International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / i c h m t

Articial neural network techniques for the determination of condensation heat

transfer characteristics during downward annular ow of R134a inside a vertical
smooth tube
M. Balcilar a, A.S. Dalkilic b,, S. Wongwises c,
a
Computer Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
b
Heat and Thermodynamics Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
c
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi,
Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 18 November 2010 In this study, the best articial intelligence method is investigated to estimate the measured convective
heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop of R134a owing downward inside a vertical smooth copper
Keywords: tube having an inner diameter of 8.1 mm and a length of 500 mm during annular ow numerically. R134a
Condensation and water are used as working uids in the tube side and annular side of a double tube heat exchanger,
Heat transfer coefcient
respectively. The ANN training sets have the experimental data of in-tube condensation tests including six
Pressure drop
different mass uxes of R134a such as 260, 300, 340, 400, 456 and 515 kg m 2 s 1, two different saturation
Modeling
Neural network
temperatures of R134a such as 40 and 50 C and heat uxes ranging from 10.16 to 66.61 kW m 2. The
quality of the refrigerant in the test section is calculated considering the temperature and pressure
obtained from the experiment. The pressure drop across the test section is directly measured by a
differential pressure transducer. Input of the ANNs are the measured values of test section such as mass
ux, heat ux, the temperature difference between the tube wall and saturation temperature, average
vapor quality, while the outputs of the ANNs are the experimental condensation heat transfer coefcient
and measured pressure drop in the analysis. Condensation heat transfer characteristics of R134a are
modeled to decide the best approach using several articial neural network (ANN) methods such as
multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis networks (RBFN), generalized regression neural network
(GRNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Elimination process of the ANN methods is
performed by means of 183 data points, divided into two sets randomly, obtained in the experiments. Sets
of test and training/validation include 33 and 120/30 data points respectively for the elimination process.
Validation process, in terms of various experimental conditions, is done by means of 368 experimental data
points having 68 data points for test set and 300 data points for training set. In training phase, 5-fold cross
validation is used to determine the best value of ANNs control parameters. The ANNs performances were
measured by means of relative error criteria with the usage of unknown test sets. The performance of the
method of multi layer perceptron (MLP) with 5-13-1 architecture and radial basis function networks
(RBFN) were found to be in good agreement, predicting the experimental condensation heat transfer
coefcient and pressure drop with their deviations being within the range of 5% for all tested conditions.
Dependency of outputs of the ANNs from input values is also investigated in the paper.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Determination of heat transfer characteristics of compact systems
such as heat transfer coefcient, frictional pressure drop, ow type
between the uids, heat transfer surface area in heat exchangers
should be known accurately for the optimum design. The two-phase
Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: dalkilic@yildiz.edu.tr (A.S. Dalkilic), somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th
(S. Wongwises).
heat transfer systems have higher thermal heat transfer performance
than single-phase heat transfer systems in limited apparatus volumes.
The advantage of high thermal performance in comparison to the
single-phase applications includes smaller, more compact systems
regarding tube length, tube diameter, internal tube geometry shape in
a wide variety of applications, e.g. refrigeration and air conditioning
systems, power engineering and other thermal processing plants.
Before doing any numerical work on this subject, validation process of
the experimental setup and data is a very signicant for reliability of
the study. The correctness of experimental data should be evaluated
by either graphics regarding the characteristics of trend lines such as

