick projection see structural notation sweet crude see low-sulfur oil
spore coloration index see thermal stigmastanes (24-ethylcholestanes) 611, Sydney Basin, Australia 812
alteration index 768 Sylvan Shale, USA 722, 777
spores 721, 724, 725, 726, 727 Stirling Range Formation, Australia 718 symbiont 726
sporophyte 726 Stockinford Shales, UK 774 Synapsida 733
sporopollenin 725, 727 stomata 725, 727 synrift facies 837
Sprayberry Formation, Texas 813 stonewart 725 syntrophic consortia 50911, 656, 657
Sprendlinger Horst, Germany 926 STP see standard temperature and syntrophic metabolism 656
squalane (2, 6, 10, 15, 19, pressure
23-hexamethyltetracosane) 484, stratication (stratied water) 575, 576 Tabei Uplift, China 785, 787
498, 507, 512 stratied water 820, 845, 899 table of hydrocarbon accumulations 752

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1152 Index
tabulates 721 ternary diagram (C27 C28 C29 ) 4107.1 thermal maturity 535, 6089
Tagrifet Formation 915 diasteranes 536 criteria for biomarker parameters
T-branched alkanes 493, 4946 C-ring monoaromatic steroids 5834, 60910
TAI see thermal alteration index 978, 979 thermal maturity-dependent biomarker
Talang Akar Formation, Sumatra 627, steranes 476, 483, 485, 5256, 536, 871, ratios 478, 612
931, 939, 976 978, 979 thermal stress parameters 6089
Talara Basin, Peru 907, 930, 932, 933 triaromatic steroids 5868 thermoacidophilic archaea
Talc-Stevensitic Sequence 842 terpane m/z 191 ngerprint 5515, 611, Thermoanaerobacter 648
TA/(MA + TA) see monoaromatic 697, 797, 880 thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR)
steroid aromatization terrane 720 608, 815, 825
Tambora Field, Mahakam Delta 951, 953, Terra Nova Field, Newfoundland 888 Thermodesulfobacterium 648
954, 955 terrigenous/aquatic ratios (TAR) 493 thermophile 647
Tampen Spur, North Sea 648 terrigenous oils 490, 939 thermophilic 599
Tampico-Misantla Basin, Gulf of Mexico terrigenous organic matter 499, 580 eubacteria 497
878 terrestrial impact craters 747 Thermodesulfobacterium 497
tandem mass spectrometry 605 Tertiary source rocks 91860 Thermoplasma 599
see also GCMS/MS Tethys Sea (Ocean) 732, 733, 734, 735, Thermopolis Member 900
Tanezzuft Shale, North Africa 723, 791, 737, 740, 741, 901, 932, 947 thermospray 603
792 tetracorals 721 Thermotoga 648
Tanf Formation, Syria 791 tetracyclic diterpanes 54951 thin-layer chromatography/ame
Tanzanian parafn dirt 6889 tetracyclic polyprenoids (TPP) 487, ionization detection (TLC/FID)
Taoudenni Basin, Mauritania 720 5601 see iatroscan
Tapeats Sandstone, Arizona 771 tetracyclic terpanes 552, 927 Thiobacillus 562
