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ONE AREA OF RESEARCH THAT gen or fat) or exogenous (plasma (mL/min) the heart can pump,
has received little attention in re- glucose or fat) fuels to make ATP. and it is controlled by altering
sistance training is its effects on The energy source employed and heart rate (beats/min) and/or
the cardiovascular system. If you the amount of oxygen needed de- stroke volume (mL/beat). Your
refer to any textbook on exercise pend on the amount of force gen- heart rate goes up any time you
physiology you will find a state- erated. Maximal force generation, move, because proprioreceptors
ment indicating that anaerobic such as power movements, re- within active muscles and joints
training does not cause significant quires a high percentage of fast- send neural messages to cardio-
cardiovascular adaptations. Al- twitch (type II) muscle fibers, vascular centers of the brain that
though this statement may be which use little oxygen and need speed up the heart. Stroke vol-
true, it is based on very limited re- only phosphagens if the activity is ume, on the other hand, is regu-
search. Furthermore, a close ex- short-term. High-intensity activi- lated by the amount of blood re-
amination of the mechanism of ties, such as hypertrophy training, turning to the heart (called
control for muscle blood flow sug- use a mixture of fast-twitch and venous return) and is affected by
gests that high-intensity resis- slow-twitch (type I) muscle fibers, total peripheral resistance (TPR).
tance training could have a signif- and such activities produce a lot The sympathetic portion of your
icant impact on muscle growth. To of carbon dioxide and lactic acid autonomic nervous system con-
understand why requires a brief during a typical workout. A trols the diameter of the precapil-
review of blood flow in active mus- buildup of these waste products lary vessels of your muscles. Exer-
cles. The hemodynamics of the will lower muscle pH, which can cise increases proprioreceptor
muscle are based on metabolic significantly attenuate muscle stimulation of the sympathetic
needs during contraction and the function and reduce force produc- system and will therefore decrease
removal of waste products. An ac- tion. The muscles ability to main- the diameter of precapillary ves-
tive muscle uses adenosine tain adequate blood flow helps to sels (called vasoconstriction)
triphosphate (ATP) to drive the flush out these waste products each time you move. The vasocon-
contractile apparatus, and the and would thus have a significant striction that occurs is wide-
muscle requires an energy source impact on performance. spread, and it elevates both TPR
and oxygen (exercise intensity sets Muscle blood flow depends on and blood pressure. This en-
the amount) to maintain adequate two primary factors: cardiac out- hanced TPR can decrease blood
supplies of ATP. The muscle can put and the muscles ability to flow to the muscle, but local con-
use stored phosphagens (ATP and control its own blood flow (termed trol can reestablish the rate of flow
creatine phosphate pools) or break autoregulation). Cardiac output to metabolically active tissues.
down endogenous (muscle glyco- represents the amount of blood The ability of muscle to regulate