0735-1933/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2010.10.009
76 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584
alteration of heat transfer coefcient vs quality, heat ux vs
temperature difference between the vapor and inlet wall tempera-
ture, pressure drop vs vapor quality etc. or widely accepted
correlations in the literature and desired working conditions should
be agreeable with the heat balance correlations and ow type
observations by means of sight glasses at the different points of
experimental apparatus.
There have been a number of studies on the in-tube condensation
heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop. The frictional, acceleration,
and gravitational components determine the two-phase total pressure
drop in tubes. Determination of the void fraction is required to compute
the acceleration and gravitational components, and in a similar way,
determination of either the two-phase friction factor or the two-phase
frictional multiplier is required to compute the frictional component of
pressure drop. Generally, empirical methods have been used to compute
the condensation heat transfer coefcients and pressure drops in tubes.
Most of these proposed models are modications of the DittusBoelter
single-phase forced convection correlation [1], as in Akers et al. [2],
Cavallini and Zecchin [3], and Shah [4].
Dalkilic et al. [5] compared thirteen well-known two-phase
pressure drop models with the experimental results of a condensation
pressure drop of R600a and R134a in horizontal and vertical smooth
copper tubes respectively and discussed the main parameters of
related models and correlations. Dalkilic et al. [6] proposed a new
correlation for the two-phase friction factor of R134a ow based on
the equivalent Reynolds number model [7] and also showed the
effects of heat ux, mass ux and condensation temperature on the
pressure drop. Dalkilic et al. [8] compared eleven well-known
correlations for annular ow to each other using a large amount of
data obtained under various experimental conditions and proposed a
new correlation based on Bellinghausen and Renz's method [9] for the
condensation heat transfer coefcient of high mass ux ow of R134a.
They also reported the effects of heat ux, mass ux and condensation
temperature on the heat transfer coefcients in their paper. Dalkilic et
al. [10] emphasized that an interfacial shear effect is signicant for the
laminar condensation heat transfer of R134a using Carey's analysis
[11], which is the improved version of Nusselt's theory [12], and
proposed a new correlation based on Bellinghausen and Renz's
method [9] for the condensation heat transfer coefcient during
annular ow of R134a at low mass ux in a vertical tube. Dalkilic et al.
[13] reviewed thirty-three void fraction models and correlations,
determined using relevant data from the available literature. They
calculated the friction factors, based on the analysis of Ma et al. [14],
obtained from various void fraction models and correlations, and
compared these with each other and also with those determined from
graphical information provided by Bergelin et al. [15]. The effect of
void fraction alteration on the momentum pressure drop was also
presented in their paper. Dalkilic et al.'s [16] analysis based on simple
void fraction models of the annular ow pattern was presented for the
forced convection condensation of pure R134a, taking into account
the effect of the different saturation temperatures in high mass ux
conditions. The comparisons of calculated lm thickness from void
fraction models and correlations with those from Whalley's annular
ow model [17] were made using their experimental database.
Dalkilic and Wongwises [18] studied a mathematical model, devel-
oped by Barnea et al. [19], and based on the momentum balance of
liquid and vapor phases, in order to determine the condensation lm
thickness of R134a in their paper. The effects of heat ux, mass ux
and condensation temperature on the lm thickness and condensa-
tion heat transfer coefcient were also discussed for laminar and
turbulent ow conditions. Six well-known ow regime maps from the
literature were found to be predictive for the annular ow conditions
in the test tube in spite of their different operating conditions.
Dalkilic et al. [20] reports the experimental investigation of Kosky's
model [21] for predicting ow pattern transitions and for the
validation of void fraction models and correlations proposed in their
previous publications and for the identication of ow regimes in data
corresponding to annular ow downward condensation of R134a in a
vertical smooth copper tube. In addition to this, 12 number of well-
known ow regime correlations from the literature are investigated to
identify the ow regime occurring in the test tube. Dalkilic et al. [22]
determined the average predicted heat transfer coefcient of the
refrigerant by means of Kosky and Staub's model [23] and the Von
Karman universal velocity distribution correlations using different
interfacial shear stress equations valid for annular ow in horizontal
and vertical tubes in order to investigate Chen et al.'s annular ow
theory [24]. The effects of heat ux, mass ux and condensation
temperature on the pressure drop were also discussed. A new
correlation, based on dimensionless parameters such as the equivalent
Reynolds number, Prandtl number, R number (- ratio), Lockhart and
Martinelli parameter, Bond number and Froude number, using a large
number of data points for the turbulent condensation heat transfer
coefcient, was proposed in their paper. Dalkilic et al. [25] presented a
new experimental approach on the determination of condensation
heat transfer coefcient using 13 number of frictional pressure drop
models and 35 number of void fraction models in a vertical tube by
means of von Karman's universal velocity distribution and Kosky and
Staub's annular ow lm thickness model [23]. Dalkilic and Wong-
wises [26] presented a detailed review of research on in-tube
condensation due to its signicance in refrigeration, air conditioning
and heat pump applications. Their review considered heat transfer and
pressure drop investigations during in-tube condensation. Almost all
relevant research subjects were summarized, such as condensation
heat transfer and pressure drop studies according to tube orientation
(horizontal, vertical, inclined tubes) and tube geometry (smooth and
enhanced tubes), ow pattern studies of condensation, void fraction
studies, and refrigerants with oil. Dalkilic and Wongwises [27]
performed a theoretical performance study on a traditional vapor-
compression refrigeration system with refrigerant mixtures based on
HFC134a, HFC152a, HFC32, HC290, HC1270, HC600, and HC600a for
various ratios and their results are compared with CFC12, CFC22, and
HFC134a as possible alternative replacements. Dalkilic et al. [28]
investigated the direct relationship between the measured condensa-
tion pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefcient of R134a to
determine the condensation heat transfer coefcient, heat ux, two-
phase length and pressure drop experimentally. In addition to the
above, various other papers [2936] support and validate the proposed
models and correlations in their papers.
To the best of the authors' knowledge, there has been only one
work just for the condensation of R600a in a horizontal tube, recently
carried out by Demir et al. [37] dealing with numerical solution using
neural network analysis of heat transfer coefcient, and no work
regarding the numerical solution using neural network analysis for the
condensation heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop of HFC-134a
either in a horizontal or vertical tube. For these reasons, there remains
room for further research. Especially, it can be noted that all of the
numerical investigations of neural network analysis do not have any
that are concerned with the study. As a consequence, in the present
study, the main concern is to ll the gap in the literature. The results for
the solution of neural network analysis on the two-phase heat transfer
coefcient and pressure drop which have never before appeared in
Table 1
Operating conditions of the study.
Refrigerant HFC-134a
Test tube material, inner diameter d, length L Copper, 8.1 mm, 500 mm
Range of condensing pressure, Psat (bar) 1012
Range of condensing temperature, Tsat (C) 4050
Range of mass ux, G (kg m 2 s 1) 260515
Range of heat ux, q (kW m 2) 10.1666.61
Range of temperature difference, T = Tsat Twi , K 1.268.98
Range of average vapor quality, x 0.690.96
 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584 77