Tarafaya Basin, Morocco 91314 C24 tetracyclic terpane 485 Thiomargarita 562
Tarakan Delta, Borneo 942 C24 tetracyclic terpane ratios 55960 Thiomicrospira 562
Taranaki Basin, New Zealand 544, 550, tetrad spore 727 Thioploca 562
597, 91819 Tetraedon 927 Thiothrix 562
taraxastanes 580, 581 tetraether lipids 497, 5035, 506 Thompson B-F diagram see B-F diagram
taraxerenes 618 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocadalene 981 thorite 755
tar ball 873 tetrahymanol (gammaceran-3-ol) 5756, thorium/uranium 719
Tarim Basin, China 785, 787, 870, 591 thylakoid membrane 726
871 Tetrahymena 576 Tibet Plateau 871
Tarn Field, Alaska 826, 898 tetrakishomohopanes 808 TIC see reconstructed ion chromatogram
Tarraco oil, Spain 507, 520 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene 801 tillite 716
Tarragona Basin, Spain 947, 948 2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane see Timan-Pechora Basin, Russia 799, 800
tar sands 658 phytane timing-risk chart see events chart
Tasmanite oil shale, Tasmania 591 2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane (TMI) 505, Tithonian source rocks
Tasmanites 552, 556, 557, 796 511 TLC see thin-layer chromatography
Taxodiaceae 547, 551 1,2,5,6-tetramethylnaphthalene (TeMN) TMI see 2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane
taxodione acetate 546 582 Tm (C27 17-22,29,30-trisnorhopane or
Taxodium 546, 547 1,3,6,7-tetramethylnaphthalene (1, 3, 6, 17-trisnorhopane) 555, 565, 581,
taxon-specic biomarkers 491, 492 7-TeMN) 596, 597 616, 617, 6867
Tazhong Uplift, China 785, 787 tetramethylnaphthalene ratio (TeBR) 671, Tmax 627
TBR see trimethylnaphthalene ratio 672 vs. PMP 635
TCI see transmittance color index tetramethylnaphthalenes 670 TNH see 25, 28, 30-trisnorhopane
TEHRGC see thermal extraction 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane see TNH/(TNH + hopanes) 619
high-reolustion gas pristane TNR see trimethylnaphthalene ratio
chromatogram tetramethylsqualane 518, 519 TNS see 25,28,30-trinorhopane
tektite 745 1,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4- Toarcian Shale, Europe 532, 535, 584,
telalginite 779, 784, 785, 895 tetrahydrophenanthrene 617, 628, 82830, 831, 972
teleost sh 737 591 Toarcian Shale, Madagascar 831
Tempisque Basin, Costa Rica 917 1,1,5,6-tetramethyltetralin 596 tobacco 539
Tent Island Formation, Canada 960 Thamama Group, Southern Gulf Basin Toca Formation, Africa 841
Termit Basin, Africa 837 860, 867 TOC see total organic carbon
Terang-Sirasun Field, Indonesia therapod 737 tocopherols 500, 501
509 therapsids 733, 735 Todilto Formation, New Mexico 834
terminal addition 655 thermal gradient 650 toluene 653, 654, 658, 659, 828