Table 2 Table 4
Uncertainty of experimental parameters. Effect of the experimental data number on the error rates for the determination of
condensation heat transfer coefcient (a) and pressure drop (b) for the mass uxes of
Parameters Uncertainty 300, 400, 515 kg m 2 s 1 and Tsat = 40 and 50 C.
Tref, sat (C) 0.19
Experimental data number 35 68
xi 6.968.24%
T (K) 0.191 error analysis/ANN methods MLP RBFN MLP RBFN
(Tw,o Tw,i)TS (K) 0.045
a)
(Tw,i Tw,o)ph (K) 0.13
h (W m 2 K 1)
mref (g s 1) 0.023
R square 0.999 0.988 0.999 0.99
mw,TS (g s 1) 0.35
Proportional (%) 0.059 1.295 0.061 1.444
mw,ph (g s 1) 0.38
Square law 6.048 144.952 5.551 132.68
qTS (kW m 2) 6.558.93%
qph (kW m2) 1214.81%
b)
href (W m 2 K 1) 7.6410.71%.
P (Pa)
P (kPa) 0.15
R square 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.997
Proportional (%) 1.793 2.28 1.754 2.017
Square law 67.702 78.77 64.581 71.11

open literature are presented. The large amount of measured data

obtained from the experimental study regarding with the convective
heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop is compared with the
results from articial neural networks' methods such as multi layer
perceptron (MLP), radial basis function networks (RBFN), generalized
regression neural network (GRNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy infer-
ence system (ANFIS). In addition to this, the effect of input parameters
(mass ux (G), heat ux (q), saturation temperature (Tsat), temper-
ature difference between the condensing temperature and inlet tube
wall temperature (Tsat), vapor quality (x)) on the output parameters
(convective heat transfer coefcient (h), pressure drop (P)) is also
shown and discussed as a rst study on this subject in the literature.

2. Experimental apparatus and method

Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus for studying

condensation of R134a inside a vertical tube can be found in the
authors' previous publications.

3. Data reduction and experimental uncertainty

The data reduction of the measured results can be analyzed as follows:

3.1. The inlet vapor quality of the test section (xTS,i)

iTS;i il@TTS;i
xTS;i = 1
ifg@TTS;i

where il@TTS;i is the enthalpy of the saturated liquid based on the

temperature of the test section inlet, ifg@TTS;i is the enthalpy of

Table 3
Elimination of ANN methods according to the error rates for the determination of
condensation heat transfer coefcient (a) and pressure drop (b) for the mass uxes of
260, 340, 456 kg m 2 s 1 and Tsat = 40 and 50 C.

Error analysis/ h (W m 2 K 1)
ANN methods
MLP RBFN ANFIS GRNNN

a)
R square 0.999 0.992 0.994 0.056
Proportional (%) 0.588 1.558 1.182 16.062
Square law 39.452 113.617 103.296 1293.76

P (Pa)

MLP RBFN ANFIS GRNNN

b)
R square 0.997 0.998 0.989 0.432
Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of articial intelligence models used in the analysis. a) Multi
Proportional (%) 2.127 1.74 4.15 37.608
layer perceptron (MLP) with 5-13-1 architecture. b) Articial neural fuzzy inference
Square law 64.895 55.208 147.85 1148.447
system (ANFIS).
78 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584

vaporization based on the temperature of the test section inlet, iTS;i is 3.2. The outlet vapor quality of the test section (xTS,o)
the refrigerant enthalpy at the test section inlet and is given by:
iTS;o il@TTS;o
xTS;o = 4
Qph ifg@TTS;o
iTS;i = iph;i + 2
mref
where iTS;o is the refrigerant enthalpy at the test section outlet, il@TTS;o
where iph;i is the inlet enthalpy of the liquid refrigerant before is the enthalpy of the saturated liquid based on the temperature of the
entering the preheater, mref is the mass ow rate of the refrigerant, test section outlet, and ifg@TTS;o is the enthalpy of vaporization. The
and Qph is the heat transfer rate in the preheater: outlet enthalpy of the refrigerant ow is calculated as follows:


Qph = mw;ph cp;w Tw;i Tw;o 3 QTS
ph
iTS;o = iTS;i 5
mref

where mw,ph is the mass ow rate of the water entering the preheater, where the heat transfer rate, QTS, in the test section is obtained from:


cp,w is the specic heat of water, Tw;i Tw;o is the temperature

ph
QTS = mw;TS cp;w Tw;o Tw;i 6
difference between inlet and outlet positions of the preheater. TS

Fig. 2. Comparisons of experimental convective heat transfer coefcients with the articial neural network methods using 33 number of experimental data points as ANN test group
for the mass uxes of 260, 340, 456 kg m 2 s 1 and Tsat = 40 C (a) and 50 C (b).
 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584 79

where mw,TS is the mass ow rate of the water entering the test where d is the inside diameter of the test tube. L is the length of the


section, and Tw;o Tw;i is temperature difference between outlet test tube.
TS
and inlet position of the test section.
3.4. Uncertainties
3.3. The average heat transfer coefcient
The uncertainties of the Nusselt number and condensation heat
QTS transfer coefcient in the test tube varied from 7.64% to 10.71%. It
hexp =
 7 should be noted that similar range of uncertainty with minimum and
Awi Tref;sat Twi
maximum values are exist in the literature. The procedures of Kline and
McClintock [38] were used for the calculation of all uncertainties.
where hexp is the experimental average heat transfer coefcient, QTS is Various uncertainty values of the study for the operating conditions in
the heat transfer rate in the test section, Twi is the average Table 1 can be seen from authors' previous works and in Table 2 in detail.
temperature of the inner wall, Tref;sat is the average temperature of
the refrigerant at the test section inlet and outlet, and Awi is the inside 3.5. Error analysis
surface area of the test section:
Error analysis of the study is performed by means of Eqs. (9), (10)
Awi = dL 8 and (11) and results of them were given in Tables 3 and 4. In these

a) 8000
G=260 kg m-2s-1 MLP
G=260 kg m-2s-1 RBFN
G=260 kg m-2s-1 ANFIS +20%
G=260 kg m-2s-1 GRNN
6000 G=340 kg m-2s-1 MLP
G=340 kg m-2s-1 RBFN
G=340 kg m-2s-1 ANFIS
G=340 kg m-2s-1 GRNN
P (Pa)