Second Edition
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More information
Index 1153
TOM see total organic matter Triassic carbonates triple-sector mass spectrometer see triple
Tomachi Formation, Bolivia 725, 8012 Arabian Platform 824 quadrupole mass spectrometer
Toolachee Formation, Australia 820, Swiss Alps 824 tripolblast bilateralians 718
821 TriassicJurassic boundary 744, 746, Tripoli Unit, Spain 9578
Toolebuc Formation, Australia 738, 747 17-trisnorhopane see Tm
9057 Triassic mass extinction 743 17-22,29,30-trisnorhopane see Tm
torbanites 495, 517, 518, 520, 521, 597, Triassic mudrocks, Barents Sea 483, 615, 18-trisnorhopane II see Ts
812 822 22,29,30-trisnor-17-hopane 616
Torok Shale, U.S.A. 738, 826, 895, 897 Triassic paleo-plate reconstruction 734 25,28,30-trisnorhopane (TNH) 485,
Torok-Nanushuk(.) 897 Triassic Period 7335 5613, 61819, 678, 686, 687, 694
total acid number (TAN) 7002 Triassic rift sequences, North America 18-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane see Ts
total ion chromatogram see reconstructed 8245 Trombetas Formation, South America
ion chromatogram Triassic source rocks 823, 825 723
total organic carbon (TOC, Corg ) tricadinanes 547, 548 Ts (C27 Ts or 18-22,29,
Agrio Formation 8945 tricyclic biphytane 506 30-trisnorneohopane) 552, 553,
Bakken Formation, North America tricyclic diterpanes 5417, 552 555, 565, 581, 616, 6867
804, 805 tricyclics/17-hopanes 556, 61516 TSF see total scanning uorescence
Bazhenov Formation, West Siberia tricyclic terpanes (cheilanthanes) 485, Ts/hopane 617
536, 540, 889 552, 5558, 591, 615, 662, 694, Ts/Tm see Ts/(Ts + Tm)
Black Sea sediments 496 695, 696, 826, 927 Ts/(Ts + Tm) 61617, 618, 686, 687
Greenhorn Cyclothem 902 age 490 tsunami 745
Jet Rock 892 extended tricyclic terpane ratio (ETR) Tucano-Reconcavo Basin, South America
Monterey Formation 945 5589, 749 834
Paris Basin, Liassic 831 C22 /C21 558 Tuna well, Australia 547, 624
Tyumen Formation, West Siberia 536 C23 tricyclic terpane/hopane 556 Tunu well, Mahakam Delta 481, 952, 953,
Vaca Muerta 893 C24 /C23 558 955
total petroleum system 751 C26 /C25 487, 558, 559, 569 turbidites 851
TAPH see total polycyclic aromatic tricyclohexaprenane 555, 556 Turkmenistan 932
hydrocarbons tricyclohexaprenol 552, 556, 557 Turpan Basin, China 870, 871
TPP see tetracyclic polyprenoids tricyclooctaprenol 556 Turpan-Hami Basin, China
trace fossils (ichnofossils) 717, 718 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid see gallic Tuscaloosa Formation, USA 881
tracheid 727 acid Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab Petroleum System
tracheophytes 724, 726 trilete spore 727 755
Trafras Group, Brazil 768 trilobites 720, 721, 733, 745, 747 Tuwaiq Mountain Formation, Saudi
training set 482 trimerophyte 727 Arabia 864, 865
Trans-Brazilian Shear 834 trimethylalkanes 493 Tuxedni Group, Alaska 8334
transgression 748, 774, 777, 790, 864, trimethylbiphenyls 672 two-dimensional GC see gas
899, 905, 908 4,23,24-trimethylcholesterols 588 chromatography
transgressive marine facies 837, trimethylchromans 485 two-dimensional NMR see nuclear
851 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane (see farnesane) magnetic resonance
transgressive systems tract (TST) 481, 2,6,10-trimethyl-7-(3-methylbutyl)- Tynec well, Austria 538, 541, 566, 586
482, 484, 862, 909, 910, 956, 957 dodecane 502 type I 725
transpiration 725 trimethylnaphthalenes 5979, 644, 670, type IS 946
trap 754 973, 974 type II 563, 725
Traralgon Formation, Australia 917 1,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene (TMN) 582, type IIS 563, 879, 885
Trenton-Black River Formation, 596, 597 type II/III 563
Michigan 722, 783, 785, 786 1,2,7-trimethylnaphthalene 597 type III 567, 642, 725, 730, 851
Trenton Group, North America 765, 1,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene 596 type curve see stable carbon isotope
7845 trimethylnaphthalene depositional type-curve
Trento Plateau, Italy 830 environment (TDE) ratios 597 Tyrannosaurus 737
triaromatic dinosteroids 588 trimethylnaphthalene ratio (TNR-1, Tyumen Formation, West Siberia 573,
triaromatic (TA) steroids 586, 587, 632 TBR, TP-1) 644, 671, 672, 974 574
C26 /C28 S vs. C27 /C28 R 586 2,6,10-trimethylpentadecane see
C26 20S/(20S + 20R) 634 norpristane Ucayali Basin, Peru 811, 812, 813,
TA(I)/TA(I + II) 6334 trinitrotoluene (TNT) 645 825
20S/(20S + 20R) 634 17-trinorhopane 688 UCM see unresolved complex mixture
Triassic Black Shale, Italy 593 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 612 Ugut well, West Siberia 889