G=456 kg m-2s-1 MLP -20%

4000
G=456 kg m-2s-1 RBFN
G=456 kg m-2s-1 ANFIS
G=456 kg m-2s-1 GRNN

2000 Tsat=40 oC
x=0.71-0.94
o
Tsat=1.63-8.48 C
q=10.83-50.89 kW m-2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Pexp (Pa) -30%

b) 6000
Tsat=50 oC
5000 x=0.76-0.95
Tsat=1.92-8.58 oC
q=11.21-48.24 kW m-2
4000
+20% G=260 kg m-2s-1 MLP
G=260 kg m-2s-1 RBFN
P (Pa)

3000 G=260 kg m-2s-1 ANFIS

G=260 kg m-2s-1 GRNN
G=340 kg m-2s-1 MLP
2000 G=340 kg m-2s-1 RBFN
-20%
G=340 kg m-2s-1 ANFIS
G=340 kg m-2s-1 GRNN
1000 G=456 kg m-2s-1 MLP
G=456 kg m-2s-1 RBFN
G=456 kg m-2s-1 ANFIS
0 G=456 kg m-2s-1 GRNN
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pexp (Pa)

Fig. 3. Comparisons of measured two-phase pressure drops with the articial neural network methods using 33 number of experimental data points as ANN test group for the mass
uxes of 260, 340, 456 kg m 2 s 1 and Tsat = 40 C (a) and 50 C (b).
80 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584

equations, N is the element number of test group, hiexp and hicalc are the 3.6.2. Radial basis function networks (RBFN)
experimental and calculated results of heat transfer coefcient RBFN architecture has a single hidden layer and some similarities
obtained from i number of test data respectively and hexp and with MLP method. On the other hand, it has different calculation
hcalc are the average values of experimental and calculated results of process for the determination of neuron number, different activation
heat transfer coefcient obtained from the numerical analysis. It function and difference in neuron number in hidden layer. RBFN
should be noted that error analysis of pressure drop was done architecture's of single layer has equal neuron numbers with the
similarly. R square error is determined as follows: element numbers in training group. Bias numbers are the control
parameters of RBFN architecture and should be given by the user.
!2 Training of this architecture, in other words, values of neuron
N


hiexp
hexp hicalc h
calc connections is calculated using training group by means of least
i=1
ERsquare = ! ! 9 square method.

N 2 N
2
hiexp h
exp hicalc h
calc
i=1 i=1 3.6.3. Generalized regression neural networks (GRNN)
A generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is often used for
Proportional error is calculated as follows: function approximation. It has a radial basis layer and a special linear
layer. It performs regression rather than classication tasks. GRNNs
  can only be used for regression problems and trains almost instantly,
 i i  but tends to be large and slow. Like an RBFN network, a GRNN does
100 N hexp hcalc 
Eratio = 10 not extrapolate. Detailed information can be seen from [40].
N i=1 hiexp

3.6.4. Articial neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

Square law error is estimated as follows: ANFIS is an adaptive network which permits the usage of neural
s network topology together with fuzzy logic. It not only includes the
1 N
i 2 characteristics of both methods, but also eliminates some disadvan-
Esquare = : hexp hicalc 11
N i=1 tages of their lonely-used case.

4. Results and discussion

3.6. Calculation procedure for the generalized articial neural networks
(ANNs) model The present study's experiments were performed at the Fluid
Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab.
An articial neural network is an information-processing system (FUTURE) in KMUTT. Pure HFC-134a was used in the experiments.
that has certain performance characteristics in common with Special attention was paid on the accuracy of the measurements
biological neural networks. Articial neural networks have been during experiments as can be seen from authors' previous publica-
developed as generalizations of mathematical models of human tions on in-tube condensation process.
cognition or neural biology, based on the assumptions that: (1) Numerical analysis of articial intelligence includes 5 dimensional
Information processing occurs at many simple elements called input parameters such as mass ux (G, kg m 2 s 1), heat ux
neurons (2) Signals are passed between neurons over connection (q, kW m 2), saturation temperature (Tsat), temperature difference
links (3) Each connection link has an associated weight, which, in a between the saturation and inlet wall temperatures (Tsat = Tsat
typical neural net, multiplies the signal transmitted (4) Each neuron Twi) and average vapor quality of R134a (x), 2 dimensional output
applies an activation function (usually non-linear) to its net input parameters such as convective heat transfer (h, W m 2 K 1) and
(sum of weighted input signals) to determine its output signal [39]. pressure drop (P, Pa).
As the articial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the commonly
used and developed models to investigate the relationship between Table 5
linear or non-linear inputoutput patterns, they try to generalize the The most predictive combinations of input parameters according to the error rates for
training group and then estimate the test group. Performance of ANNs the determination of condensation heat transfer coefcient (h) and pressure drop (P).
is measured with the success of the prediction. There are many Inputs Input Outputs
described ANN types related with the function approximation in the number
G q Tsat Tsat x R2 h R2 P
literature. The most known methods are multi layer perceptron
(kg m 2 s 1) (kW m 2) (C) (K) (%) (%)
(MLP), radial basis functions networks (RBFN), generalized regression
neural networks (GRNN) and articial neural fuzzy inference system 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.616 0.886
0 1 0 1 0 2 0.999 0.897
(ANFIS) which is the combination of fuzzy logic decision systems and 1 0 0 1 0 2 0.93 0.807
ANNs. Schematic diagrams of some articial intelligence models used 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.656 0.988
in the analysis are shown in Fig. 1. 1 1 0 0 0 2 0.895 0.82
0 1 0 1 1 3 0.999 0.894
0 1 1 1 0 3 0.998 0.945
3.6.1. Multi layer perceptron (MLP)
1 0 0 1 1 3 0.939 0.801
MLP is the member of feed-forward network family. According to 1 0 1 0 1 3 0.696 0.994
this method, number of input and output neurons is equal to the 1 0 1 1 0 3 0.954 0.989
number of input and output parameters respectively and there are 1 1 0 0 1 3 0.893 0.83
some layers including neurons between them. Specication of non- 1 1 0 1 0 3 0.999 0.915
1 1 1 0 0 3 0.914 0.989
linearity and calculation process increase with increasing numbers of 0 1 1 1 1 4 0.999 0.938
hidden layer and neurons. Different architectures of MLP were used 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.969 0.996
for the calculation of heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop. All 1 1 0 1 1 4 0.999 0.92
neurons of MLP are connected with another neurons and the way of 1 1 1 0 1 4 0.95 0.995
1 1 1 1 0 4 0.999 0.994
connections is forward. LevenbergMarquardt algorithm, based on
1 1 1 1 1 5 0.998 0.996
the method of back propagation, was used for the training process.
 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584 81

In terms of the elimination process of several ANN methods such
as neural network (ANN) methods such as multilayer perceptron
(MLP), radial basis networks (RBFN), generalized regression neural
network (GRNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS),
random sets of test and training/validation were determined as 33
and 120/30 among 183 data points by means of Matlab software [40]
respectively. The best value of ANNs control parameters is determined
using 5-fold cross validation in training phase. During the calculation
process of heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop, the most
agreeable hidden layer number value was found as 13 (h and P)
among the numbers from 1 to 30 for the method of multi layer
perceptron (MLP), the most agreeable spread numbers (sp) were
found as 12,000 (h) and 40,000 (P) for the radial basis function
networks (RBFN). The experimental data includes the mass uxes of
260, 340 and 456 kg m 2 s 1 belong to the saturation temperatures
of 40 and 50 C in Table 3 and also in Figs. 2 and 3. Table 3 shows the
best predictive method for the convective heat transfer coefcient (a)
and pressure drop (b) accurately according to the their low average
values of test group of 33 data points' results using several error
analysis. The performance of the method of multi layer perceptron
(MLP) with 5-13-1 architecture and radial basis function networks
(RBFN) with the spread coefcient (sp) of 40,000, shown in Figs. 2 and
3, were found to be superior to other methods and architectures by
means of satisfactory results with their deviations within the range of
0.58% for the estimated condensation heat transfer coefcient and
1.74% for the estimated pressure drop respectively. In addition to
this, according to the condensation temperatures of 40 and 50 C,
comparison of experimental heat transfer coefcients and pressure
drops with those from various articial neural network methods of
test groups are shown in Figs. 2 and 3 in a 20% deviation line for the
mass uxes of 260, 340 and 456 kg m 2 s 1respectively. It can be
clearly seen from these gures that the generalized regression neural