Second Edition
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1154 Index
Uinta Basin, Utah 479, 523, 675, 921, Verkhne-Chonskaya Field, Eastern Wessex Basin, UK 648
926, 927 Siberia 767 West Belayim Field, Egypt 916
Uinta Formation, USA 479 Vermelha Formation, West Africa 853 Western Canada Basin 477, 591, 645, 801,
ultralaminae 928 Vermilion Field, Louisiana 965 8079, 8323
Umbrian Basin, Italy 830, 831 Victorian brown coals (Traralgon Western Interior Seaway 899904
Umiat-Simpson Oils 898 Formation) 917 West Greenland 580
Umir Formation, Colombia 549 Vienna Basin, Austria 538, 947 West Tevlin Field, Russia 888
underlled lake 817, 837, 838, 839, 840, Vienna PDB see VPDB whales 74
844, 846, 858 Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water see Whitby Mudstone Formation, Port
underground leakage see oil spills VSMOW Mulgrave area, Yorkshire, UK 892
UNESCO see United Nations Vietnam 938, 939 Whitehill Formation, South Africa 812
Educational Scientic and Viking Graben, North Sea 648, 814, 884 White Pine, Michigan 610, 766
Cultural Organization Villafortuna-Gaggiano Complex, Italy White Tiger Field, Vietnam see Bach Ho
uniformitarianism 745 824 Field
United Nations Educational, Scientic Villahermosa Area, Gulf of Mexico 879 Wilcox Formation, Gulf of Mexico 882
and Cultural Organization Ville Perdue Field, Paris Basin, France Wilkins Peak Member, USA 923, 924,
(UNESCO) 928 833 946
unresolved complex mixture (UCM) 659, Villeta Formation, Colombia 738, 907, Williston Basin, North America 789,
667, 668 911, 913 7967, 803, 806, 809
Upanema Member, Brazil 846 Vindhyan Basin, India 768 Wingayongo Seep, Tanzania 689, 690
Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia 907, Vinini Shale, USA 722, 777, 779, 78990 Winnipeg Formation, North America
908, 910, 911, 913 violaxanthin see carotenoid 765, 783, 789, 805
Upper Zakum Field, United Arab Visayan Basin, Philippines 624, 626 Winnipegosis Formation, North America
Emirates 864, 866 viscosity 659, 660, 662, 663 7967, 804, 808
upwelling 492, 516, 721, 722, 789, 790, vitamin C 713 Wiriagar Well, Indonesia 529, 544
798, 814, 825 vitamin E 713 wire-frame projection see structural
Peru 519, 930 vitrinite 573, 727 notation
Ural Mountains 723 vitrinite reectance (Ro in oil, Rr random, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa
Ural Trough 740 or Rm mean) 609, 613, 618, 627, 763
uraninite 714, 755 642, 727, 753, 816, 822, 893, Womble Shale, USA 779
uranium 777, 905 8945, 924 Woodbine Formation, East Texas 881
urea adduction 494 versus biomarker ratios 612 Woodford Shale, USA 725, 803, 8056,
ursanes 580, 697 versus dimethylnaphthalene ratio 807, 808, 812, 813
urs-12-ene 697, 699 (DNR) 643 Woodleigh Impact Crater, Australia 746,
U-Shale Formation, Oman 771 versus methylnaphthalene ratio 747
US-Y molecular sieve see ultrastable-Y (MNR) 643 wood tar see pitch
Utica Shale, USA 722, 723, 777, 779, versus methylphenanthrene index Wumishan Formation, China 772
7858 (MPI) 642
volcanism 748 Xanthomonas 652
Vaalbara Supercontinent 712 Voltziales 551, 730 xanthones 6724
Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina 893, Vredefort impact structure, Kaapvaal 747 xanthophyll 522
894, 896 X-compounds see mid-chain
vanadium 663 Wabasca heavy oil, Canada 645 monomethylalkanes
vanadyl ion 604 Walcott Member, Kwagunt Formation, Xiaomeigou Formation, China 871
Van-Egan well, West Siberia 682, 683 Utah 771 Xinjiang Uygur, China 86971, 872
Van Krevelen diagram Walvis Bay, West Africa 519, 595 xylenes 653, 659
modied 831, 870, 882, 934 Wancoocha Field, Australia 821
vaporizing injection see injection Warrawoona Group, Australia 712, 713, Yalco Formation, Australia 765
Vargner Ice Age 716 755 Yanshan Fold Belt, China 772
Varkeszo crater, Hungary 948 Washakie Basin, USA 921 Yeoman Formation, Williston Basin
varve 834 Wasia Group, Arabian Platform 867 765
vascular land plants see tracheophytes Wastach Formation, USA 479, 921 Yunnan Province, China 764
vascular system (tracheids) 725 Watchet, North Somerset, UK 531 Yurubchen-Tokhom Field, Eastern
Vedreshev Formation, East Siberia water injection 649 Siberia 710, 719, 767, 769
768 water washing 658, 670, 702
Velkerri Formation, Australia 765, 766, weathering 725, 798 Zagros-Mesopotamia region 755, 763
767 Weiyuan gas eld, China 772 Zagros Mountains, Iran 741, 859

Second Edition
Index
More information
Index 1155
Zakum Field, United Arab Emirates 867, Zechstein Basin, Germany zinc ore 825
869 Zechstein Formation, Germany Zingjingzigou Formation see
Zala Basin, Hungary 947 81417 Jingjingzigou Formation
Zaonezhskaya Formation, Karalia, Russia Zeitz Formation, Germany 547 zircon 711
764 Zhungeer Basin, China see Junggar Zostera 489
Zdanice well, Czech Republic 538, 541, Basin zosterophyllophyte 727
566, 586, 636, 637 zigzag projection see structural ZSM-5 494
zeaxanthin see carotenoid notation zygote 726

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bangiophyte 716 benzo(e)pyrene 746 biomarker maturation index (BMAI)

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hematite 714 hopane isomerization [22S/(22S + 22R)] hydrothermal silicication 755

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isoarborinone 575 Jurassic (Late) paleo-plate reconstruction Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridge)

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Pyrenees 741 recovery see estimated ultimate recovery RNA-world 711

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