Fig. 4. Comparisons of experimental convective heat transfer coefcients with the most predictive articial neural network methods using 35 number of experimental data points as
ANN test group for the mass uxes of 300, 400, 515 kg m 2 s 1 and Tsat = 40 C (a) and 50 C (b).
82 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584

networks (GRNN) method has the poorest predictability of experi-
mental data.
In terms of the increase in data number for the accuracy and
validation process of the experiments, numerical calculations is done by
means of 368 experimental data points having 68 data points for test set
and 300 data points for training set in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4 shows the
effect of the experimental data number on the error rates of the test
group of ANN according to the most predictive ANN methods,
determined from Table 3 and Figs. 2 and 3, for the determination of
condensation heat transfer coefcient (a) and pressure drop (b) for the
mass uxes of 300, 400, 515 kg m 2 s 1 and condensation tempera-
tures of 40 and 50 C. According to Table 3, results of error analysis
decrease with increasing data number due to the result of learning
process of articial intelligence. Figs. 4 and 5 show the success of
determined compatible articial neural network methods for the
prediction of convective heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop
according to the condensing temperatures of 40 C (a) and 50 C (b)
respectively with their deviations being within the range of 5% for all
tested conditions. Table 5 shows the most predictive combinations of
input parameters, whose deviations are over 0.5%, according to the error
rates for the determination of condensation heat transfer coefcient (h)
and pressure drop (P) using the method of multi layer perceptron
(MLP) with 5-13-1 architecture including 68 experimental data points.
When the input parameter number is 2, heat ux (q) and temperature
difference between the condensing temperature and inlet wall
temperatures (Tsat) seem to be dominant on the prediction of
convective heat transfer coefcient with the deviation of 0.999% and
pressure drop with the deviation of 0.897%. When there are 3 known
input parameters, heat ux (q), temperature difference between the
condensing temperature and inlet wall temperatures (Tsat), and
saturation temperature (Tsat) has the best predictability for the
prediction of convective heat transfer coefcient with the deviation of

a)
8000

G=300 kg m-2s-1 MLP

G=300 kg m-2s-1 RBF
G=400 kg m-2s-1 MLP
6000 G=400 kg m-2s-1 RBF +5%
G=515 kg m-2s-1 MLP
G=515 kg m-2s-1 RBF
P (Pa)

4000 -5%

Tsat=40 oC
2000
x=0.77-0.95
T sat=2.47-8.26 oC
q=15.81-52.39 W m-2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Pexp (Pa)
b)
6000

G=300 kg m-2s-1 MLP

5000 G=300 kg m-2s-1 RBF
G=400 kg m-2s-1 MLP
G=400 kg m-2s-1 RBF +5%

4000 G=515 kg m-2s-1 MLP

G=515 kg m-2s-1 RBF
P (Pa)

-5%
3000

2000
Tsat=50 oC
x=0.76-0.93
1000 Tsat=1.34-8.52 oC
q=12.1-54.22 kW m-2

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pexp (Pa)

Fig. 5. Comparisons of measured two-phase pressure drops with the most predictive articial neural network methods using 35 number of experimental data points as ANN test
group for the mass uxes of 300, 400, 515 kg m 2 s 1 and Tsat = 40 C (a) and 50 C (b).
 M. Balcilar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 7584 83

0.998% and pressure drop with the deviation of 0.945%. It shows that the ph preheater
accuracy of the estimated output values by means of input values o outlet
increases with increasing added proper input parameters. ref refrigerant
A large number of graphics could be generated from the output of sat saturation
the calculations, however, due to space limitation, only typical results TS test section
are shown for limited data of the experimental database of the w water
authors. It should be also noted that detailed information on the heat
transfer characteristics of the study with some additional gures and
different experimental parameters can be seen from the authors'
previous publications. Acknowledgements

5. Conclusion The rst author is indebted to the Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU). The second author
Comparison of the numerical condensation heat transfer coefcient wishes to thank King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
and pressure drop values with the measured values by means of articial (KMUTT) for providing him with a Post-doctoral fellowship. The third
intelligence methods was performed in this paper. There is no research on author wishes to thank the Thailand Research Fund, the Ofce of the
the content of this paper considering its parameters in current literature. Higher Education Commission and the National Research University
The results of this study are expected to ll this gap in the literature. Project for nancial support for this study.
Except from the generalized regression neural network (GRNN),
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